Chapter 4
【本講教育信息】

一. 內(nèi)容：

Chapter 4 Fishing with birds Language and writing

（一）被動(dòng)語態(tài)

（二）書面表達(dá)寫作練習(xí)

二. 本周知識(shí)總結(jié)與歸 納

（一）被動(dòng) 語態(tài)

被動(dòng)語態(tài)概述

英語的語態(tài)是通過動(dòng)詞形式的變化表現(xiàn)出的。英語中有兩種語態(tài)：主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。

例如：any people speak Chinese.

謂語：speak的動(dòng)作是由主語many people執(zhí)行的。

被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的承受者，即行為動(dòng)作的對(duì)象。例如：Chinese is spoken by many people.

主語English是動(dòng)詞speak的承受者。

1、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成

被動(dòng)語態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be＋及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化是通過be的變化表現(xiàn)出的�，F(xiàn)以speak為例說明被動(dòng)語態(tài)在各種時(shí)態(tài)中的構(gòu)成。

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：am／is／are＋spoken

一般過去時(shí)：was／were＋spoken

一般將時(shí)：will／shall be＋spoken

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：am／is／are being＋spoken

過去進(jìn)行時(shí)：was/were being＋spoken[

現(xiàn)在 完成時(shí)：have／has been＋spoken

過去完成時(shí)：had been + spoken

2、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法

（1）不知道或沒有必要說明動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰。

例如：Some new computers were stolen last night .　一些新電腦在昨晚被盜了。（不知道電腦是誰偷的）

This bridge was founded in 1981.這座橋竣工于1981年。

（2）強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者，而不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。

例如：The glass was broken by ike.玻璃杯是邁克打破的。

This book was written by him.這本書是他寫的。

Your homework must be finished on time.你們的家庭作業(yè)必須及時(shí)完成。

3、主動(dòng)語態(tài)變被動(dòng)語態(tài)的方法

（1）把主動(dòng)語 態(tài)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的主語。

（2）把謂語變成被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)（be＋過去分詞） （根據(jù)被動(dòng)語態(tài)句子里的主語的人稱和數(shù)，以及原主動(dòng)語態(tài)句子中動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)決定be的形式）。

（3）把主動(dòng)語態(tài)中的主語放在介詞by 之后作賓語，將主格改為賓格。例如：

All the people laughed at him.

He w as laughed at by all people.

They make the bikes in the factory.

The bikes are made by them in the factory.

He cut down a tree.

A tree was cut down by him.

書中練習(xí)講解

A1

1. Cormorants.

2. Cormorants.

3. Damin.

4. Damin.

A2

1. A

2. P

3. P

4. A

5. P

6. P

A3

1. is raised 2. are examined 3. is removed 4. is hatched 5. is watched 6. is looked

7. is fed 8. is controlled 9. are not allowed 10. is taken

B

1. by artists 2. by businessman 3. by lorry 4. by workers 5. by shop assistants

6. by tourists 7. by plane 8. by these paintings

C

1. was employed by the French producer 2. were interviewed by the interpreter

3. was chosen by the producer 4. were transported by lorry

5. was used by the cameraman 6. was filmed by the crew

（二）書面表達(dá)寫作練習(xí)

Chen Huaming is a dough sculptor. He is very skillful and has good eyesight. He also works well with his hands. Chen is quite patient because dough sculpt ing takes a long time and a lot of effort. His creative imagination helps him to think of interesting things to make. When he works, he wears simple, old clothes. They usually get dirty when he works.

The skill of dough making is often learnt from family members. Chen’s father started teaching him when he was only five years old. The materials needed are easy to get and the preparation is simple. Water, wheat flour and glutinous wheat flour are mixed toge ther, boiled and then allowed to cool down. Adding chemicals helps the dough to last longer. Only very simple tools are used to shape the dough.

Chen works either at his home or in a studio. He turns the basic mixture into shapes. These shapes are of many different sizes and colours and there are a lot of influences on his style.

He likes to show ancient Chinese culture in his work and the shapes can be very detailed. Chen thinks that dough figures are a very good thing to collect.

The ancient Chinese craft of dough sculpting first appeared in the Han Dynasty （206BC-220）. During the Song Dynasty, the colourful figures decorated banquets. In later years, they were used as ritual offerings to gods for weddings and festivals. They were most popular during the Qing Dynasty（1644-1911）. Sadly, this fascinating art is quickly disappearing, like many other traditional crafts. In a few years, it could disappear completely.

本文來自：逍遙右腦記憶 http://yy-art.cn/chusan/39577.html

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