初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn):集合名詞

編輯: 逍遙路 關(guān)鍵詞: 初中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源: 高中學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng)
集合名詞
是語(yǔ)言學(xué)上的一個(gè)專(zhuān)有名詞,意指一種可用來(lái)指稱(chēng)一群對(duì)象的詞,而這些對(duì)象,可以是人、動(dòng)物、或是一群概念等事物。
例如:family (家庭), cattle (牛, 牲畜), goods (貨物), baggage/luggage (行李),hair (頭發(fā), 毛發(fā)),fruit (水果)

集合名詞分類(lèi)及用法特點(diǎn):
第一類(lèi)
形式為單數(shù),但意義可以用為單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)這類(lèi)集合名詞
包括family(家庭),team(隊(duì)),class(班),audience(聽(tīng)眾)等。
其用法特點(diǎn)為:
若視為整體,表示單數(shù)意義;若考慮其個(gè)體成員,表示復(fù)數(shù)意義。
比較并體會(huì):
His family is large. 他的家是個(gè)大家庭。
His family are all waiting for him. 他的一家人都在等他。
This class consists of 45 pupils. 這個(gè)班由45個(gè)學(xué)生組成。
This class are reading English now. 這個(gè)班的學(xué)生在讀英語(yǔ)。


第二類(lèi)
形式為單數(shù),但意義永遠(yuǎn)為復(fù)數(shù)這類(lèi)集合名詞
包括cattle(牛,牲畜),people(人),police(警察)等。
其用法特點(diǎn)為:
只有單數(shù)形式, 但卻表示復(fù)數(shù)意義,用作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù);不與 a(n) 連用,但可與the連用(連用)。
如:People will laugh at you. 人們會(huì)笑你的。
The police are looking for him. 警察在找他。
Many cattle were killed for this. 就因?yàn)檫@個(gè)原因宰了不少牲畜。
注:表示牲畜的頭數(shù),用單位詞 head(單復(fù)數(shù)同形)。
如:five head of cattle 5頭牛,fifty (head of ) cattle 50頭牛


第三類(lèi)
形式為復(fù)數(shù),意義也為復(fù)數(shù)這類(lèi)集合名詞包括goods(貨物), clothes(衣服)等。
其用法特點(diǎn)是:
只有復(fù)數(shù)形式(當(dāng)然也表示復(fù)數(shù)意義,用作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)也用復(fù)數(shù)),但通常不與數(shù)詞連用。
如:Clothes dry slowly in the rainy season. 衣服在雨季不易干。
Such clothes are very expensive. 那樣的衣服很貴。
If goods are not well made you should complain to the manufacturer. 如果貨物質(zhì)量不好,則理應(yīng)向制造商提出控訴。


第四類(lèi)
形式為單數(shù),意義也為單數(shù)這類(lèi)集合名詞
包括baggage / luggage(行李), clothing(衣服), furniture(家具), machinery(機(jī)器), poetry(詩(shī)), scenery(風(fēng)景),jewelry(珠寶), equipment(設(shè)備)等。
其用法特點(diǎn)為:
是不可數(shù)名詞,只用單數(shù)形式,不用不定冠詞(當(dāng)然更不能用數(shù)詞),沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式。
如:Our clothing protects us from [against] the cold. 我們的衣服可以御寒。
The thief stole all her jewelry. 小偷把她所有的首飾都偷走了。
The hospital has no decent equipment. 這家醫(yī)院沒(méi)有像樣的設(shè)備。
The Tang Dynasty is thought of as the high summer of Chinese poetry. 人們認(rèn)為唐朝是中國(guó)詩(shī)歌的全盛時(shí)期。
注:machinery, poetry, jewelry, scenery等相應(yīng)的個(gè)體可數(shù)名詞是 machine, poem, jewel, scene等。
如:a poem / a piece of poetry 一首詩(shī)
many machines / much machinery / many pieces of machinery 許多機(jī)器。





