初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總復(fù)習(xí)提綱5

編輯: 逍遙路 關(guān)鍵詞: 九年級(jí) 來(lái)源: 高中學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng)

(25)be used for、be used to、used to、get used to的區(qū)別:be used for + 名詞/代詞或動(dòng)名詞, be used to + 動(dòng)詞原形,表示兩個(gè)短語(yǔ)意思相近,表示“用于…”。 used to + 動(dòng)詞原形,表示“過(guò)去常!,否定式可以是“didn’t use to”也可以是“usedn’t to”;get/be used to + 動(dòng)名詞,表示“習(xí)慣于….”。如:A knife can be used for cutting things.(刀可以用來(lái)割東西)/ A knife can be used to cut things.(刀可以用來(lái)割東西)/ He used to borrow novels from the library when he was at school. (他上學(xué)時(shí)常常在圖書(shū)館借書(shū))/ He is used to getting up early in the morning. (他習(xí)慣早起)

(26)beat,win與lose: beat (打敗),后面跟“人”,而win(贏得),后面跟“比賽、競(jìng)賽”等。如:Who won at last? (最后誰(shuí)贏了?)/ Class Three beat us 5-0. (三班以5∶0打敗了我們)/ I am sure to win the match. (我一定能贏得比賽)

而lose則表示“輸了”,常用句型:lose sth. to sb. 如:Unluckily we lost the match to Class Three. (不幸的是我們比賽輸給了三班)

(27)grow、plant、keep的區(qū)別:plant著重講“栽、種植”這個(gè)動(dòng)作,grow則指種植以后的“栽培”、“管理”,而keep則主要指“喂養(yǎng)”、“贍養(yǎng)”一個(gè)人或者動(dòng)物。如 :He grew vegetables in his garden. (他在園子里種菜)/ I planted ten trees last year,but four of them died. (去年我栽了10棵樹(shù),但是死了4棵)/ Old women enjoy keeping cats or dogs to kill the time. (老年的婦女喜歡養(yǎng)貓養(yǎng)狗打發(fā)時(shí)間)

(28)fall 、drop的區(qū)別:fall指東西由高處向下墜落,不及物動(dòng)詞;也可以作連系動(dòng)詞,意思是“變得,進(jìn)入某種狀態(tài)”。drop表示物體由高處往低處落下,不及物動(dòng)詞;或讓物體落向低處,及物動(dòng)詞。如:The man fell off the tractor and hurt himself. (那個(gè)人從拖拉機(jī)上摔下來(lái)跌傷了)/ Soon after they touched the pillows they fell (系動(dòng)詞) fast asleep. (他們頭挨枕頭不久就睡著了)/ He felt as if he had to drop maths.(他覺(jué)得似乎要放棄數(shù)學(xué))/ He dropped a letter into the mail-box.(他向郵箱里丟了一封信)

(29)join、join in、take part in的區(qū)別:join多指參加組織、團(tuán)體、黨派等,后面跟人時(shí)表示和某人一起參加某項(xiàng)活動(dòng);join in指參加某項(xiàng)游戲或活動(dòng);take part in多指參加群眾性的活動(dòng)、運(yùn)動(dòng)、會(huì)議等。如:He joined the army in 2001.(他2001年參軍)/ They joined me in congratulating you.(他們和我一起向你祝賀)/ Do join us in the game.(千萬(wàn)參加我們的比賽) / He took an active part in the students’ movement in the 1940s.(在二十世紀(jì)40年代他積極參加學(xué)生運(yùn)動(dòng))

(30)beat、hit、strike的用法區(qū)別:beat指“連續(xù)不斷地打擊;(心臟的)跳動(dòng)”;hit指“一次性地撞擊、命中”;strike與hit基本同義,還可以理解為“劃(火柴)、給……深刻的印象”。如:The man looks dead,but his heart is still beating weakly. (那個(gè)人看上去死了可心臟還在微弱地跳動(dòng)) / He hit the ball so hard that it flew over their heads and fell into the lake. (他踢球的勁太大球飛過(guò)他們的頭頂落入水中) / He went into the room and struck a match(火柴). (他走進(jìn)房間劃著了一根火柴)

(31)carry on、carry out的區(qū)別:carry on表示“進(jìn)行、繼續(xù)”;carry out表示“進(jìn)行、貫徹、實(shí)現(xiàn)”。如:I will carry on the work. (我會(huì)繼續(xù)工作)/ I have some difficulties in carrying out his orders. (對(duì)于執(zhí)行他的命令我有問(wèn)題)

(32)be amazed與be surprised的區(qū)別:be amazed“感到驚訝”,指人對(duì)某個(gè)不可能發(fā)生卻實(shí)際發(fā)生了的事情感到極其的訝異;be surprised“感到吃驚”指人對(duì)突發(fā)的事件感到驚訝。如:When he dived deep into the sea, he was amazed at the colours of all the beautiful coral reefs. (他深潛到海中時(shí)被所有美麗的珊瑚礁驚呆了) / He was very surprised when he heard a loud noise from inside the room. (聽(tīng)到房間里傳出一個(gè)很大的聲音他非常地吃驚)

(33)warn的用法:“warn sb. of/about sth”意思是“針對(duì)…而警告某人”;“warn sb (not) to do sth”意思是“告戒某人(不)要做某事”;“warn sb. + that從句”意思是“警告某人說(shuō)……”。如:They warned the passengers of thieves. (他警告路人小心竊賊) / I warn you that you will fail in the coming exams if you are still so lazy. (我警告你:如果你還這么懶在即將來(lái)到的考試中你會(huì)不及格的。) / He was warned not to go out in the late night. (他受到警告不要在深夜出去)

(34)think of與think about等短語(yǔ)的區(qū)別:think of表示“考慮、思念、認(rèn)為、想起、建議”等;“think about”表示“看待、認(rèn)為”;“think much /highly /a lot of”表示“高度評(píng)價(jià)…”;“think over”表示“仔細(xì)考慮”;“think out”表示“想出”。如:The headmaster thought highly of this boy. (校長(zhǎng)高度地評(píng)價(jià)了這個(gè)男孩) / We’re thinking of going to France for our holiday. (我們?cè)诳紤]去法國(guó)度假的事情) / Think it over and you will have a way. (仔細(xì)考慮就有辦法) / I cannot think of his name. I forgot it. (我想不起他的名字我忘了) / -What do you think about his composition? -Very good! (他的作文你覺(jué)得怎么樣? 很好。)

(35)agree with/ agree to / agree on等詞語(yǔ)用法:“agree to+動(dòng)詞”表示“同意做某事”,“agree with + sb./觀點(diǎn)”表示“贊同…的觀點(diǎn)”/ agree about表示“對(duì)…話題有相同看法”/“agree to +建議”表示“同意”某人的建議,“agree on + 決定”表示“贊成某人的決定”。例略。

(36)deserve(應(yīng)該,應(yīng)得)的用法:deserve后面可以加不定式,也可以加名詞。如:They had tried their best and they deserved to win. (他們盡力了該贏。) / The little boy always made troubles around and deserved beating. (小男孩總是處處惹麻煩活該被打) / The girl did a good deed and deserved praise. (女孩做了好事應(yīng)該受到表?yè)P(yáng))

九、連接詞

1、連詞的含義:連接詞與詞、短語(yǔ)與短語(yǔ)、或引導(dǎo)從句的詞叫連接詞。

2、連詞的分類(lèi):連詞分為并列連接詞和從屬連接詞兩種。

1、并列連接詞連接并列的詞、短語(yǔ)、從句或句子。常見(jiàn)的并列連接詞有:and(和),but(但是),or(或者,否則),nor(也不), so(所以), however(然而,無(wú)論如何),for(因?yàn)?,still(可是),as well as(也),both..and...(...和...), not only ...but also...(不但…而且…), either… or…(或…或…),neither… nor…(既不…也不…)等。

