我們吃東西是為了求生?還是生活的意義在于享用美食?我們和事物的關(guān)系錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜。但是我們都共享食欲。我們的食欲也不是一成不變的，隨著年齡的增長，我們的食欲也隨之發(fā)生變化。
The first decade, 0-10
第一階段：0-10
In early childhood, the body goes through rapid growth and dietary behaviour built up in early life can extend into adulthood, leading a fat child to become a fat adult.
童年早期，身體經(jīng)歷了快速的成長，早期養(yǎng)成的飲食習(xí)慣可以延續(xù)到成年，讓一個(gè)肥胖的孩子成長為肥胖的成年人。
Fussiness or fear of particular foods can also contribute to meal time struggles for parents of young children, but a strategy of repeated tasting and learning in a positive environment can help children learn about unfamiliar but important foods, such as vegetables.Children should also experience some control, particularly in relation to portion size.
對(duì)于特定食物的挑剔或恐懼，還可以歸功于孩子父母飯點(diǎn)時(shí)分的掙扎。但是，在積極的環(huán)境里采用反復(fù)品嘗和學(xué)習(xí)的策略，可以幫助孩子習(xí)得一些不熟悉但是重要的食物，比如蔬菜。孩子還應(yīng)該經(jīng)歷一些控制，尤其在食物份量上。
The second decade, 10-20
第二階段：10-20
In the teenage years, a growth in appetite and stature driven by hormones, signals the arrival of puberty. How a teenager approaches food during this critical period will shape their lifestyle choices in later years.
青少年時(shí)期，受荷爾蒙的驅(qū)動(dòng)，食欲和身高增長，這標(biāo)志著青春期的到來。青少年如何在這一關(guān)鍵時(shí)期享用食物，將形成他未來的生活方式選擇。
Unfortunately, without guidance, teenagers may adopt eating behaviours and food preferences associated with unhealthy consequences.
不幸地是，在沒有指導(dǎo)的情況下，青少年可能會(huì)接受帶來不健康后果的飲食行為和食物偏好。
Young women in general are more likely to suffer from nutritional deficiencies than young men because of their reproductive biology. Teenage girls who become pregnant are also at greater risk since their bodies are supporting their own growth in competition with that of the growing foetus.
基于繁殖生物學(xué)，通常情況下，年輕女性比年輕男性更容易飽受營養(yǎng)不良的折磨。懷孕的青春期少女也面臨著更大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，因?yàn)樗齻兊纳眢w在支撐自我成長和嬰兒成長間競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。
The third decade, 20-30
第三階段：20-30
As young adults, lifestyle changes such as going to college, getting married or living with a partner, and parenthood can promote weight gain.
作為年輕人，諸如上大學(xué)，結(jié)婚或者合住都會(huì)改變生活方式，當(dāng)父母會(huì)增重。
Once accumulated, body fat is often difficult to lose. The body sends strong appetite signals to eat when we consume less than our energy needs, but the signals to prevent overeating are weaker, which can lead to a circle of over-consumption. There are many physiological and psychological factors that make eating less difficult to maintain over time. In an area of new research is to develop satiety, the sense of having eaten enough. This is helpful when trying to lose weight, since feeling hungry is one of the main barriers to eating less than your body says you need.
體內(nèi)的脂肪一旦堆積，就很難消失。當(dāng)我們吃的比能量需求少時(shí)，身體就會(huì)發(fā)出強(qiáng)烈的食欲信號(hào)，但是防止過量飲食的信號(hào)卻比較弱，這會(huì)導(dǎo)致過量飲食。很多生理和心理因素讓保持少量飲食變得困難。一個(gè)新的研究領(lǐng)域就是發(fā)展飽腹感。再減肥的時(shí)候，這個(gè)策略很有用，因?yàn)楦械金囸I是減少飲食的主要障礙之一。
Different foods send different signals to the brain. It’s easy to eat a tub of ice cream, for example, because fat doesn’t trigger signals in the brain for us to stop eating. On the other hand, foods high in protein, water or fibre content make us feel fuller for longer.
不同的食物向大腦發(fā)送不同的信號(hào)。比方說，吃下一桶冰淇淋很簡(jiǎn)單，因?yàn)橹静粫?huì)激發(fā)大腦停止吃東西的信號(hào)。另一方面，富含蛋白質(zhì)，水或者纖維的食物能讓我們獲得更久的飽腹感。
The fourth decade, 30-40
第四階段：30-40
Adult working life brings other challenges beyond a rumbling stomach, but also the effects of stress, which has been shown to prompt changes in appetite and eating habits in 80% of the population.
