初中英語知識(shí)點(diǎn):句子成分,句子結(jié)構(gòu)

編輯: 逍遙路 關(guān)鍵詞: 初中英語 來源: 高中學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng)
句子成分:
句子是由不同成分構(gòu)成的,我們分析句子成分是為了更好地掌握句子結(jié)構(gòu),對(duì)語言有更確切的了解。
一般認(rèn)為句子成分包括主語、謂語、表語、定語、狀語及補(bǔ)語等七種成分。

五種類型及句子成分:


























類型謂語動(dòng)詞舉例或說明 例句分析
S+VitalkThey are talking.
S Vi
S+V+PfeelI feel very happy.
SV P
S+Vt+OspeakShe speaks English very well.
S VtO
S+Vt+O+OteachHe teaches us English.
S VtIODO
S+Vt+O+CfindHe found the book on the desk.
S Vt O C


句子成分:
1.主語
主語是一個(gè)句子的主干部分之一,通常由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞主語從句充當(dāng),正常語序是在一個(gè)句子的句首。
Betty likes her new bike.(名詞)。
They usually go to school on foot. (代詞)。
Two and two is four. (數(shù)詞)
To learn a foreign language is not easy. (動(dòng)詞不定式短語)
Playing basketball after school is great fun. (動(dòng)名詞短語)
That the earth runs around the sun is known to everyone. (主語從句)
It is known to everyone that the earth runs around the sun. (主語從句)
2.謂語
和主語一樣,是一個(gè)句子的主干部分之一,表示主語所做到動(dòng)作、具有的特征及所處的狀態(tài)。
通常由動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)實(shí)義動(dòng)詞、 連系動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞及助動(dòng)詞。
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞不能單獨(dú)充當(dāng)謂語,它們必須和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成謂語。
實(shí)義動(dòng)詞包括及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞,及物動(dòng)詞后要帶賓語。
通常情況下,謂語位于主語之后。
They work very hard. (行為動(dòng)詞)
Tom feels much better now. (系動(dòng)詞+表語)
We can speak English very well. (情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)
They are playing over there. (助動(dòng)詞+實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)
3.賓語
賓語表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承受著。一般接在及物動(dòng)詞后面或介詞后面。
通常由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞以及賓語從句構(gòu)成。
Tom bought a storybook last week. (名詞)
----How many books do you want?
----I want seven. (數(shù)詞)
He wanted to have a cup of tea. (動(dòng)詞不定式短語)
He enjoys playing basketball. (動(dòng)名詞短語)
Our teacher said that he would go there. (賓語從句)
有些動(dòng)詞需要帶兩個(gè)賓語,一個(gè)是直接賓語,另一個(gè)是間接賓語。(雙賓語)
Please show me you ticket. (間接賓語+直接賓語)
指人的通常是間接賓語,指物的通常是直接賓語。下列動(dòng)詞可以帶直接賓語和間接賓語:
give, show, send, bring, lend, leave, pass, hand, tell, write, teach, return, throw, buy, fetch.
Will you give me some milk?= give some milk to me?
This term she teach us English.
4.狀語
狀語是說明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征,用來修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子。
副詞、介詞短語、動(dòng)詞不定式以及由:
if, after, when, as soon as, until, before, though, although, as if ,even if 等引導(dǎo)的從句都可用來作狀語。
You are quite right. (副詞)
She will arrive on Monday. (介詞短語)
He came here in order to learn English. (動(dòng)詞不定式短語)
We are on holiday today. (名詞)
If it rains tomorrow, we’ll stay at home. (從句)
As soon as she comes back, I’ll go and see her. (從句)
5. 定語
定語是指用來修飾名詞或代詞(不定代詞)的詞。
形容詞、形容詞性物主代詞、名詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、介詞短語、不定代詞、定語從句都可用作定語。
This is a green jeep. (形容詞)
The building is their teaching-building. (形容詞性物主代詞)
The woman doctor is his wife. (名詞)
Attention, please. I have something to tell you. (動(dòng)詞不定式短語)
The man in front of the gate is Mr. Li. (介詞短語)
There is something wrong with my tape-recorder. (形容詞后置)
Every student has an English book. (不定代詞)
The book that I bought yesterday is written by Lu Xun.. (從句)
單個(gè)單詞作定語一般位于被修飾的名詞或代詞前,但是當(dāng)形容詞修飾不定代詞如:
something, everything, anything, nothing, someone,等時(shí),常常放在這些詞典后面。
is there anything serious?
no, nothing serious.
He has something important to do this afternoon.
短語和定語從句必須放在被修飾詞的后面。
This is the book that I want to buy.
The book on the desk is mine.
The man standing under the tree is Mr. Guo.
The book given to him is written in English.
6.表語
表語是英語中的一個(gè)特殊成分,是指跟在系動(dòng)詞be, become, seem, look, sound, feel, get, smell等后面的詞語或從句,
用來說明主語的身份、特征或狀態(tài)。系動(dòng)詞和表語一起構(gòu)成句子的謂語。
表語一般由名詞、形容詞、介詞短語、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、副詞和表語從句充當(dāng)。
Her sister is a nurse. (名詞)
When she heard the news, she got angry. (形容詞)
His cup is broken. (過去分詞)
where are you?
I’m here. (副詞)
Why didn’t I go to school? The reason is that I was ill. (從句)
7.賓語補(bǔ)足語
用來補(bǔ)充說明賓語的成分叫做賓語補(bǔ)足語。形容詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、名詞、副詞,分詞短語,介詞短語等經(jīng)常充當(dāng)賓語補(bǔ)足語。
賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語一起統(tǒng)稱為復(fù)合賓語。
You may call me Charles or Mr. liu. (名詞)
We must keep our classroom clean. (形容詞)
John asked me to help him. (動(dòng)詞不定式短語)
Keep the lights on while you are out. (副詞)
We made him clean the room yesterday. (動(dòng)詞不定式短語)
----he was made to clean the room yesterday.(主語補(bǔ)足語)