2、從屬連接詞用于引導(dǎo)從句,常見(jiàn)的從屬連接詞有:

when(當(dāng)…時(shí)候), while(正當(dāng)…時(shí)候), after(在…之后), before(在…之前), since(自從), until(直到), although/though(雖然), if(假如), as(如…一樣;由于), as …as…(和…一樣), as far as(就…而言), as long as(只要), as soon as(一…就…), even if(即使), because(因?yàn)?, unless (除非), than(比…), whether (是否…), in order that…(為了), so…that…(如此…以致), so that…(以便), now that…(現(xiàn)在既然), by the time…(到…時(shí)候), every time…(每當(dāng)), as if…(仿佛),no matter when(或whenever)(無(wú)論何時(shí)),no matter where(或wherever)(無(wú)論在哪里)等。

[辨析]

(1) because、as、since、for的用法:because(因?yàn)?表示原因的語(yǔ)氣最強(qiáng),常表示必然的因果關(guān)系,從句一般放在主句后面;另外,回答why的問(wèn)句只能用because. as(因?yàn)?表示一般的因果關(guān)系,語(yǔ)氣比because弱,說(shuō)明比較明顯的原因,它引導(dǎo)的從句可以放在句首也可以放在句尾。since(既然)表示對(duì)方已經(jīng)知道、無(wú)需加以說(shuō)明的原因或事實(shí)。for(因?yàn)?是并列連詞,語(yǔ)氣較弱,用來(lái)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明理由或提供一種解釋。如:He is not at school today because he is seriously ill.(他今天沒(méi)有上學(xué)因?yàn)樗〉脜柡Γ? As all of you have got here, now, let’s go to the zoo.(既然大伙兒都到了我們就去動(dòng)物園吧)/ I will ask Lin Tao to go with me since you are very busy.(既然你很忙我就叫林濤和我一起去吧)/ We must be off now for the match starts at 7:00.(我們得走了因?yàn)楸荣愒谄唿c(diǎn)開(kāi)始)

(2)if、whether的區(qū)別:表示“是否”時(shí),if和whether同義,引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句,另外,whether還可以引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句(以及同位語(yǔ)從句)等名詞性從句或者讓步狀語(yǔ)從句;而if還可以表示“如果”,引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句,(主句與從句遵循主將從現(xiàn)的原則)。如:I don’t know if/whether he will arrive on time.(我不知道他是不是會(huì)按時(shí)到達(dá))/ I will ring you up if he arrives on time.(如果他按時(shí)到達(dá)我會(huì)給你打電話的)

[注意]下列情況只能用whether不能用if:①引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句,②引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句,③引導(dǎo)從句作介詞賓語(yǔ),④引導(dǎo)不定式短語(yǔ),⑤引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,⑥在動(dòng)詞discuss之后,⑦在wonder / not sure之后,⑧在if與whether含義易混時(shí)。如:Whether it is a fine day next Sunday is still a question.(下個(gè)星期天是不是個(gè)好天還是個(gè)問(wèn)題)(引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句) / Please ask him whether to go there with a raincoat or not.(請(qǐng)問(wèn)一下帶不帶雨衣去那兒)(作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)) / Hainan is the place to be, whether it’s summer or winter.(海南是個(gè)該去的地方無(wú)論冬夏)(引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句)/ Please let me know whether you need my help.(請(qǐng)告訴我你是否需要我的幫助)(引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句)(如果換成if則還可能表示“如果你需要我的幫助請(qǐng)告知”)

(3)while、when、as的用法區(qū)別:while常表示一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的動(dòng)作,它引導(dǎo)的從句動(dòng)作與主句的動(dòng)作是同時(shí)發(fā)生的、是平行的;when可以表示較短的動(dòng)作也可以表示較長(zhǎng)的動(dòng)作,主句和從句的動(dòng)作可以同時(shí)發(fā)生也可以先后發(fā)生;as與上兩詞同義,可替換while和when, 表示主句和從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,常譯為“一邊……一邊……”。如:Please do not trouble me while I am writing my homework.(我寫(xiě)作業(yè)時(shí)請(qǐng)不要打擾我)/ I’ll go home when I have finished my job.(我干完了活兒就回去)/ They were running quickly across the road when they heard the sound of a truck coming.(他們正快速地穿過(guò)馬路忽然聽(tīng)到了卡車(chē)開(kāi)來(lái)的聲音)/ As we walked in the dark street, we sang songs and talked loudly.(當(dāng)我們?cè)诤诙炊吹慕稚献呗窌r(shí)我們高聲地唱歌說(shuō)話)

(4)till/until與not…till/until的區(qū)別:前者表示一個(gè)延續(xù)性的動(dòng)作,后者表示一個(gè)才開(kāi)始的動(dòng)作。如:I will stay here and watch the baby until you return.(我會(huì)呆在這里看著娃娃直到你回來(lái))(stay這個(gè)動(dòng)作一直進(jìn)行到你return) / They won’t go on working until they get what they think is reasonable.(他們要到獲得了他們認(rèn)為合理的東西時(shí)才會(huì)繼續(xù)干下去的)

另外till與until基本可以互換,但是在句首時(shí)只能用until,不能用till. 如:Until the last minute of the match we kept playing.(我們堅(jiān)持到比賽的最后一分鐘)/ Not until he had finished his work did he go home.(直到做完工作他才回家)(倒裝句)

(5)though與although的區(qū)別:兩個(gè)詞都表示“雖然”,均不可以與but同時(shí)使用,但在句中可加still或yet連用。although“盡管、雖然”僅作連詞,比較正式,一般可以換為though; though“雖然、盡管、即使”,還可以與even連用(=even if),表示“即使、縱然”,作副詞時(shí)意思是“然而、不過(guò)”,不能放在句首。如:He passed the exams although illness prevented him from going to classes.(盡管疾病使他無(wú)法上課但是他還是通過(guò)了考試)/ she won’t leave the TV set,even though her husband is waiting for her for the supper.(她不愿離開(kāi)電視機(jī)雖然丈夫在等她吃飯)/ It was a quiet party. I had a good time, though.(這是個(gè)不熱鬧的聚會(huì)盡管如此我還是玩得很開(kāi)心)

(6)prefer to…rather than…與prefer…to…的區(qū)別:prefer to…rather than…后面都是用動(dòng)詞原形,prefer…to…都是用動(dòng)名詞或名詞。如:I prefer English to Japanese.(與日語(yǔ)相比我更喜歡英語(yǔ))/ I prefer to learn English rather than learn Japanese. (與日語(yǔ)相比我更喜歡學(xué)英語(yǔ))

十、簡(jiǎn)單句

1、簡(jiǎn)單句的特點(diǎn):簡(jiǎn)單句通常只由一個(gè)主語(yǔ)(或并列主語(yǔ))和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)(或并列謂語(yǔ))構(gòu)成。

2、簡(jiǎn)單句的種類(lèi):簡(jiǎn)單句一般分為陳述句、疑問(wèn)句、感嘆句和祈使句四種。

3、陳述句:

用來(lái)說(shuō)明一個(gè)事實(shí)的句子叫陳述句。它有肯定式和否定式兩種形式。

▲陳述句的肯定式: He is a middle school student.(他是個(gè)中學(xué)生)/ I have a hammer in my hand.(我手上有把錘子)/ She teaches us geography.(她教我們地理)/ The new play was good enough and everybody enjoyed it.(新的話劇非常好大家都喜歡)

▲陳述句的否定式:

1)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞如果是to be 、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),在它們的后面加“not”。如:My brother is not a teacher.(我的弟弟不是教師)/ He does not have a cousin.(他沒(méi)有堂兄弟)/ I will not go there tomorrow.(明天我不去那兒)/ My mother is not cooking a meal in the kitchen.(我母親現(xiàn)在不在廚房里做飯)/ You must not make such mistakes again.(你不該再犯類(lèi)似錯(cuò)誤了) / We haven’t discussed the question yet(我們還沒(méi)有討論那個(gè)問(wèn)題呢).