成年人的工作生活和壓力影響會(huì)為咕咕作響的胃帶來其它挑戰(zhàn)，研究表明，80%的人群受此影響造成食欲和飲食習(xí)慣變化。
The fifth decade, 40-50
第五階段: 40-50
The word diet comes from the Greek word diaita meaning “way of life, mode of living”, but we are creatures of habit, often unwilling to change our preferences even when we know it is good for us. We want to eat what we want without changing our lifestyle, and still have a healthy body and mind.There is much evidence to show that diet is a major contributing factor to ill-health. The World Health Organisation highlights smoking, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and problem drinking as the main lifestyle impacts on health and mortality.
飲食這個(gè)單詞來自希臘語diaita，意味“生活方式或模式”。但是，我們是習(xí)慣性生物，通常不愿意改變自己的偏好，即便當(dāng)我們知道這對(duì)自己有利時(shí)。我們想在不改變自己生活方式的情況下食用自己想吃的東西，同時(shí)擁有健康的身心。很多證據(jù)表明，飲食是不健康的主要誘因。世界衛(wèi)生組織強(qiáng)調(diào)，吸煙、不健康飲食、不鍛煉和問題飲酒是影響健康和死亡的主要生活方式。
The sixth decade, 50-60
第六階段： 50-60
After the age of 50, we begin to suffer a gradual loss of muscle mass, at between 0.5-1% per year. This is called sarcopenia, and lessened physical activity, consuming too little protein, and menopause in women will accelerate the decline in muscle mass.
50歲之后，我們開始經(jīng)歷肌肉逐漸萎縮，每年大約萎縮0.5-1%。這被稱作肌少癥。女性物理鍛煉減少，蛋白質(zhì)攝入過少和絕經(jīng)會(huì)加快肌肉萎縮。
A healthy, varied diet and physical activity are important to reduce the effects of ageing.
健康、多元的飲食和身體鍛煉，對(duì)減少老齡化影響很重要。
The seventh decade, 60-70, and beyond
第七階段：60-70,及70歲以上
A major challenge today in the face of increasing life expectancy is to maintain quality of life, or else we will become a society of very old and infirm or disabled people.
當(dāng)今，壽命延長面臨的一個(gè)主要挑戰(zhàn)就是保持生活質(zhì)量，否則，我們的社會(huì)將成為一個(gè)年老體弱或者充斥著殘疾人的社會(huì)。
Adequate nutrition is important, as old age brings poor appetite and lack of hunger, which leads to unintentional weight loss and greater frailty. Reduced appetite can also result from illness, for example the effects of Alzheimer’s disease.
充分的營養(yǎng)很重要，因?yàn)槟昀蠒?huì)造成食欲不振，饑餓感缺乏，這將造成無意識(shí)的減重和虛弱。食欲銳減還會(huì)造成疾病，比如老年癡呆癥癥狀。
Food is a social experience, but the loss of a partner or family and eating alone affect the sense of pleasure taken from eating. Other affects of old age, such as swallowing problems, dental issues, reduced taste and smell also interfere with the desire to eat.
食物是一種社會(huì)體驗(yàn)，但是失去家庭或者伴侶、獨(dú)自飲食會(huì)影響吃飯的樂趣。年老的一些其他影響，比如吞咽問題，牙齒問題，味覺和嗅覺降低也會(huì)影響食欲。
We should remember that throughout life our food is not just fuel, but a social and cultural experience to be enjoyed. We are all experts in food ? we eat it every day.
我們應(yīng)該記住，在我們的一生中，食物不僅僅是種燃料，還是一種值得享受的社會(huì)和文化體驗(yàn)。我們都是食物專家??我們每天都享用食物。
So we should strive to treat every opportunity to eat as an opportunity to enjoy our food and to enjoy the positive effects eating the right foods can have on our health.
因?yàn)椋覀儜?yīng)該努力將每個(gè)享用食物的機(jī)會(huì)，當(dāng)作享受的機(jī)會(huì)，享受食用正確食物對(duì)我們健康帶來的積極影響。
本文來自：逍遙右腦記憶 http://www.yy-art.cn/chuzhong/1240142.html
相關(guān)閱讀：八年級(jí)英語下冊(cè)單元精講-第二單元