句子的結(jié)構(gòu):
根據(jù)對(duì)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的劃分,英語的句子可以劃分為簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句三種。
1.簡單句
句中只有一個(gè)主語(或并列主語)和一個(gè)謂語(或并列謂語),句中的各個(gè)成分都是由單詞和短語表示,這樣的句子稱為簡單句。
The class are listening to the teacher carefully. (陳述句)
Is his brother old enough to join the army? (一般疑問句)
How many students are absent today? (特殊疑問句)
There are few cars in the parking lot, are there? (反義疑問句)
Let’s put off the meeting till next week. (祈使句)
How hard these students are working! (感嘆句)


2. 并列句
兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡單句用并列連詞或標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)連接而成的句子叫并列句。
(1)并列句的構(gòu)成方式
用并列連詞連接,并列連詞的前面可加逗號(hào)。
Some students are interested in climbing and others are fond of swimming.
We fished all day, but we didn’t catch one.
It is raining hard, so we have to stay at home.
不用連詞而用分號(hào)連接
Hurry up; it’s getting late!
She tried her best; she failed, however.
(2)并列句的分類:
① 能夠引導(dǎo)由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上意思相關(guān)的分句構(gòu)成的并列句的連詞有:
and和,而;neither … nor …既不 ……也不……;not only … but (also) …不僅……而且……;both …and ……….和……都;then 然后。
The bell rang and the students rushed into the classroom.
Not only did the students dance, but (also) their teachers sang songs.
② 可連接兩個(gè)并列句,含有轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連詞有:
but但是;yet然而,可是;while然而;however然而;still但是;whereas然而,而;nevertheless然而。
I think he wanted to speak, but I did not hear.
He worked hard, yet he failed to pass the test.
The UK is in the thirteenth position, while China is in the middle of the list.
Some of the students are hardworking whereas some are lazy.
③ 能夠引導(dǎo)由含有選擇意義的兩個(gè)分句構(gòu)成的并列句的連詞有:
or 或者,否則;otherwise 否則;either…or…不是…就是…
Would you like a cup of tea, or shall we get down to business right away?
Don’t drive too fast or you will have an accident.
Start right now, otherwise you’ll miss the first train.
④ 能夠引導(dǎo)由表示因果關(guān)系的兩個(gè)分句構(gòu)成的并列句的連詞有:
so所以;for因?yàn);therefore因此。
I must be off now, for my sister is expecting me.
The bus was crowded, so I had to stand all the way.