2)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞如果沒(méi)有上述詞語(yǔ)而是其他動(dòng)詞時(shí),須在它的前面加do not(don’t).如: I don’t know anything about it.(此事我一無(wú)所知) / Li Ming does not feed pigs in the countryside.(李明不在農(nóng)村養(yǎng)豬)/ We didn’t expect to meet her right here.(我們沒(méi)指望著在這里見(jiàn)到她)/ We didn’t have a meeting yesterday afternoon.(昨天下午我們沒(méi)有開(kāi)會(huì))

3)如果“have”作“有”講,也可以在它后面加not構(gòu)成否定式,其形式與have got的否定式相同。 如:I haven’t (got) any brothers or sisters.(我沒(méi)有兄弟姐妹)

[注意]

①句子中如果有all、both、very much/well等詞時(shí),用not一般構(gòu)成部分否定,如果要完全否定,則通常使用none、neither、not…at all等;All of them went there.→None of them went there.(他們?nèi)既チ四抢铩麄內(nèi)紱](méi)去那里)

②句子中含有l(wèi)ittle、few、too(太)、hardly、never、neither、nor、seldom等詞時(shí), 則視為否定句。如:Few people live there because life there is very hard.(幾乎沒(méi)有人生活在那里因?yàn)槟抢锏纳钐D難了)

③陳述句(主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+其他)在口語(yǔ)中可以直接表示疑問(wèn),表示驚訝或明知故問(wèn)。如:That’s your boss?(那就是你的老板?。

④陳述句一般情況下應(yīng)使用正常的語(yǔ)序,即:主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+其他。但是有時(shí)會(huì)倒裝,詳見(jiàn)“倒裝句”。

⑤所有的從句一律使用陳述句語(yǔ)序,即在連接詞后采用“主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+其他”的順序。如:The old man told me that he would live here for ten more years before he returns home. (老人告訴我說(shuō)他還要在這兒住幾年然后回家)/ Could you tell me who you saw at the party last night?(能告訴我在聚會(huì)上你都看見(jiàn)了誰(shuí)嗎?)

4、疑問(wèn)句:

▲一般疑問(wèn)句: 用“yes”或“no”來(lái)回答的疑問(wèn)句叫做一般疑問(wèn)句。

1)一般疑問(wèn)句構(gòu)成:句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是to be、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),則將它們(提前)放到主語(yǔ)前面。如:Is he an engineer?(他是工程師嗎?)/ Have you got today’s newspaper? (你有今天的報(bào)紙嗎?)/ Shall we go to see a film this evening? (我們今晚去看電影好嗎?)/ Can you explain it ?(你能解釋它嗎?)/ Is there any fish for supper?(晚飯有魚(yú)嗎?)/ Would you like to go out for a walk?(你想出去散步嗎?)

謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞如果沒(méi)有上述詞語(yǔ)而是其他動(dòng)詞時(shí),則在主語(yǔ)前面加助動(dòng)詞do / does / did, 原來(lái)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞改為原形。如:Do you get up at six every morning?(你天天早晨六點(diǎn)起身嗎?)/ Does she study hard?(她學(xué)習(xí)努力嗎?)/ Did you go there yesterday?(昨天你去那兒了嗎?)

2)一般疑問(wèn)句的回答:

一般疑問(wèn)句通常用簡(jiǎn)略形式來(lái)回答。如:

Will you join us in playing basketball?(你加入我們打籃球好嗎?)?Yes, we will.(是的我們會(huì)。)/ ?No, we won’t.(不我們不會(huì)。)

Have you got today’s newspaper?(你有今天的報(bào)紙嗎?)?Yes, I have .(是的有。)/ ?No, I haven’t.(不沒(méi)有。)

回答時(shí)所用的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)和問(wèn)句里的時(shí)態(tài)一致。

[注意] 回答must或者may開(kāi)頭的疑問(wèn)句要小心,參見(jiàn)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有關(guān)內(nèi)容。

3)一般疑問(wèn)句的否定結(jié)構(gòu)(即否定形式的一般疑問(wèn)句)表示驚奇、責(zé)怪、建議、看法等,只要將“not”置于主語(yǔ)之后或者將“not”放到主語(yǔ)之前與be, have等助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞合并在一起就可以了。如:

Will he not come?(他難道不來(lái)嗎?)/ Isn’t your sister a Party member?(你的姐姐不是黨員嗎?)/ Haven’t you any brothers?(你沒(méi)有哥哥嗎?)/ Don’t you like the play?(你難道不喜歡這個(gè)話劇嗎?)/ Can’t we walk a little farther?(我們不能走遠(yuǎn)些嗎?)/ Won’t you sit down?(你不想坐下嗎?)/ Hasn’t she heard of the matter?(她沒(méi)聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)這事兒?)

這種否定結(jié)構(gòu)的疑問(wèn)句的回答與漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣不同。如果回答是肯定的,就用“yes+肯定結(jié)構(gòu)”;如果回答是否定的,就用“no+否定結(jié)構(gòu)”。(情況與反意問(wèn)句類(lèi)似。)如:

Can’t he answer the question? (他不能回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題嗎?)

?Yes,he can.(不,他能回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題。) ?No,he can’t. (是的,他不能回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題。)

▲特殊疑問(wèn)句:要求具體回答的問(wèn)句。

1)特殊疑問(wèn)句結(jié)構(gòu)是:

疑問(wèn)代詞

+一般疑問(wèn)句+?

除who以外的疑問(wèn)代詞短語(yǔ)

疑問(wèn)副詞

如:What do you want?(你要什么?)/ Who(m) are you looking for ?(你在找誰(shuí)?)/ Whose magazine is this?(這是誰(shuí)的雜志?)/Which class are you in?(你在哪班?)/ When did you get up this morning?(你今早什么時(shí)候起身的?)/ Where have you been?(你到哪兒去了?)/ Why did he go to bed so early?(他為什么這么早睡覺(jué)?)/ How did you go there?(你是怎么去的那兒?)

但是,“who”引出的詢(xún)問(wèn)主語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)部分相關(guān)詞的特殊疑問(wèn)句的結(jié)構(gòu)與陳述句詞序相同:如:Who is dancing over there?(誰(shuí)在那邊跳舞?)

有時(shí)“what”,“which”,“whose”也可以引出與陳述句詞序相同的特殊疑問(wèn)句。如:What is on the wall?(什么東西在墻上?/墻上有什么?)/ Which is yours?(哪個(gè)是你的?)/ Whose book is in your bag?(誰(shuí)的書(shū)在你的書(shū)包里?)

[注意]從陳述句改為特殊問(wèn)句時(shí),先將句子改為一般問(wèn)句,再將(劃線)提問(wèn)部分更改為疑問(wèn)詞置于句首,特別要注意助動(dòng)詞的使用!如果只對(duì)主語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)的修飾詞提問(wèn),那么只需要將疑問(wèn)部分改為疑問(wèn)詞即可。

2)常用疑問(wèn)代詞和疑問(wèn)副詞:

疑問(wèn)代詞: who, whom, whose, which, what,

疑問(wèn)副詞: when, where, why, how,

how構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ):how many (多少個(gè)) (獨(dú)立用;或跟可數(shù)名詞), how much (多少) (獨(dú)立用;或跟不可數(shù)名詞), how old (多大年紀(jì)), how far (多遠(yuǎn)), how often (多常),how long (多久,多長(zhǎng)), how soon (多久以后),how many times (多少次),等等。

3)特殊疑問(wèn)句有時(shí)也用否定式。如:Why don’t you ask Jim instead?(常縮略為Why not…?) (你為什么不轉(zhuǎn)請(qǐng)Jim呢?)

4) 特殊疑問(wèn)句疑問(wèn)部分有時(shí)可以有兩個(gè)以上的疑問(wèn)詞。如:When and where were you born? (你是何時(shí)何地出生的?)

5) 疑問(wèn)詞如果是介詞的賓語(yǔ),則該介詞可以在句首,也可以在句尾。如:What do you want a computer for? = For what do you want a computer? (你干嘛要一臺(tái)電腦呢?)

