八年級（下）英語學(xué)科導(dǎo)學(xué)案
主備人：趙亞輝 課型：新授課 審核人：關(guān)學(xué)偉 時間：2011.04.30
Unit 6 How long have you been collecting shells?
(Section A)
教師寄語：Custom makes all things easy.有個好習(xí)慣，事事皆不難。
一、學(xué)習(xí)目標
1) 單詞與短語collect shell marathon skate pair since raise several.
2)目標句型：1. How long have you been doing…?
2. I’ve been doing…since…
3. How long did sb. do…?
4. He / She did sth. for…
3) 語法 現(xiàn)在完成進行時。
二、重點和難點
1．重點：現(xiàn)在完成進行時。
2．教學(xué)難點：現(xiàn)在完成進行時。
三、知識鏈接
一般過去時態(tài)。
四、學(xué)法指導(dǎo)：
通過小組合作學(xué)習(xí)，探究討論，結(jié)合導(dǎo)學(xué)案及相關(guān)資料理解各知識點，掌握本節(jié)學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容。
五、導(dǎo)學(xué)過程：
1. 組長帶領(lǐng)組員預(yù)習(xí)現(xiàn)在完成進行時。
2. 組長帶領(lǐng)組員通讀課本from page 44 to 46,理解其含義并完成表格。
3. 組長帶領(lǐng)組員熟讀課文，并指定課堂朗讀人選。
4. 組長帶領(lǐng)組員找出課本(from page 44 to 46)的重要短語、句子。 并指定課堂展示人選。
5. 現(xiàn)在完成進行時
(一)引入
1) I stood here 5 minutes ago.
2) I am standing here now. 合并：I ____ _____ _____ here for 5 minutes.
3) I will stand here for a while.
(二)含義：現(xiàn)在完成進行時表示動作從過去某一時間開始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能還要繼續(xù)下去�，F(xiàn)在完成進行時的句子中多用延續(xù)性動詞，如：live，learn，study，work等。常和表示一段時間的時間狀語連用（for, since）。
past now future
(三)謂語結(jié)構(gòu)：
have/has been doing sth.
助v. 過分
進行
現(xiàn)在完成
(1)I have been learning English for ten years. 我學(xué)英語已經(jīng)十年了。
(2)I have been collecting stamps since I was ten years old. 我從十歲起就一直在集郵。
(3)Have you been doing your homework since this morning?
從今天早晨起你就一直在寫作業(yè)吧？
(4)Has he been writing the letters to his friend? 他是一直在給他的朋友寫信嗎？
(5)I haven’t been seeing films for a long time. 我有很長時間沒有看電影了。
（表明沒有看電影這個動作從過去一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，還要繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去。）
思考：非延續(xù)性動詞可以用于現(xiàn)在完成進行時嗎？----------------------------------
(四)時間狀語：
現(xiàn)在完成進行時常和表示一段時間的時間狀語連用（for, since），對一段時間提問用how long.
1) for +一段時間
2) since + 過去的點時間，since 9:00, since last Sunday, since 3 days ago
從句（一般過去時態(tài)）
She has been skating since four hours ago.
She has been skating since she got here.
He has been studying since 9:00.
He has been living here since last Sunday.
▲for +一段時間與since+一段時間+ago轉(zhuǎn)換：
She has been skating for four hours.= She has been skating since four hours ago.
(五)句型：
He has been living here since last Sunday.
1)否定句：
3）簡略回答：
4）劃線提問：
(六)現(xiàn)在完成進行時與一般過去時的區(qū)別：新課標第一網(wǎng)
(1) 現(xiàn)在完成進行時表示動作從過去某一時間開始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能還要繼續(xù)下去，側(cè)重的是動作的持續(xù)進行。與for/since短語和since從句連用。
(2) 一般過去時只表示過去的動作和狀態(tài)，和現(xiàn)在沒有聯(lián)系，只和表示過去的時間狀語連用。如：yesterday, last Friday, three days ago, in 1998等。
I have been skating for five hours.
（一直都在滑，現(xiàn)在還在滑，有可能會繼續(xù)滑下去）
I skated for five hours. （過去滑過5個小時，與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)。）
(七)練習(xí)：
1）The running marathon _________(go) for three hours from this morning.