初中常見(jiàn)集合名詞及用法特點(diǎn):
1. family(家庭),team(隊(duì)),class(班),audience(聽(tīng)眾)等
其用法特點(diǎn)為:
若視為整體,表示單數(shù)意義;若考慮其個(gè)體成員,表示復(fù)數(shù)意義。比較:
This class consists of 45 pupils. 這個(gè)班由45個(gè)學(xué)生組成。
This class are studying English now. 這個(gè)班的學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。
2. cattle(牛,牲畜),people(人),police(警察)等
其用法特點(diǎn)為:
只有單數(shù)形式, 但卻表示復(fù)數(shù)意義,用作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù);不與 a(n) 連用,但可與the連用(表示總括意義和特指)。如:
People will laugh at you. 人們會(huì)笑你的。
The police are looking for him. 警察在找他。
For these many cattle were killed. 就因?yàn)檫@個(gè)原因宰了不少牲畜。
注:表示牲畜的頭數(shù),用單位詞 head(單復(fù)數(shù)同形)。
如:three head of cattle 3頭牛,twenty (head of )cattle 20頭牛。
3. goods(貨物), clothes(衣服)等
其用法特點(diǎn)是:
只有復(fù)數(shù)形式(當(dāng)然也表示復(fù)數(shù)意義,用作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)也用復(fù)數(shù)),但通常不與數(shù)詞連用。如:
Such clothes are very expensive. 那樣的衣服很貴。
To whom do these goods belong? 這些書(shū)是誰(shuí)的?
4. baggage / luggage(行李), clothing(衣服), furniture(家具), machinery(機(jī)器), poetry(詩(shī)), scenery(風(fēng)景), jewelry(珠寶),equipment(設(shè)備)等
其用法特點(diǎn)為:
是不可數(shù)名詞,只用單數(shù)形式,不用不定冠詞 (當(dāng)然更不能用數(shù)詞),沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:
Our clothing protects us from [against] the cold. 我們的衣服可以御寒。
Have you checked all your baggage? 你所有行李都托運(yùn)了嗎?
特別提醒:
machinery, poetry, jewelry, scenery 相應(yīng)的個(gè)體可數(shù)名詞是 machine, poem, jewel, scene。
如:a poem / a piece of poetry 一首詩(shī),
many machines / much machinery / many pieces of machinery 許多機(jī)器。
5. hair(頭發(fā),毛發(fā))
指全部頭發(fā)或毛發(fā)時(shí),為集合名詞(不可數(shù));指幾根頭發(fā)或毛發(fā)時(shí),為個(gè)體名詞(可數(shù))。如:
My hair has grown very long. 我的頭發(fā)已長(zhǎng)得很長(zhǎng)了。(D21)
The police found two hairs there. 警察在那兒找到了兩根頭發(fā)。(D23)
6. mankind(人類(lèi))
是一個(gè)不可數(shù)的集合名詞,不用復(fù)數(shù)形式,也不連用冠詞。如:
This is an invention that benefits mankind. 這是一項(xiàng)造福人類(lèi)的發(fā)明。
Mankind has its own problems. 人類(lèi)有自己的問(wèn)題。
特別提醒:
mankind 表示“人(類(lèi))”時(shí),雖不可數(shù),但有時(shí)卻可以表示復(fù)數(shù)意義,尤其是當(dāng)其表語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)。
如:Mankind are intelligent animals. 人是理智的動(dòng)物。
7. fruit(水果)
作為集合名詞,它通常是不可數(shù)的。如:
He doesn’t not eat much fruit. 他不大吃水果。
He is growing fruit in the country. 他在農(nóng)村種水果。
但是,當(dāng)要表示種類(lèi)時(shí),它可視為可數(shù)名詞,即a fruit 指一種水果,fruits 指多種水果。體會(huì):
Some fruits have thick skins. 有些水果皮很厚。
The potato is a vegetable, not a fruit. 土豆是一種蔬菜,而不是一種水果。