3.復(fù)合句
復(fù)合句有一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)活一個(gè)以上的從句構(gòu)成,主句是句子的主體,從句充當(dāng)某種句子成分,如:
主語,賓語,狀語,同位語等,但無論是那種從句都不能獨(dú)立 存在。
復(fù)合句包括主語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句、定語從句和狀語從句。
When we will have the meeting is not decided. (主語從句)
It is well-known that many Americans like to eat Chinese food. (主語從句)
Do you know when he ancient games began? (賓語從句)
That’s because he caught a bad cold. (賓語從句)
The idea that they would cross Asia was exciting. (同位語從句)
He has a friend whose father is a doctor. (定語從句)
I will give her the message as soon as she comes back from the meeting. (時(shí)間狀語從句)



五種基本句型:
英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴(kuò)大、組合、省略或倒裝。
掌握這五種基本句型,是掌握各種英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。
英語五種基本句型列式如下:
一、 S V (主+謂)
二、 S V P (主+系+表)
三、 S V O (主+謂+賓)
四、 S V o O (主+謂+間賓+直賓)
五、 S V O C (主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ))


基本句型一:
S V (主+謂)
主語:
可以作主語的成分有名詞(如boy),主格代詞(如you),動(dòng)詞不定式,動(dòng)名詞等。主語一般在句首。注意名詞單數(shù)形式常和冠詞不分家!
謂語:
謂語由動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成,是英語時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)變化的主角,一般在主語之后。不及物動(dòng)詞(vi.)沒有賓語,形成主謂結(jié)構(gòu),如:We come.
此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同特點(diǎn),即句子的謂語動(dòng)詞都能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動(dòng)詞叫做不及物動(dòng)詞,后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句等。
S │ V (不及物動(dòng)詞)
1. The sun │was shining. 太陽在照耀著。
2. The moon │rose. 月亮升起了。
3. The universe │remains. 宇宙長存。
4. We all │breathe, eat, and drink. 我們大家都呼吸、吃和喝。
5. Who │cares? 管它呢?
6. What he said │does not matter. 他所講的沒有什么關(guān)系。
7. They │talked for half an hour. 他們談了半個(gè)小時(shí)。
8. The pen │writes smoothly 這支筆書寫流利。


基本句型二:
S V P (主+系+表)
此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同的特點(diǎn):
句子謂語動(dòng)詞都不能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思,必須加上一個(gè)表明主語身份或狀態(tài)的表語構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語,才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動(dòng)詞叫做連系動(dòng)詞。
系動(dòng)詞分兩類:
be, look, keep, seem等屬一類,表示情況;
get, grow, become, turn等屬另一類,表示變化。
be 本身沒有什么意義,只起連系主語和表語的作用。
其它系動(dòng)詞仍保持其部分詞義。
感官動(dòng)詞多可用作聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞:
look well/面色好,sound nice/聽起來不錯(cuò),feel good/感覺好,smell bad/難聞
S │V(是系動(dòng)詞)│ P
1. This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary. 這是本英漢辭典。
2. The dinner │smells │good. 午餐的氣味很好。
3. He │fell │in love. 他墮入了情網(wǎng)。
4. Everything │looks │different. 一切看來都不同了。
5. He │is growing │tall and strong. 他長得又高又壯
6. The trouble│is │that they are short of money. 麻煩的是他們?nèi)鄙馘X。
7. Our well │has gone │dry. 我們井干枯了。
8. His face │turned │red. 他的臉紅了。