2) I have been dancing for 5 hours.(同義句)
I have been dancing 5 hours . xkb1.com
3）He’s been collecting kites since he was ten years old. (劃線提問)
_____ _____ _____ he been collecting kites?
4)Mr Zhang went to London 2 years ago. He is living there now. (同義句)
Mr Zhang ____ ____ ____ in London _____ 2 years.
5) They have been studying English for ten years. (劃線提問)
____ _____ _____ they been studying English?
6)My grandfather has been playing sports _____ he was young.
A. for B. after C. in D. since
7) They have been living in this city____ 3 years ago.
A. for B. after C. since D. about
8) How long ____ they _____?
A.have, swim B. have, swiming C. have, been swimming D. has, swim
6. Alison was the first one to start．艾麗森是第一個開始(滑)的。
(1)“be the first / second one to do sth.”表示“……是第一/ 二個做某事的”。
He is the last one to leave here. 他是最后—個離開這里的。
She was the first one to get to school．她是第一個到校的。
(2)to start在這里是動詞不定式作定語。
7. every和each
(1)each兩者或兩者以上中的“每一個”，強調(diào)個體。
a) adj. 作定語，謂語用三單形式。Each student has a pen in his hand.
b)pron.單獨用或與of 短語連用，作主語，謂語用三單形式。
Each has his weakness.
Each of the boys finishes his homework.
(2)every adj. 只作定語，三者或三者以上中的“每一個”；強調(diào)整體相當于all, 不與of連用。
“every+單數(shù)名詞”作主語謂語用三單形式。
Every student likes playing football.= All the students like playing football.
He reads every book in the library.= He reads all the books in the library.
____ of us has an English-Chinese dictionary.
A.Every B. Both C. Each D. All
Everyone should do _____ best to win the match.
A.his B. their C. her D. theirs
8. raise vt.
a)募集、籌措 raise sth. for sb. They are raising money for the charity.
b)舉起、抬起、提高Raise your hand if you know the answer.
c)種植、飼養(yǎng)、養(yǎng)育raise crops/flowers/dogs
rise vi. (rose, risen)升起、上升、起立、起床，說明主語自身移向較高的位置。
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
六、學(xué)習(xí)小結(jié)
我的收獲:_________________________________________________
七、達標檢測：
Ⅰ. 單項選擇
1. The flight from Beijing to New York ______ at 9:45 am. on Friday.
A. gets off B. takes off C. puts up D. gets up
2. — ______ have you been living here？ — For ten years.
A. How much B. How many C. How long D. How soon
3. — _______ did you first skate? — Two years ago.
A. When B. What C. Why D. How
4. I have been skating _____ two hours. A. in B. at C. for D.since
5. Thanks for ____ me the book. A. gave B. giving C. give D. to give
6. We all helped him with his English so he didn’t _______ with his study.
A. fall off B. fall down C. fall behind D. fall over
7. Mr Green _______ in China since five years ago.
A. lived B. has been living C. lives D. is going to live
8. ＿＿＿ is the meeting going to last? ----About twenty minutes.
A. How far B. How soon C. How long D. How often
9. What shall we do now? ＿＿＿ for a walk?
A. How's about to go B. What about to go
C. How's about going D. What about going
10. Do you have another way of ＿＿＿ the child?
A. teaching B. to teach C. teaches D. teach
11. There ______ a pair of sports shoes under the bed.
A. are B. is C. have D. has
12. There are many trees on _______ sides of the road.
A. each B. every C. both D. all
Ⅱ.用所給動詞的正確形式填空。
1.—How long __________ your father________ (work) in the factory?
—Since he ___________ (leave) college.
2. How long __________ you __________ (listen) to music last night?
3. When ____________you ________ (attend) the after-school club?
4. He is always the first one ______ (arrive) at school and the last ______ (leave) school.
5. We _______ (be) friends for the whole ten years.
6. _________ (collect) old coins is my father’s hobby.
7. My father had me ______ (clean) my bike, but I had it ________ (clean) in the shop.
八、布置作業(yè)
《同步練習(xí)冊》SectionA部分.
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