▲反意疑問(wèn)句: 反意疑問(wèn)句表示對(duì)陳述句所說(shuō)的事實(shí)提出相反的疑問(wèn),要求對(duì)方用“yes”或“no”來(lái)進(jìn)行回答。

1) 構(gòu)成:由兩部分組成:前一部分是陳述句,后一部分是疑問(wèn)句,它是由be ,have, 助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。如果陳述句是肯定結(jié)構(gòu),反意疑問(wèn)句須用否定結(jié)構(gòu);反之,陳述句如果是否定結(jié)構(gòu),反意疑問(wèn)句須用肯定結(jié)構(gòu)。反意疑問(wèn)句的兩部分,必須保持人稱(chēng)和時(shí)態(tài)的一致;反意疑問(wèn)句的回答有時(shí)會(huì)和漢語(yǔ)不同。

陳述句部分

附加問(wèn)句部分

注 意 點(diǎn)

肯定陳述句

否定的簡(jiǎn)短一般問(wèn)句

當(dāng)陳述句部分含有“是”動(dòng)詞、(“有”動(dòng)詞)、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞時(shí),簡(jiǎn)短問(wèn)句中沿用該詞;否則就使用do/does//did.

否定陳述句

肯定的簡(jiǎn)短一般問(wèn)句

如:He is old, isn’t he? (他老了不是嗎?) / The man went away, didn’t he? (那個(gè)男人走開(kāi)了不是嗎?) / He isn’t old, is he? (他不老是嗎?) / He never went there, did he? (他從沒(méi)有去過(guò)那里是嗎?)

2) 反意問(wèn)句的回答:

無(wú)論哪種形式的反意問(wèn)句,回答時(shí)要遵循:“Yes,+肯定式”或者“No,+否定式”

如:The man went away, didn’t he?(那人走開(kāi)了,不是嗎?)

??Yes, he did.(是的,他走了。)/ No, he didn’t.(不,他沒(méi)有走。)

The man never went there, did he?(這人從來(lái)不去那里,是嗎?)

??Yes, he did.(不是呀,他去的。)/ No, he didn’t.(是呀,他不去。)

▲選擇疑問(wèn)句:提出兩種或兩種以上情況,需要對(duì)方作出選擇回答的疑問(wèn)句叫選擇疑問(wèn)句。

1) 構(gòu)成:(1) 一般疑問(wèn)句 + or + 第二選項(xiàng)?

(2) 特殊疑問(wèn)句 + 第一選項(xiàng)(+ 第二選項(xiàng))+ or + 第三選項(xiàng)?

2)選擇疑問(wèn)句的結(jié)構(gòu)與特殊疑問(wèn)句相同,即要具體回答,不可以用yes / no回答。如:

Is your friend a boy or a girl? ?A girl. (----你的朋友是男孩還是女孩?----是女孩。) / Which do you prefer, coffee or tea? ?Tea, please. (---你要哪一樣咖啡還是茶?----請(qǐng)來(lái)茶吧。) / Which do you like best, singing, dancing or skating? --Dancing, of course. (----唱歌、跳舞和溜冰你最喜歡哪樣?----當(dāng)然是跳舞啦!)

5、祈使句:祈使句用來(lái)表示請(qǐng)求、命令等。它的主語(yǔ)you往往不說(shuō)出。

▲祈使句的肯定式: 動(dòng)詞(原形) + 其他 如:Please give me a hand. (請(qǐng)幫忙) / Shut up! (住嘴!)

▲祈使句的否定式: Don’t +動(dòng)詞原形 + 其他 如:Please don’t talk in low voices. (請(qǐng)不要低聲講話。) / Don’t look back! (不要掉頭看。)

[注意] 以“l(fā)et’s”引出的祈使句的否定結(jié)構(gòu),“not”應(yīng)放在“l(fā)et’s”后面。如:Let’s not trouble him. (我們不要打擾他。)

肯定祈使句前可以用助動(dòng)詞來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)氣。如:Please do help me! (請(qǐng)千萬(wàn)幫幫我。)

6、感嘆句:感嘆句用來(lái)表示喜怒哀樂(lè)等強(qiáng)烈感情。句末常用“!”

▲對(duì)含有形容詞的名詞短語(yǔ)感嘆的結(jié)構(gòu)通常是:

What + (a /an) + (形容詞) +名詞+ 陳述句結(jié)構(gòu)(主謂語(yǔ)) ,用來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)句子中的名詞,如:What a good, kind girl (she is)! (她是多么善良的好女孩!) / What bad weather (it is)! (天氣真糟糕!)

▲僅對(duì)形容詞或副詞進(jìn)行感嘆的結(jié)構(gòu)通常是:How + 形容詞/副詞 + 陳述句結(jié)構(gòu)(主謂語(yǔ)) ,用來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)句子中的形容詞、副詞或動(dòng)詞。How carefully the old man walks! (這老人走路真小心!) / How delicious the food is! (這食品真好吃!) / How beautiful! (真美呀!)

▲有時(shí),陳述句、祈使句、疑問(wèn)句、一個(gè)詞或詞組,也帶有一定的感情色彩,也可以成為感嘆句,此時(shí)未必使用感嘆句型。He is sitting on a tiger’s back! (他坐在老虎的背上!) / A nice shot! (漂亮一擊!) / Good goal! (好球!)
十一、句成:主、謂、賓、表、定、賓補(bǔ)和狀

1、:

(1)由名詞、代(人代用主)、動(dòng)不式、動(dòng)等充,說(shuō)動(dòng)是“誰(shuí)”發(fā)的。如:The painter painted a very nice picture. (畫(huà)家畫(huà)了一幅漂亮的畫(huà)。) / They fought against SARS bravely. (他們勇敢地與非典搏斗。) / To see is to believe. (耳聽(tīng)為虛眼見(jiàn)為實(shí)). / Helping animals is to help people. (幫助動(dòng)物就是幫助人類(lèi)。)

(2)動(dòng)不式或動(dòng)做主時(shí)可it代,而不式或動(dòng)移表或賓之。如:It is very comfortable to have a Class A seat during the long journey. (在長(zhǎng)途旅行中能有個(gè)甲等座位簡(jiǎn)直太舒服了。) / Eating too much is bad for your health.(=It is bad for your health eating too much.) (吃得太多對(duì)你的身體不利。)

(3)口中常見(jiàn)主或“主--系”。(It is) nothing. ((那)沒(méi)有什么。)/ (It) doesn’t matter. ((那)沒(méi)有關(guān)系。) / (I) thank you. ((我)謝謝你。)

(4)反的附,主必是代:The man looks worried,doesn’t he? (這個(gè)人看上去很著急不是嗎?) / Tigers are dangerous animals, aren’t they? (老虎是危險(xiǎn)的動(dòng)物不是嗎?)

(5)祈一省略主。加主時(shí)往用指某個(gè)。Keep the keyboards clean, children. (孩子們請(qǐng)保持鍵盤(pán)的清潔。) (省略了主語(yǔ)) / You go there and fetch me a glass of water. (你去給我弄一杯水來(lái)。)

(6)主一在,但在問(wèn)中會(huì)處第二位和句;倒及there be句主在動(dòng)之。如:Computers are made in this factory. (計(jì)算機(jī)生產(chǎn)于這家工廠。) / Where are they? (他們?cè)谀膬海? / Does the boy like staying home? (這個(gè)男孩喜歡呆在家里嗎?)

