是語言學(xué)上的一個專有名詞,意指一種可用來指稱一群對象的詞,而這些對象,可以是人、動物、或是一群概念等事物。
例如:family (家庭), cattle (牛, 牲畜), goods (貨物), baggage/luggage (行李),hair (頭發(fā), 毛發(fā)),fruit (水果)
集合名詞分類及用法特點:
第一類
形式為單數(shù),但意義可以用為單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)這類集合名詞
包括family(家庭),team(隊),class(班),audience(聽眾)等。
其用法特點為:
若視為整體,表示單數(shù)意義;若考慮其個體成員,表示復(fù)數(shù)意義。
比較并體會:
His family is large. 他的家是個大家庭。
His family are all waiting for him. 他的一家人都在等他。
This class consists of 45 pupils. 這個班由45個學(xué)生組成。
This class are reading English now. 這個班的學(xué)生在讀英語。
第二類
形式為單數(shù),但意義永遠為復(fù)數(shù)這類集合名詞
包括cattle(牛,牲畜),people(人),police(警察)等。
其用法特點為:
只有單數(shù)形式, 但卻表示復(fù)數(shù)意義,用作主語時謂語用復(fù)數(shù);不與 a(n) 連用,但可與the連用(連用)。
如:People will laugh at you. 人們會笑你的。
The police are looking for him. 警察在找他。
Many cattle were killed for this. 就因為這個原因宰了不少牲畜。
注:表示牲畜的頭數(shù),用單位詞 head(單復(fù)數(shù)同形)。
如:five head of cattle 5頭牛,fifty (head of ) cattle 50頭牛
第三類
形式為復(fù)數(shù),意義也為復(fù)數(shù)這類集合名詞包括goods(貨物), clothes(衣服)等。
其用法特點是:
只有復(fù)數(shù)形式(當然也表示復(fù)數(shù)意義,用作主語時謂語也用復(fù)數(shù)),但通常不與數(shù)詞連用。
如:Clothes dry slowly in the rainy season. 衣服在雨季不易干。
Such clothes are very expensive. 那樣的衣服很貴。
If goods are not well made you should complain to the manufacturer. 如果貨物質(zhì)量不好,則理應(yīng)向制造商提出控訴。
第四類
形式為單數(shù),意義也為單數(shù)這類集合名詞
包括baggage / luggage(行李), clothing(衣服), furniture(家具), machinery(機器), poetry(詩), scenery(風(fēng)景),jewelry(珠寶), equipment(設(shè)備)等。
其用法特點為:
是不可數(shù)名詞,只用單數(shù)形式,不用不定冠詞(當然更不能用數(shù)詞),沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。
如:Our clothing protects us from [against] the cold. 我們的衣服可以御寒。
The thief stole all her jewelry. 小偷把她所有的首飾都偷走了。
The hospital has no decent equipment. 這家醫(yī)院沒有像樣的設(shè)備。
The Tang Dynasty is thought of as the high summer of Chinese poetry. 人們認為唐朝是中國詩歌的全盛時期。
注:machinery, poetry, jewelry, scenery等相應(yīng)的個體可數(shù)名詞是 machine, poem, jewel, scene等。
如:a poem / a piece of poetry 一首詩
many machines / much machinery / many pieces of machinery 許多機器。
初中常見集合名詞及用法特點:
1. family(家庭),team(隊),class(班),audience(聽眾)等
其用法特點為:
若視為整體,表示單數(shù)意義;若考慮其個體成員,表示復(fù)數(shù)意義。比較:
This class consists of 45 pupils. 這個班由45個學(xué)生組成。
This class are studying English now. 這個班的學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)英語。
2. cattle(牛,牲畜),people(人),police(警察)等
其用法特點為:
只有單數(shù)形式, 但卻表示復(fù)數(shù)意義,用作主語時謂語用復(fù)數(shù);不與 a(n) 連用,但可與the連用(表示總括意義和特指)。如:
People will laugh at you. 人們會笑你的。
The police are looking for him. 警察在找他。
For these many cattle were killed. 就因為這個原因宰了不少牲畜。
注:表示牲畜的頭數(shù),用單位詞 head(單復(fù)數(shù)同形)。
如:three head of cattle 3頭牛,twenty (head of )cattle 20頭牛。
3. goods(貨物), clothes(衣服)等
其用法特點是:
只有復(fù)數(shù)形式(當然也表示復(fù)數(shù)意義,用作主語時謂語也用復(fù)數(shù)),但通常不與數(shù)詞連用。如:
Such clothes are very expensive. 那樣的衣服很貴。
To whom do these goods belong? 這些書是誰的?
4. baggage / luggage(行李), clothing(衣服), furniture(家具), machinery(機器), poetry(詩), scenery(風(fēng)景), jewelry(珠寶),equipment(設(shè)備)等
其用法特點為:
是不可數(shù)名詞,只用單數(shù)形式,不用不定冠詞 (當然更不能用數(shù)詞),沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:
Our clothing protects us from [against] the cold. 我們的衣服可以御寒。
Have you checked all your baggage? 你所有行李都托運了嗎?