基本句型三:
S V O (主+謂+賓)
此句型句子的共同特點(diǎn)是:
謂語動(dòng)詞都具有實(shí)義,都是主語產(chǎn)生的動(dòng)作,但不能表達(dá)完整的意思,必須跟有一個(gè)賓語,即動(dòng)作的承受者,才能使意思完整。
這類動(dòng)詞叫做及物動(dòng)詞。賓語位于及物動(dòng)詞之后,一般同主語構(gòu)成一樣,不同的是構(gòu)成賓語的代詞必須是‘代詞賓格’,如:me,him,them等
S │V(及物動(dòng)詞)│ O
1. Who │knows │the answer? 誰知道答案?
2. She │smiled │her thanks. 她微笑表示感謝。
3. He │has refused │to help them. 他拒絕幫他們。
4. He │enjoys │reading. 他喜歡看書。
5. They │ate │what was left over. 他們吃了剩飯。
6. He │said │"Good morning." 他說:"早上好!"
7. I │want │to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。
8. He │admits │that he was mistaken. 他承認(rèn)犯了錯(cuò)誤。


基本句型四:
S V o O (主+謂+間賓+直賓)
有些及物動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語,如:give給,pass遞,bring帶,show顯示。這兩個(gè)賓語通常一個(gè)指人,為間接賓語;
一個(gè)指物,為直接賓語。間接賓語一般位于直接賓語之前。
一般的順序?yàn)椋簞?dòng)詞 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語。如:
Give me a cup of tea, please.
強(qiáng)調(diào)間接賓語順序?yàn)椋?BR>動(dòng)詞 + 直接賓語 +介詞+ 間接賓語。如:
Show this house to Mr. Smith.
若直接賓語為人稱代詞:
動(dòng)詞+ 代詞直接賓語 +介詞+ 間接賓語。如:
Bring it to me, please.
S │V(及物)│ o(多指人) │ O(多指物)
1. She │ordered │herself │a new dress. 她給自己定了一套新衣裳。
2. She │cooked │her husband │a delicious meal. 她給丈夫煮了一頓美餐。
3. He │brought │you │a dictionary. 他給你帶來了一本字典。
4. He │denies │her │nothing. 他對(duì)她什么都不拒絕。
5. I │showed │him │my pictures. 我給他看我的照片
6. I │gave │my car │a wash. 我洗了我的汽車。
7. I │told │him │that the bus was late. 我告訴他汽車晚點(diǎn)了。
8. He │showed │me │how to run the machine. 他教我開機(jī)器。


基本句型五:
S V O C (主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ))
此句型的句子的共同特點(diǎn)是:
動(dòng)詞雖然是及物動(dòng)詞,但是只跟一個(gè)賓語還不能表達(dá)完整的意思,必須加上一個(gè)補(bǔ)充成分來補(bǔ)足賓語,才能使意思完整。
賓語補(bǔ)足語:位于賓語之后對(duì)賓語作出說明的成分。賓語與其補(bǔ)足語有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,它們一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。
名詞/代詞賓格 + 名詞
The war made him a soldier. 戰(zhàn)爭使他成為一名戰(zhàn)士.
名詞/代詞賓格 + 形容詞
New methods make the job easy. 新方法使這項(xiàng)工作變得輕松.
名詞/代詞賓格 + 介詞短語
I often find him at work. 我經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)他在工作.
名詞/代詞賓格 + 動(dòng)詞不定式
The teacher asked the students to close the windows. 老師讓學(xué)生們關(guān)上窗戶.
名詞/代詞賓格 + 分詞
I saw a cat running across the road. 我看見一只貓跑過了馬路.
S │V(及物)│ O(賓語) │ C(賓補(bǔ))
1. They │appointed │him │manager. 他們?nèi)蚊?dāng)經(jīng)理。
2. They │painted │the door │green. 他們把門漆成綠色
3. This │set │them │thinking. 這使得他們要細(xì)想一想。
4. They │found │the house │deserted. 他們發(fā)現(xiàn)那房子無人居住。
5. What │makes │him │think so? 他怎么會(huì)這樣想?
6. We │saw │him │out. 我們送他出去
7. He │asked │me │to come back soon. 他要我早點(diǎn)回來。
8. I │saw │them │getting on the bus. 我看見他們上了那輛公共汽車。



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