集合名詞的主謂一致:
一、某些有生命的集合名詞(表示人或者動(dòng)物),本身有單/復(fù)數(shù)之分。
其為單數(shù)時(shí),若作主語(yǔ),則謂語(yǔ)可用單數(shù)/復(fù)數(shù)。
主要依據(jù)說(shuō)話者強(qiáng)調(diào)的重點(diǎn)而定,若強(qiáng)調(diào)許多個(gè)體,謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù);若強(qiáng)調(diào)一個(gè)整體,則用單數(shù)。
其為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),不言而喻,謂語(yǔ)必須用復(fù)數(shù)。
注意:此類(lèi)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)的意義并不完全相同,漢譯時(shí)一定要當(dāng)心。
如:army(一國(guó)之軍隊(duì)),armies(多國(guó)部隊(duì));couple(一對(duì)夫婦),couples(多對(duì)夫婦);等。
常見(jiàn)的此類(lèi)集合名詞有:
army,association,audience,band,board,cast,clan,class,clique,club,college,committee,company,
community,congregation(教民,會(huì)眾),council(市議會(huì),理事會(huì)),couple,crew,crowd,enemy,
family,firm,fleet,flock,folk,gang,government,group,jury,kingdom ,mob(暴民,暴徒),navy,
opposition,orchestra,pack,pair,party,personnel,profession,population,staff,school,team,tribe(部落,部民), union,university等。
1.The staff is/are hardworking.
2.The audience were moved to tears.
3.The lecturer draws large audiences.
4.The whole school was punished.
5.The class consists of 40 students.
6.This class are diligent.
7.The whole profession fight tooth andnail against it.
8.One tenth of the population of Egypt is/are Christian.

二、某些有生命的集合名詞,本身無(wú)復(fù)數(shù)形式,作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)通常用復(fù)數(shù)。
常見(jiàn)的此類(lèi)集合名詞有:
cattle,clergy,faculty(教職工), herd,mankind,military,militia(民團(tuán)、民兵),
people,police,poultry(家禽),swine(豬),vermin,womankind等。
1.There are verm in here.
2.Some people are never satisfied.
3.The police/military have surrounded the building.
4.There are three people waving at us.
5.The police haven't arrived yet.
【注】people作民族講時(shí)有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如: There are 56 peoples in China.


三、某些有生命的集合名詞,本身無(wú)復(fù)數(shù)形式,其后可跟單/復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。
常見(jiàn)的此類(lèi)集合名詞有:
aristocracy,bourgeoisie(資產(chǎn)階級(jí)),church,elite(精英),gentry,intelligentsia(知識(shí)分子),
laity(外行),livestock,majority,minority,proletariat(無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)),offspring,public,swarm,youth等。
1.The youth today is /are better off than we used to be.
2.Her offspring is /are like her in every respect.
3.The intelligentsia are hailing Ranson as their spokesman.
【注】youth除了作集合名詞以外,還可以作可數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞。如:
Youth is the tim e for action;age is the tim e for repose.
Som e youths don't like jazz.


四、某些表示國(guó)家、公司、機(jī)構(gòu)、運(yùn)動(dòng)隊(duì)等名稱(chēng)的專(zhuān)有名詞也可當(dāng)作集合名詞使用,其后通常跟單/復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。
常見(jiàn)的此類(lèi)集合名詞有:
Arsenal,BBC,Congress,Krem lin, Liverpool,Macm illan,Netherlands,Parliament,Pentagon,Vatican(梵蒂岡),White House等。
1.Arsenal is /are playing well in this season.
2.Macmillan have /has made a good profit this year.
3.The Seventy-First Congress was predominantly Republican.
4.The Netherlands has /have a monarchy.
5.The BBC is showing the program on Saturday.
6.Liverpool is leading 1—0.
7.Liverpool are attacking again.

五、某些無(wú)生命的集合名詞(表示物)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),通常被看成不可數(shù)名詞,謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。
常見(jiàn)的此類(lèi)集合名詞有:
aircraft,baggage, clothing,crockery,cutlery(刀剪,餐具),equipment,foliage(樹(shù)葉),
footwear,furniture,glassware,hardware,hosiery,jewellery,luggage,machinery,merchandize,
poetry,pottery,silverware,stationery,underclothing,underwear,vegetation,weaponry等。
1.All the furniture in my room is new.
2.The merchandize has arrived undamaged.
3.There is not much vegetation in deserts.
4.The equipment for the factory hasbeen shipped.
5.Warm clothing is necessary in cold climates.
6.The machinery is driven by electrici-ty.