特別提醒:
machinery, poetry, jewelry, scenery 相應(yīng)的個體可數(shù)名詞是 machine, poem, jewel, scene。
如:a poem / a piece of poetry 一首詩,
many machines / much machinery / many pieces of machinery 許多機器。
5. hair(頭發(fā),毛發(fā))
指全部頭發(fā)或毛發(fā)時,為集合名詞(不可數(shù));指幾根頭發(fā)或毛發(fā)時,為個體名詞(可數(shù))。如:
My hair has grown very long. 我的頭發(fā)已長得很長了。(D21)
The police found two hairs there. 警察在那兒找到了兩根頭發(fā)。(D23)
6. mankind(人類)
是一個不可數(shù)的集合名詞,不用復(fù)數(shù)形式,也不連用冠詞。如:
This is an invention that benefits mankind. 這是一項造福人類的發(fā)明。
Mankind has its own problems. 人類有自己的問題。
特別提醒:
mankind 表示“人(類)”時,雖不可數(shù),但有時卻可以表示復(fù)數(shù)意義,尤其是當其表語是復(fù)數(shù)時。
如:Mankind are intelligent animals. 人是理智的動物。
7. fruit(水果)
作為集合名詞,它通常是不可數(shù)的。如:
He doesn’t not eat much fruit. 他不大吃水果。
He is growing fruit in the country. 他在農(nóng)村種水果。
但是,當要表示種類時,它可視為可數(shù)名詞,即a fruit 指一種水果,fruits 指多種水果。體會:
Some fruits have thick skins. 有些水果皮很厚。
The potato is a vegetable, not a fruit. 土豆是一種蔬菜,而不是一種水果。
集合名詞的主謂一致:
一、某些有生命的集合名詞(表示人或者動物),本身有單/復(fù)數(shù)之分。
其為單數(shù)時,若作主語,則謂語可用單數(shù)/復(fù)數(shù)。
主要依據(jù)說話者強調(diào)的重點而定,若強調(diào)許多個體,謂語用復(fù)數(shù);若強調(diào)一個整體,則用單數(shù)。
其為復(fù)數(shù)時,不言而喻,謂語必須用復(fù)數(shù)。
注意:此類名詞單復(fù)數(shù)的意義并不完全相同,漢譯時一定要當心。
如:army(一國之軍隊),armies(多國部隊);couple(一對夫婦),couples(多對夫婦);等。
常見的此類集合名詞有:
army,association,audience,band,board,cast,clan,class,clique,club,college,committee,company,
community,congregation(教民,會眾),council(市議會,理事會),couple,crew,crowd,enemy,
family,firm,fleet,flock,folk,gang,government,group,jury,kingdom ,mob(暴民,暴徒),navy,
opposition,orchestra,pack,pair,party,personnel,profession,population,staff,school,team,tribe(部落,部民), union,university等。
1.The staff is/are hardworking.
2.The audience were moved to tears.
3.The lecturer draws large audiences.
4.The whole school was punished.
5.The class consists of 40 students.
6.This class are diligent.
7.The whole profession fight tooth andnail against it.
8.One tenth of the population of Egypt is/are Christian.
二、某些有生命的集合名詞,本身無復(fù)數(shù)形式,作主語時,謂語通常用復(fù)數(shù)。
常見的此類集合名詞有:
cattle,clergy,faculty(教職工), herd,mankind,military,militia(民團、民兵),
people,police,poultry(家禽),swine(豬),vermin,womankind等。
1.There are verm in here.
2.Some people are never satisfied.
3.The police/military have surrounded the building.
4.There are three people waving at us.
5.The police haven't arrived yet.
【注】people作民族講時有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如: There are 56 peoples in China.
三、某些有生命的集合名詞,本身無復(fù)數(shù)形式,其后可跟單/復(fù)數(shù)謂語動詞。
常見的此類集合名詞有:
aristocracy,bourgeoisie(資產(chǎn)階級),church,elite(精英),gentry,intelligentsia(知識分子),
laity(外行),livestock,majority,minority,proletariat(無產(chǎn)階級),offspring,public,swarm,youth等。
1.The youth today is /are better off than we used to be.
2.Her offspring is /are like her in every respect.
3.The intelligentsia are hailing Ranson as their spokesman.
【注】youth除了作集合名詞以外,還可以作可數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞。如:
Youth is the tim e for action;age is the tim e for repose.
Som e youths don't like jazz.
四、某些表示國家、公司、機構(gòu)、運動隊等名稱的專有名詞也可當作集合名詞使用,其后通常跟單/復(fù)數(shù)謂語動詞。
常見的此類集合名詞有:
Arsenal,BBC,Congress,Krem lin, Liverpool,Macm illan,Netherlands,Parliament,Pentagon,Vatican(梵蒂岡),White House等。
1.Arsenal is /are playing well in this season.
2.Macmillan have /has made a good profit this year.
3.The Seventy-First Congress was predominantly Republican.
4.The Netherlands has /have a monarchy.