(7)主與謂必保單、復(fù)數(shù)的一, 而謂語(yǔ)與表或賓之間沒(méi)這一要。Neither Jim nor Rose has passed the exam. (Jim和Rose都沒(méi)有通過(guò)考試。) / The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people. (中華民族是一個(gè)勤勞勇敢的民族。)

(8)主語(yǔ)可以由從句充當(dāng),詳見(jiàn)“”。

2、謂:

(1)由“不及物動(dòng)詞”、“及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)”或“系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)”等構(gòu)成,說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)所表示的人物“干什么”或“怎么樣”。如:

He travelled in space for the first time.(他首次在太空旅行。) / Who teaches you English this year?(今年誰(shuí)教你們的英語(yǔ)?) / The pizza has gone bad. (那塊烤餡餅已經(jīng)變壞。) /

(2)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須反映出人稱(chēng)、單復(fù)數(shù)、時(shí)態(tài)等信息,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞往往由下列詞語(yǔ)依序排列構(gòu)成:[情態(tài)動(dòng)詞]+[時(shí)態(tài)助動(dòng)詞]+[語(yǔ)態(tài)助動(dòng)詞]+[主要?jiǎng)釉~](不一定全部出現(xiàn))。(見(jiàn)) 記。褐^語(yǔ)部分第一個(gè)動(dòng)詞往往是變形動(dòng)詞。如:

I am sorry I am making so much noise but I have to. (對(duì)不起我發(fā)出了太大的聲音但是只能這樣。) / He can’t have finished reading the 800-page-long novel. (他不可能讀完了那本長(zhǎng)達(dá)800頁(yè)的小說(shuō)。) / Something must be done to stop the fowl flu from spreading out. (該采取措施防止

禽流感蔓延。)

(3)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞切忌用“行為動(dòng)詞1 + 原形動(dòng)詞”、“be + 原形動(dòng)詞”。

記住使用下列正確形式:

①情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+原形動(dòng)詞。如:You’d better go over the lesson.(你最好復(fù)習(xí)這一課。)

②shall/ will/ would+原形動(dòng)詞。如:They should have been there once.(他們應(yīng)該去過(guò)那兒。)

③be+現(xiàn)在分詞或者過(guò)去分詞。如:What are you doing this evening?(今晚你打算做什么?)/ Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.(自從20世紀(jì)70年代大批樹(shù)木被砍伐。)

④have+過(guò)去分詞。如:Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.(意思同上)

⑤一般時(shí)問(wèn)句和否定句中:do/does/did+原形動(dòng)詞。如:He does not enjoy himself very much.(他日子過(guò)的不好。)/ Did any of you see dinosaur eggs?(你們當(dāng)中有誰(shuí)見(jiàn)過(guò)恐龍蛋嗎?)

⑥行為動(dòng)詞1+行為動(dòng)詞2 (不定式、動(dòng)名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞等形式)。如:He made up his mind to be a vet.(他拿定主意要做個(gè)獸醫(yī)。)/ Feeling good about yourself is essential to feeling good about life.(自尊自愛(ài)是享受生活的根本。)/ They wake up the other family members, calling,“Merry Christmas!”(他們叫醒家庭的其他成員,呼喊著:圣誕快樂(lè)。/ The kings of ancient Egypt had strong tombs built for themselves.(古代的埃及國(guó)王讓人給他們自己修建堅(jiān)固的墳?zāi)。?

(4)不可用形容詞、名詞、代詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)等獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ),必須在此之前加連系動(dòng)詞。

(5)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式:?jiǎn)螖?shù)形式的動(dòng)詞有:is,was,has,does以及“動(dòng)詞+s”;復(fù)數(shù)形式的動(dòng)詞有:are,were,have以及動(dòng)詞原形。其他動(dòng)詞不分單、復(fù)數(shù)。

謂語(yǔ)部分第一個(gè)動(dòng)詞的形式

單數(shù)形式

復(fù)數(shù)形式

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)be(是)動(dòng)詞;

現(xiàn)在某些時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的助動(dòng)詞be

am (單一); are (單二); is (單三);

are

一般過(guò)去時(shí)be(是)動(dòng)詞;

過(guò)去某些時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的助動(dòng)詞be

was (單一); were (單二); was;(單三)

were

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)have(有)動(dòng)詞;

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)的助動(dòng)詞have

have (單一); have (單二); has (單三);

have

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)行為動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞do

do (單一、單二); does (單三)

do

實(shí)意動(dòng)詞和連系動(dòng)詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)動(dòng)詞(否定和疑問(wèn)句除外)

原形動(dòng)詞(單一、單二); 動(dòng)詞+s /es (單三)

原形動(dòng)詞

其他各時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同

記。褐髡Z(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)必須保持一致。(”) Air and water is necessary to us all.(空氣和水對(duì)于我們大家是必不可少的。)

(6)一般問(wèn)句和反意問(wèn)句的回答不使用行為動(dòng)詞,應(yīng)該使用“是”動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞(be,will,have,do以及變形)。如:The Olympic Games is held every other year, isn’t it? ----Yes, it is.(奧運(yùn)會(huì)每?jī)赡昱e辦一次,是嗎?----是的。)

3、:

(1) 由名詞、代詞(人稱(chēng)代詞要用賓格)、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、(賓語(yǔ))從句充當(dāng),表示動(dòng)作的承受者是“誰(shuí)”或者是“何物”。如: The angel also came to Joseph and told him the same thing.(那個(gè)天使同樣來(lái)到約瑟夫面前并且告訴他同樣的事情。)(代詞和名詞充當(dāng)兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)) / He told me that the company could not afford to pay him so much money.(他告訴我說(shuō)公司付不起他那么多的錢(qián)。)(不定式作賓語(yǔ)) / They enjoy watching football games so much that they often forget their lessons.(他們?nèi)绱讼矏?ài)看足球以至于常常忘記了他們的功課。)(動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)) / I think to be a children’s doctor is very rewarding.(我認(rèn)為當(dāng)個(gè)兒童醫(yī)生是很值得的。)(從句作賓語(yǔ))

(2) 只有及物動(dòng)詞或介詞才有賓語(yǔ),不及物動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ),如果涉及到事物,則必須在不及物動(dòng)詞后面加合適的介詞。Listen to the radio. (listen不是及物動(dòng)詞,故加to。) / Can you hear anything exciting?(你能聽(tīng)到什么令人興奮的消息嗎?)

(3) 賓語(yǔ)一般放在及物動(dòng)詞或介詞的后面,但是在疑問(wèn)句中,如果賓語(yǔ)是疑問(wèn)詞,則賓語(yǔ)要放在句首。介詞的賓語(yǔ)如果是疑問(wèn)詞,則可以放在介詞后或句首。如:What did he see? (他看見(jiàn)了什么?) / What does he write a letter with? (他用什么寫(xiě)的信?) / With what does he write a letter? (他用什么寫(xiě)的信?)

(4)“動(dòng)詞+副詞+賓語(yǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)中,如果賓語(yǔ)是代詞,則代詞必須放在“動(dòng)”“副”之間。如:Please put the shoes away. (請(qǐng)把鞋子收起來(lái)。) / Please put away the shoes. (請(qǐng)把鞋子收起來(lái)。) / Please put them away. (請(qǐng)把它們收起來(lái)。)

(5) 動(dòng)詞后面跟雙賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以采用兩種結(jié)構(gòu):

①動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)(人)+直接賓語(yǔ)(物)。如:He often gives me some help. (他常常幫我。)

②動(dòng)詞+直接賓語(yǔ)+介詞+間接賓語(yǔ)。注意,一般情況介詞用to,但動(dòng)詞是make, buy, borrow時(shí),介詞用for.如: Please make me a kite. (請(qǐng)給我做個(gè)風(fēng)箏。)或Please make a kite for me.

(6) 在“動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)中,如果賓語(yǔ)是不定式、動(dòng)名詞、賓語(yǔ)從句,則常用it做形式賓語(yǔ),而將實(shí)際的賓語(yǔ)移到補(bǔ)語(yǔ)后面去。如:I found the job rather difficult. (我發(fā)覺(jué)這個(gè)工作相當(dāng)難做。) / I found it rather difficult to do the job.

(7) ,詳見(jiàn)。

4、表語(yǔ):

(1) 說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份、性質(zhì)、狀況等含義的成分,通常由形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、名詞、代詞等充當(dāng)。如:He became a doctor after he left high school.(高中畢業(yè)他當(dāng)上了醫(yī)生。) / The rubber wheels are over there.(橡膠輪子在那邊。) / He does not feel like eating anything today because he has caught a bad cold.(他今天不想吃任何東西因?yàn)樗昧酥馗忻啊? / Who is it?(誰(shuí)呀?)