相關(guān)初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn):可數(shù)名詞(單數(shù)名詞,復(fù)數(shù)名詞)

可數(shù)名詞:
是指能以數(shù)目來(lái)計(jì)算,可以分成個(gè)體的人或東西;
因此它有復(fù)數(shù)形式,當(dāng)它的復(fù)數(shù)形式在句子中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),句子的謂語(yǔ)也應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

名詞單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則:













































情況構(gòu)成方法例詞讀音
一般情況在詞尾加-sdesk→desks
map→maps
-s在清輔音后發(fā)/s/
day→days
girl→girls
-s在元音和濁輔音后發(fā)/z/
以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾的詞在詞尾加-esbus→buses box→boxes watch→watches fish→fishes-es發(fā)/iz/音
以輔音字母加-y結(jié)尾的詞變y為i再加-esfamily→families
factory→factories
party→patries
-ies發(fā)/iz/音
以元音字母加-y結(jié)尾的詞在詞尾加-sday→days
boy→boys
key→keys
-s發(fā)/z/音
以f或fe結(jié)尾的詞變f或fe為v再加-esknife→knives
life→lives
wife→wives
half→halves
-ves發(fā)/vz/音
以輔音字母加-o結(jié)尾的詞在詞尾加-espotato→potatoes
tomato→tomatoes
hero→heroes
-es發(fā)/z/音
以元音字母加-o結(jié)尾的詞在詞尾加-sradio→radios
zoo→zoos
-s發(fā)/z/音
巧記以f\fe結(jié)尾的可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)
妻子騎牛拿起刀,wife,calf,knife ↑
追得賊狼滿街跑,thief,wolf →→→變f或fe為v,再加es
碰倒架子喪己命,shelf,self,life ↓
手帕樹(shù)葉半空飄。handkerchief,leaf,half ↓

名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化:
1.不規(guī)則形式:
child→children(兒童)
man→men(男人)
woman→women (女人)
an Englishman→two Englishmen(英國(guó)人)
foot→feet(腳)
tooth→teeth(牙)
mouse→mice(老鼠)
ox →oxen(公牛)
goose→geese(鵝)

2.單復(fù)同形:
deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese, species,means,Swiss
除人民幣,美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復(fù)數(shù)形式。
如:a dollar,two dollars; a meter,twometers

3.集體名詞,以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn),但實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù):
people police cattle是復(fù)數(shù)
(OK :a person,a policeman,ahead of cattle,the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss )
(Error:a people,a police,a cattle )
表示國(guó)民總稱(chēng)時(shí),作復(fù)數(shù)用。
(The Chinese are industries and brave. 中國(guó)人民是勤勞勇敢的。)

4.以s結(jié)尾,仍為單數(shù)的名詞
maths,politics,physics等學(xué)科名詞,為不可數(shù)名詞,是單數(shù)。
news是不可數(shù)名詞。

5.表示由兩部分構(gòu)成的東西,
glasses(眼鏡) trousers (長(zhǎng)褲) clothes(衣服)
若表達(dá)具體數(shù)目,要借助數(shù)量詞pair(對(duì),雙)a pair of glasses two pairs of trousers suit(套)

6.另外還有一些名詞,其復(fù)數(shù)形式有時(shí)可表示特別意思
goods (貨物) waters (水域) fishes (各種魚(yú))

可數(shù)名詞變復(fù)數(shù)的幾種形式:
1) 單數(shù)名詞加s: students, apples, bags, trees, books, brothers.  
2) 以s、x、sh、ch結(jié)尾的名詞加es: glasses, boxes, brushes, matches.  
3) 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,變y為i加es: cities, babies, enemies.   
4) 以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞,多數(shù)變f為v加es: wives, knives.但有些詞只加s: roofs,proofs, chiefs. 
5) 以o結(jié)尾的名詞,有些加es: Negroes, heroes, tomatoes, potatoes.其它加s: radio s, zoos, pianos, photos.   
6) 不規(guī)則名詞:foot→feet, goose→geese, tooth→teeth, child→children, man→men, woman→women, mouse→mice.
7) 單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞:sheep,fish,dee.
注意:fish表示種類(lèi)時(shí),也用fishes這樣的形式。

本文來(lái)自:逍遙右腦記憶 http://yy-art.cn/chuzhong/270381.html

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