5.The BBC is showing the program on Saturday.
6.Liverpool is leading 1—0.
7.Liverpool are attacking again.
五、某些無生命的集合名詞(表示物)作主語時,通常被看成不可數(shù)名詞,謂語用單數(shù)。
常見的此類集合名詞有:
aircraft,baggage, clothing,crockery,cutlery(刀剪,餐具),equipment,foliage(樹葉),
footwear,furniture,glassware,hardware,hosiery,jewellery,luggage,machinery,merchandize,
poetry,pottery,silverware,stationery,underclothing,underwear,vegetation,weaponry等。
1.All the furniture in my room is new.
2.The merchandize has arrived undamaged.
3.There is not much vegetation in deserts.
4.The equipment for the factory hasbeen shipped.
5.Warm clothing is necessary in cold climates.
6.The machinery is driven by electrici-ty.
相關(guān)初中英語知識點:可數(shù)名詞(單數(shù)名詞,復(fù)數(shù)名詞)
可數(shù)名詞:
是指能以數(shù)目來計算,可以分成個體的人或東西;
因此它有復(fù)數(shù)形式,當它的復(fù)數(shù)形式在句子中作主語時,句子的謂語也應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
名詞單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則:
情況 | 構(gòu)成方法 | 例詞 | 讀音 |
一般情況 | 在詞尾加-s | desk→desks map→maps | -s在清輔音后發(fā)/s/ |
day→days girl→girls | -s在元音和濁輔音后發(fā)/z/ | ||
以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾的詞 | 在詞尾加-es | bus→buses box→boxes watch→watches fish→fishes | -es發(fā)/iz/音 |
以輔音字母加-y結(jié)尾的詞 | 變y為i再加-es | family→families factory→factories party→patries | -ies發(fā)/iz/音 |
以元音字母加-y結(jié)尾的詞 | 在詞尾加-s | day→days boy→boys key→keys | -s發(fā)/z/音 |
以f或fe結(jié)尾的詞 | 變f或fe為v再加-es | knife→knives life→lives wife→wives half→halves | -ves發(fā)/vz/音 |
以輔音字母加-o結(jié)尾的詞 | 在詞尾加-es | potato→potatoes tomato→tomatoes hero→heroes | -es發(fā)/z/音 |
以元音字母加-o結(jié)尾的詞 | 在詞尾加-s | radio→radios zoo→zoos | -s發(fā)/z/音 |
妻子騎牛拿起刀,wife,calf,knife ↑
追得賊狼滿街跑,thief,wolf →→→變f或fe為v,再加es
碰倒架子喪己命,shelf,self,life ↓
手帕樹葉半空飄。handkerchief,leaf,half ↓
名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化:
1.不規(guī)則形式:
child→children(兒童)
man→men(男人)
woman→women (女人)
an Englishman→two Englishmen(英國人)
foot→feet(腳)
tooth→teeth(牙)
mouse→mice(老鼠)
ox →oxen(公牛)
goose→geese(鵝)
2.單復(fù)同形:
deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese, species,means,Swiss
除人民幣,美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復(fù)數(shù)形式。
如:a dollar,two dollars; a meter,twometers
3.集體名詞,以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn),但實為復(fù)數(shù):
people police cattle是復(fù)數(shù)
(OK :a person,a policeman,ahead of cattle,the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss )
(Error:a people,a police,a cattle )
表示國民總稱時,作復(fù)數(shù)用。
(The Chinese are industries and brave. 中國人民是勤勞勇敢的。)
4.以s結(jié)尾,仍為單數(shù)的名詞
maths,politics,physics等學(xué)科名詞,為不可數(shù)名詞,是單數(shù)。
news是不可數(shù)名詞。
5.表示由兩部分構(gòu)成的東西,
glasses(眼鏡) trousers (長褲) clothes(衣服)
若表達具體數(shù)目,要借助數(shù)量詞pair(對,雙)a pair of glasses two pairs of trousers suit(套)
6.另外還有一些名詞,其復(fù)數(shù)形式有時可表示特別意思
goods (貨物) waters (水域) fishes (各種魚)
可數(shù)名詞變復(fù)數(shù)的幾種形式:
1) 單數(shù)名詞加s: students, apples, bags, trees, books, brothers.
2) 以s、x、sh、ch結(jié)尾的名詞加es: glasses, boxes, brushes, matches.
3) 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,變y為i加es: cities, babies, enemies.
4) 以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞,多數(shù)變f為v加es: wives, knives.但有些詞只加s: roofs,proofs, chiefs.
5) 以o結(jié)尾的名詞,有些加es: Negroes, heroes, tomatoes, potatoes.其它加s: radio s, zoos, pianos, photos.
6) 不規(guī)則名詞:foot→feet, goose→geese, tooth→teeth, child→children, man→men, woman→women, mouse→mice.
7) 單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞:sheep,fish,dee.
注意:fish表示種類時,也用fishes這樣的形式。
本文來自:逍遙右腦記憶 http://yy-art.cn/chuzhong/270381.html
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