(2) 表語(yǔ)只能放在連系動(dòng)詞(如:be,look,become,turn get,grow,feel,seem) 之后,對(duì)表語(yǔ)進(jìn)行提問(wèn)的句子除外。

(3) 代詞做表語(yǔ)一般用主格,口語(yǔ)中常用賓。如:It’s I. (It’s me.)是我。

(4) 只能作表語(yǔ)的形容詞有:sorry,afraid,alone,asleep,awake,ill,well,sure,interested等等。He was terribly sorry for his carelessness.(他很為他的粗心而歉疚。) / Please make no noise here; the baby is asleep.(請(qǐng)不要發(fā)出響動(dòng),嬰兒正熟睡呢。) / I am only interested in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all!(我只是對(duì)獨(dú)坐孤舟無(wú)所事事感興趣。) / I am not alone in thinking so.(并非只有我才這樣想的。)

(5) 表語(yǔ)也可以由從句充當(dāng),詳見(jiàn)“”。

5、定語(yǔ):

(1) 修飾名詞或代詞的成分,常由形容詞、名詞(含所有格)、代詞(物主、指示、疑問(wèn)、不定)、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式(短語(yǔ))充當(dāng),在初三階段還學(xué)習(xí)了定語(yǔ)從句做定語(yǔ)的知識(shí)。如:Put it in the top drawer.(把它放在最上層的抽屜里。) / France and Switzerland are European countries. (法國(guó)和瑞士是歐洲國(guó)家。) / His mother and father are both college teachers.(他的父母都是大學(xué)教師。) / This is the day that I can never forget in my life.(這是我一輩子難忘的日子。)

(2) 單詞做定語(yǔ)時(shí)一般放在被修飾的名詞前面,而且有一定的次序:

冠詞/

物代

年齡/形狀/

大小/溫度

色彩

來(lái)源

質(zhì)地/

材料

目的/

用途

被修飾的名詞(中心詞)

a

the

my

his



old,young,…

red,

yellow,

blue,



Chinese,

English,

American,



wooden,

woolen,

glass,

silk,

paper



meeting,

tennis,

sports,

reading,

swimming,



box,

shoes,

room,

pig



long,short,

round, square…

big, large,

small, little…

hot, cold,

warm, cool…

(3) 時(shí)間副詞(now,then,today,yesterday,...)、地點(diǎn)副詞(here,there,back,in,out,home,...作定語(yǔ)時(shí)放在被修飾的名詞后面。如:I could not find my way out, so I stayed there all along. (我找不到出去的路,所以就一直呆在那兒。)

(4) 介詞短語(yǔ)修飾名詞時(shí)只能放在名詞的后面:The monkey in the cage was caught yesterday. (籠子里的猴子是昨天逮著的。)

(5) 形容詞修飾復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí),往往后置。如:He remembered everything unusual. (他記得所有不尋常的事情。)

(6) 定語(yǔ)還可以用從句充當(dāng),詳見(jiàn) 。

(7) 注意:由于定語(yǔ)屬于修飾性的成分,因此它常歸入主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)之中,不作為句子的主要成分。

6、狀語(yǔ):

(1) 說(shuō)明動(dòng)作“何時(shí)”、“何地”、“如何”發(fā)生,或者說(shuō)明形容詞或副詞的程度,一般由副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式、狀語(yǔ)從句等充當(dāng)。如:I was not born yesterday.(我又不是昨天才出世的娃娃。)/ For many of these families a college education was something new.(對(duì)其中的許多家庭來(lái)說(shuō),大學(xué)教育是件新事物。)/ He woke up to find his house on fire.(他醒來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)房子著火了。) / You cannot leave until your work is finished.(在你的工作被完成以前你不能離開(kāi))

(2) 副詞作狀語(yǔ)位置較為靈活,詳見(jiàn)《六?2》“”;介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ),位置基本固定,詳見(jiàn)《七?4》“”;不定式作狀語(yǔ),一般表示目的、結(jié)果,詳見(jiàn)《八?7》“”;從句作狀語(yǔ),詳見(jiàn)《主從復(fù)合句》的“狀語(yǔ)從句”。

(3) 多個(gè)狀語(yǔ)相連時(shí),一般先單詞、后短語(yǔ),先地點(diǎn)、后時(shí)間,先小概念、后大概念。如:He went ouf of the room at a quarter to 23:00 last night and then disappeared into the dark.(他昨夜22點(diǎn)3刻從房間里出來(lái),然后消失在黑暗之中。) /

(4) 狀語(yǔ)還可以用從句來(lái)充當(dāng),有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句、原因狀語(yǔ)從句、目的狀語(yǔ)從句、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句、比較狀語(yǔ)從句、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句、條件狀語(yǔ)從句等。詳見(jiàn)“”。

(5) 注意:由于狀語(yǔ)屬于修飾性的成分,常歸入謂語(yǔ),因此不作為句子的主要成分。

7、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):

(1) 補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)的成分為賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),常由名詞、形容詞、動(dòng)詞非謂語(yǔ)形式(不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞等)、介詞短語(yǔ)等充當(dāng)。如:Call him Jim, please. (請(qǐng)叫他Jim。) / I tried my best to make him happy. (我竭盡所能讓他開(kāi)心。) / Ask her to come to dinner tomorrow. (請(qǐng)他明天來(lái)。) / He let the smaller animals bring food to him. (他讓小動(dòng)物們給他帶食物來(lái)。)

(2) 部分表示位置、方向的副詞也可以作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如:Let him in, I tell you! (我跟你說(shuō),讓他進(jìn)來(lái)!)/ Please put it away. (請(qǐng)把它收起來(lái)。)

(3) 不定式或分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的情況,詳見(jiàn)《八?7》“”相關(guān)內(nèi)容。

十二、簡(jiǎn)單句五種基本句型:

句子包含主要句子成分(主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ))和次要句子成分(表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)),按照動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì)將英語(yǔ)簡(jiǎn)單句劃分為以下五種基本句型:

1、基本句型的詞序: 2、劃分符號(hào)(沒(méi)有統(tǒng)一規(guī)定,僅供參考):

主語(yǔ): 定語(yǔ):( ) 謂語(yǔ): 狀語(yǔ):[ ] 賓語(yǔ): 賓補(bǔ):〈 〉 表語(yǔ): 主謂句型:S-Vi。

主系表句型:S-Vlink-P 主謂賓句型:S-Vt.-O 主謂雙賓句型:S-Vt-O間賓-O直賓 主謂賓補(bǔ)句型:S-Vt-O-C3、例句:Jim is working [very hard] [now].(他現(xiàn)在正非常努力地工作。)

She is young. (她年輕。) It looks like rain. (天看上去要下雨。)

The boy [always] kicked the dog [with his feet]. (這男孩老是用腳踢那只狗。)

He has [never] bought me a toy [since last year]. (從去年起他沒(méi)給我買(mǎi)過(guò)一個(gè)玩具。)

He felt something (cold) .(他感到有個(gè)冰冷的東西順著腿上爬。)

4、英語(yǔ)詞類(lèi)與句子成分關(guān)系圖:

句子成分 詞類(lèi)或短語(yǔ)

主語(yǔ)*

謂語(yǔ)

賓語(yǔ)*

表語(yǔ)*

定語(yǔ)*

狀語(yǔ)*

賓語(yǔ)

補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

名詞

√√√

×

√√√

√√



×



代詞

√√√

×

√√√

√√

√√

×

×

形容詞

×

×

×

√√√

√√√

×

√√

數(shù)詞



×





√√√

×



動(dòng)



時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式

×

√√√

×

×

×

×

×

動(dòng)詞不定式

√√

×

√√





√√

√√√

動(dòng)名詞

√√

×

√√√





×

×

動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞

×

×

×





√√

√√√

動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞

×

×

×





√√

√√

副詞

×

×

×





√√√



介詞短語(yǔ)

×

×

×

√√



√√



[注釋] 1、“√”表示某種詞類(lèi)可以充當(dāng)某個(gè)成分, “√√”表示某種詞類(lèi)經(jīng)常充當(dāng)某個(gè)成分, “√√√”表示某種詞類(lèi)最經(jīng)常充當(dāng)某個(gè)成分。 “×”表示某種詞類(lèi)不能充當(dāng)某個(gè)成分。

2、“ * ”表示該成分可以由從句充當(dāng),如主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句等。

十三、并列復(fù)合句

1、基本概念:

并列復(fù)合句是由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上并列而又獨(dú)立的簡(jiǎn)單句構(gòu)成。兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句常由并列連接詞連在一起;但有時(shí)不用連接詞,只在兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句之間用一逗號(hào)或分號(hào)。

2、常見(jiàn)的并列句:

(1) 用來(lái)連接兩個(gè)并列概念的連接詞有and , not only…but also…, neither…nor…等,and所連接的前后分句往往表示先后關(guān)系、遞進(jìn)關(guān)系。前后分句的時(shí)態(tài)往往保持一致關(guān)系,若第一個(gè)分句是祈使句,那么第二個(gè)分句用將來(lái)時(shí)。

(2) 表示在兩者之間選擇一個(gè), 常用的連接詞有or,otherwise,or else,either…or…等,前后分句的時(shí)態(tài)往往保持一致關(guān)系,若第一個(gè)分句是祈使句,那么第二個(gè)分句用將來(lái)時(shí)。

(3) 表明兩個(gè)概念彼此有矛盾、相反或者轉(zhuǎn)折, 常用的連接詞有but,yet,still ,however等,前后分句時(shí)態(tài)一致。

(4) 說(shuō)明原因, 用連接詞for ,前后分句時(shí)態(tài)一致。

(5) 表示結(jié)果,用連接詞so, 前后分句時(shí)態(tài)一致。

十四、主從復(fù)合句

1、概念:

主從復(fù)合句由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句構(gòu)成。主句為句子的主體,從句只用作句子的一個(gè)次要成分,不能獨(dú)立成為一個(gè)句子。從句通常由關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo),并由關(guān)聯(lián)詞將從句和主句聯(lián)系在一起。如:While the grandparents love the children, they are strict with them.(爺爺奶奶們很愛(ài)孩子,同時(shí)對(duì)他們也嚴(yán)格要求。) / It seemed as if the meeting would never end.(看起來(lái)會(huì)議沒(méi)完沒(méi)了。) / Hurry up, or (else) you'll be late.(快點(diǎn), 要不然就來(lái)不及了。) / However I cook eggs, the child still refuses to eat them.(不管我用什么方法煮雞蛋,小孩還是不肯吃。)

2、分類(lèi):

從句按其在復(fù)合句中的作用,分為主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句等。(參見(jiàn)以下各條)

3、各從句在句子中的位置以及用法:

(1) 從句:在句子中作連系動(dòng)詞的表語(yǔ)的從句,它位于主句中的系動(dòng)詞之后。

例如:That is why he did not come to school yesterday. / It is because you are so clever.

(2) 從句:。

①基本形式:(主句+)連詞+從句主語(yǔ)+從句謂語(yǔ)+...

② 關(guān)于賓語(yǔ)從句連詞的選擇:

若從句來(lái)源于一個(gè)陳述句,那么,連詞用that,在口語(yǔ)中that可以省略;

若從句來(lái)源于一個(gè)一般疑問(wèn)句,連詞則用if 或whether;

若從句來(lái)源于一個(gè)特殊疑問(wèn)句,則連詞就是疑問(wèn)詞(如what,who,where,when等)

例如:They believe that the computer will finally take the place of human beings.(他們相信計(jì)算機(jī)終將代替人類(lèi)。) (從句本來(lái)就是陳述句)/ I wonder whether I should say something for him to the headmaster. (我不知道是不是該為他在校長(zhǎng)跟前說(shuō)點(diǎn)什么。) (從句來(lái)源于一般問(wèn)句Shall I say something for him to the headmaster?) / He asked me where he could get such medicine. (他問(wèn)我在哪兒能搞到那樣的藥。) (從句來(lái)源于特殊問(wèn)句Where can he get such medicine? )

③ 賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)問(wèn)題:如果主句是現(xiàn)在時(shí),從句則用現(xiàn)在某一時(shí)態(tài),甚至可以用過(guò)去時(shí);

如主句是過(guò)去時(shí),從句則相應(yīng)地使用過(guò)去某一時(shí)態(tài),遇到客觀真理時(shí)仍然用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如:I think I will do better in English this term. (我想本學(xué)期我的英語(yǔ)會(huì)學(xué)得好點(diǎn)。) / The teacher asked the boy if the earth is round. (老師問(wèn)那個(gè)男孩地球是不是圓的。)

④ 下列結(jié)構(gòu)后面的從句一般也作為賓語(yǔ)從句看待:

be sorry / afraid / sure / glad +that從句,如:I’m sorry I’m late. (對(duì)不起,我遲到了。) / I’m afraid he isn’t in at the moment. (恐怕他此刻不在家。)

(3) 從句:,其位置可以在主句前或主句后。狀語(yǔ)從句可以分為時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、比較、讓步、條件等幾種。狀語(yǔ)從句由從屬連接詞引導(dǎo)。

時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句通常由when ,as ,while, after, before, since, as soon as ,since, till (until), while, whenever 等引導(dǎo)。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句一般放在句首或句尾,特別注意,時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句不允許使用將來(lái)時(shí),而應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在時(shí)替代。如: When you finish the work, you may go out to play with Sam. (你完成工作就可以出去和Jim一起玩了。) / I won’t leave until Mum comes back. (媽媽回來(lái)了我才會(huì)走。)

地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句通常由 where, wherever等引導(dǎo)。如:Go back where you came from! (哪里來(lái)還滾到哪里去!) / I will never forget to catch the thief who stole my necklace wherever he may be. (我永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)忘記去抓住那個(gè)偷我項(xiàng)鏈的賊,無(wú)論他會(huì)在哪里。)

原因狀語(yǔ)從句通常由because, since, as等引導(dǎo),一般放在句首或句尾。如:He went abroad because his father had found a good university for him. (他出國(guó)了,因?yàn)樗赣H給他找了一所好大學(xué)。)

目的狀語(yǔ)從句通常由so that..., so...hat..., in order that... 等引導(dǎo),往往放在句尾,從句中通常含有can / could / may / might等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。如:He got up earlier so that he could catch the first train. (他起身更早為的是趕上第一班車(chē)。)

結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句通常由 so that..., so...that... 等引導(dǎo),放在句尾。結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句一般表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情,故多為過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。如:He lost so many bikes that he decided never to buy a new one. (他丟了那么多輛自行車(chē),他決定再也不買(mǎi)新車(chē)了。)

比較狀語(yǔ)從句通常由as, than, as (so)...as等引導(dǎo),一般省略從句的謂語(yǔ)部分,只剩下名詞或代詞(用主格或賓格均可)。如:Jane is much taller than I/me. (Jane比我高多了。) / I don’t have as many books as you (do). (我書(shū)沒(méi)有你多)

讓步狀語(yǔ)從句通常由though (although), as, even if( even though), however, whatever等引導(dǎo)。如:Even if you pay the debt(債務(wù)) for me, I will not thank you because it has nothing to do with me. (即使你替我還了債我也不會(huì)感謝你,因?yàn)樗c我毫無(wú)關(guān)系。) / He wears a T-shirt though it is very cold. (他穿了一件T恤衫,盡管天很冷。)

條件狀語(yǔ)從句通常由if, unless, as long as等引導(dǎo),條件狀語(yǔ)從句一般放在句首或句尾,特別注意,時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句不允許使用將來(lái)時(shí),而應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在時(shí)替代。You will certainly fail in the coming final exams unless you work much harder. (即將來(lái)到的期末考試你肯定考不及格,除非你更用功。) / If it doesn’ t rain tomorrow, we shall go hiking. (如果明天不下雨我們就要去徒步旅行。)

[注意] 1、because與so;(al)though與but;if與so不可以同在一個(gè)句子中成對(duì)出現(xiàn)。

2、時(shí)間、條件、原因,讓步狀語(yǔ)從句放在句首時(shí)需要用逗號(hào)與主句隔開(kāi)。

(4) 從句:在復(fù)合句中作定語(yǔ)用修飾句子中某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句。

① 定語(yǔ)從句的位置:放在名詞或代詞的后面。如:The man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncle. (手上抓了一把雨傘的人是我的叔叔。)

② 語(yǔ)法術(shù)語(yǔ)的改變:被修飾的名詞或代詞稱(chēng)為先行詞;引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的連接詞稱(chēng)為關(guān)系詞,其中that、which、who稱(chēng)為關(guān)系代詞,where、when、how稱(chēng)為關(guān)系副詞。

③ 關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞的作用:

關(guān)系代詞who、whom 和whose指人,分別在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。which指物that多指物, 有時(shí)也指人,它們?cè)趶木渲锌梢宰髦髡Z(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞作從句賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略。This is the thief (that/who/whom) we have been looking for these days. (這個(gè)就是我們近日一直在找的小偷。) / Please find a room which is big enough for all of us to live in. (請(qǐng)找一間足夠大能住下我們?nèi)w的房間。)

關(guān)系副詞when或where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),它們?cè)趶木渲蟹謩e作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。如:This is the room where they had a quarrel a week ago. (這是一個(gè)星期前他們吵架的房間。) / I can never forget the day when I first saw you. (我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記第一次見(jiàn)到你的日子。)

④ 限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。限制性定語(yǔ)從句在句中不能省略,否則主句意思就不完整。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句和主句之間往往用逗號(hào)分開(kāi),這種從句是一種附加說(shuō)明,如果從句子中省去,也不致于影響主句的意思。如:She spent the whole evening talking about her latest book, which none of us had heard of. (她一個(gè)晚上都在談?wù)撍罱臅?shū),我們一個(gè)人都沒(méi)有聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)那本書(shū)。)

[注解]

1、關(guān)系代詞只能用that的情況:當(dāng)先行詞是指事物的不定代詞(all, anything等),或先行詞部分含有最高級(jí),或含有序數(shù)詞時(shí),不能用其他的關(guān)系代詞,只能用that. 如:All that Lily told me seems untrue. (Lily告訴我的話似乎不真實(shí)。) / Can you give me anything that has no sugar inside? (能不能給我點(diǎn)里面沒(méi)有糖的東西?) / This is the first two-story bus that runs in our city. (這是第一輛運(yùn)行于我市的雙層公交車(chē)。)

2、關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)一般用who(指人)、that(指物),而不用that指人或用which指物。 如:Do you know the woman who is weeping in the corner? (你認(rèn)識(shí)那個(gè)在角落里哭泣的女人嗎?) / Do not tell me any words that have nothing to do with me. (跟我無(wú)關(guān)的話,請(qǐng)一個(gè)字也不要說(shuō)。)

3、關(guān)系代詞作從句的賓語(yǔ)時(shí),常用which或whom,較少使用that或who,而且,關(guān)系代詞常常省略。如:Tom’s father was the first parent whom our teacher talked to. (Tom的父親是我們老師第一個(gè)談話的人。)

4、當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞緊跟在介詞后面時(shí),必須用which或whom,而當(dāng)介詞移到句尾時(shí),則又可以使用that或who. 如:This is the room in which Miss Li once lived. (= This is the room Miss Li once lived in.) (這是李小姐曾經(jīng)居住過(guò)的房間。)

(5) :在句子中充當(dāng)句子主語(yǔ)的從句叫主語(yǔ)從句。位于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前。通常由that,whether以及疑問(wèn)連詞引導(dǎo)。一般情況下,常用it替代主語(yǔ)從句,而將主語(yǔ)從句移到句尾。如:When we should start is still a question. (我們?cè)撛谑裁磿r(shí)候開(kāi)始還是個(gè)問(wèn)題呢。)

十五、直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)(初中不作特別要求)

1、直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ):在陳述句中,直接引用說(shuō)話人原來(lái)的語(yǔ)句,稱(chēng)為直接引語(yǔ)。在書(shū)寫(xiě)時(shí),直接引語(yǔ)用引號(hào)。用自己的詞語(yǔ)來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)述表達(dá)原來(lái)說(shuō)話人說(shuō)的內(nèi)容,稱(chēng)為間接引語(yǔ)。

2、直接引語(yǔ)改變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ):

1、直接引語(yǔ)如果是陳述句,變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下各點(diǎn):

①不用引號(hào),而用連接詞that,但有時(shí)可省略。

②人稱(chēng)作相應(yīng)變化;

③主句里的動(dòng)詞如果是過(guò)去時(shí),間接引語(yǔ)中的時(shí)態(tài)一般應(yīng)作相應(yīng)改變: 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)變一般過(guò)去時(shí);一般將來(lái)時(shí)變過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí);現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)變過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí);現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)變成過(guò)去完成時(shí);一般過(guò)去時(shí)變成過(guò)去完成時(shí);但一般過(guò)去時(shí)如與一個(gè)具體的過(guò)去時(shí)間連用,則時(shí)態(tài)不變。

如:He says,"I am not from the USA.”→He says that he is not from the USA.

Mr Smith said to his girl friend,“ I haven’ t seen you for a long time.”

→Mr Smith said to his girl friend that he had not seen her for a long time.

2、直接引語(yǔ)如果是一般疑問(wèn)句,變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí),需用從屬連接詞whether或if引導(dǎo),詞序要改變。如:Lin Tao said to Miss Green, "Is it made in China?” →Lin Tao asked Miss Green if it was made in China.

3、直接引語(yǔ)如果是特殊疑問(wèn)句,變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí),需用疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo),詞序是:連詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)。

如:Lucy said to me, “How can I help?” →Lucy asked me how she could help.

4、直接引語(yǔ)如是祈使句,變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí),須將祈使句變?yōu)閯?dòng)詞不定式,并在動(dòng)詞不定式前用tell, ask, order. 如:He said to the little boy,“ Come here, young man! ”

→He asked the little boy to go there.

5、直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí),指示代詞以及表示時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)的詞或詞組應(yīng)作相應(yīng)變化:

在直接引語(yǔ)中 在間接引語(yǔ)中

that

those

then

before

that day

that week ( month,etc.)

the next week ( month,etc.)

the day before

the next (following) day

there

this

these

now

ago

today

this week(month,etc.)

next week ( month,etc.)

yesterday

tomorrow

here
十六、倒裝句: 謂語(yǔ)的一部分或者全部放在主語(yǔ)之前的句子稱(chēng)為倒裝句。

1、THERE BE句型以及以here、there開(kāi)頭的句子。如: There are a lot of children in the showroom. (在展覽室里有許多的小孩。)/ Here comes the bus. (公交車(chē)來(lái)了。) / There goes the bell. (鈴響了。) / The door opened and in came Mr Lee. (門(mén)開(kāi)了,李先生走了進(jìn)來(lái)。)

2、用“So / Nor / Neither + 助動(dòng)詞 + 主語(yǔ)”倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)表示第二個(gè)人物的情況與上文的人物情況相同。如:Tom went to the beach last week, and, so did I. (Tom上個(gè)星期去了海灘,我也是。) / Li Mei’s bought nothing from the shop. Neither has Jim. (李梅沒(méi)有在店里買(mǎi)什么,Jim也沒(méi)有買(mǎi)。)

3、在疑問(wèn)句中,通常使用在主語(yǔ)之前安放助動(dòng)詞的倒裝方法,對(duì)主語(yǔ)提問(wèn)除外。如:How did he find the lost book? (他是怎么樣找到丟失的書(shū)的?) / Where are they going to spend the summer vacation? (他們打算到哪兒過(guò)暑假?)

4、感嘆句中通常將被感嘆的部分前移,而將句子的主謂語(yǔ)整體后置。 如:What a beautiful flower (it is)! (那是多漂亮的花!)

5、有引號(hào)引用某人的原話時(shí),引號(hào)外面的主謂一般采用倒裝形式放在句尾,但是,若主語(yǔ)是代詞則不倒裝。如:“What on earth are you doing up there?” said the father. (父親說(shuō):“你在上邊到底干什么?”) / “What on earth are you doing up there?”he said. (他說(shuō):“你在上邊到底干什么?”)

十七、附加注釋

die、dead、death的用法:die是動(dòng)詞,可以獨(dú)立做謂語(yǔ),有各種時(shí)態(tài)變化,也可以變成非謂語(yǔ)形式作句子的其他成分;dead是形容詞,作句子的定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ);death是名詞,作句子的主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等。如:I’m going to die! (我要死了!) / The man has been dead for about three months. (那個(gè)人死了三個(gè)月左右。) / He is worried to death. (他急得要死。)

本文來(lái)自:逍遙右腦記憶 http://yy-art.cn/chusan/61863.html

相關(guān)閱讀:8A Unit5-6重點(diǎn)詞組、句型及語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)提綱