在中，句子中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在人稱(chēng)和單、復(fù)數(shù)形式上必須和主語(yǔ)保持一致，這就是我們通常說(shuō)的“主謂一致”。這一點(diǎn)看似簡(jiǎn)單，但在實(shí)際運(yùn)用中卻常常遇到麻煩。一般情況下，主謂之間的一致關(guān)系由以下三個(gè)原則的支配： 一致原則、 意義一致原則和就近原則。
一、語(yǔ)法一致
主謂一致的原則是指主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)從語(yǔ)法形式上取得一致:主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)形式,謂語(yǔ)也采取單數(shù)形式;主語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)形式,謂語(yǔ)亦采取復(fù)數(shù)形式.例如:
He often helps me learn English. (主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)形式,謂語(yǔ)也采取單數(shù)形式) .
My friends often help me learn English. (主語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)形式,謂語(yǔ)也采取復(fù)數(shù)形式)
但主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)從語(yǔ)法形式上取得一致的問(wèn)題遠(yuǎn)不只上述的那么簡(jiǎn)單,有許多方面的情況需要去具體地對(duì)待:
1、不定式,動(dòng)名詞,以及從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí)應(yīng)看作單數(shù),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).
例如: Reading aloud is helpful to learn English.大聲朗讀對(duì)英語(yǔ)是有幫助的。
What he said has been recorded .他說(shuō)的話(huà)已被錄音了.
2、不定代詞one, every, each, everybody, everyone, one of, no one, nothing, nobody, someone, somebody, either, neither, many a 等作主語(yǔ)或是修飾主語(yǔ)時(shí)應(yīng)看作單數(shù),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).但none 作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞既可用單數(shù)也可用復(fù)數(shù),這要取決于說(shuō)話(huà)人的看法。
例如:Neither of my sisters likes sports .我的妹妹中沒(méi)人喜歡運(yùn)動(dòng).
Every boy and girl shows great interest in this book .每個(gè)男孩和女孩對(duì)這本書(shū)都表現(xiàn)出很大的.
3、表示國(guó)家,機(jī)構(gòu),事件,作品等名稱(chēng)的專(zhuān)有名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)應(yīng)看作單數(shù),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).
例如: One Thousand And One Nights tells people lots of interesting stories . 《一千零一夜》給人們講了許多有趣的故事。
4、 a kind of, the number of等與名詞構(gòu)成名詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)應(yīng)看作單數(shù),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).
例如: The number of workers in the factory is 400. 這個(gè)工廠(chǎng)里工人的數(shù)量是400.
A kind of rose in the garden smells very pleasant.這座花園里有一種玫瑰香氣怡人.
5、由some, several, both, few, many, a number of 等詞修飾主語(yǔ),或是由它們自身作主語(yǔ)時(shí)應(yīng)看作復(fù)數(shù),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù).另外,由and連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)一般用復(fù)數(shù).
例如: On the seashore, some people are playing volleyball 海邊,有些人在打排球�！ �
Both of us are fond of watching football games .我們倆都喜歡看足球賽.
A number of will-be graduates are voluntarily going to work in the West of China. 許多即將畢業(yè)的打算自愿去中國(guó)西部.
6、有些表示數(shù)量的百分?jǐn)?shù),分?jǐn)?shù)等后面加名詞或代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),要根據(jù)這個(gè)名詞或代詞來(lái)決定其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式.如:a lot of, most of, any of, half of , three fifths of, eighty percent of, some of, none of, the rest of , all of等后接不可數(shù)名詞,或是單數(shù)形式的名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)應(yīng)看作單數(shù),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);但如果后接可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)應(yīng)看作復(fù)數(shù),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù).
例如: A lot of money in the shop was stolen yesterday. 昨天那家商店丟失了許多錢(qián).
A lot of students are from England in the school.那個(gè)學(xué)校里很多學(xué)生來(lái)自英國(guó)。
二、意義一致
這一原則是指,從意義著眼來(lái)解決主謂一致問(wèn)題.有時(shí)主語(yǔ)形式上為單數(shù),但意義上卻是復(fù)數(shù),那么謂語(yǔ)依意義也用復(fù)數(shù)形式;而有時(shí)主語(yǔ)形式上為復(fù)數(shù),但意義上卻是單數(shù),那么謂語(yǔ)依意義亦用單數(shù)形式.
1) 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)后面接由but, except, besides ,as well as, as much as, including,more than,no less than, rather than, together with等引導(dǎo)的詞組時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式通常由前面的詞來(lái)決定。在這樣的句子里,這些詞所引導(dǎo)的詞組不影響主語(yǔ)自身的單,復(fù)數(shù)形式,它們?cè)诰渥永锲鋵?shí)是狀語(yǔ).
例如: The teacher, with all his students, is going to have a picnic this weekend.打算這個(gè)周末與學(xué)生們一起去野炊.
The students, together with their teacher , are going to have a picnic this weekend.學(xué)生們打算這個(gè)周末與他們的老師一起去野炊.
我們完全可以將上面句子中的那些詞組都分別搬到句首或是放到句末去,因?yàn)樗鼈冊(cè)诰渥永锸菭钫Z(yǔ): The students are going to have a picnic this weekend together with their teacher.
2) 表示時(shí)間,金錢(qián),距離,體積,重量,面積,數(shù)字等詞語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)形式。如：
Eight hours of sleep is enough. 八小時(shí)的睡眠足夠了。
Twenty years stands for a long period in one's life. 二十年在人的一生里意味著一個(gè)很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)期.
3) 形容詞前加定冠詞即"the + 形容詞"作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其意義若是指?jìng)�(gè)人或是抽象概念應(yīng)看作單數(shù),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);指一類(lèi)人則應(yīng)該看作是復(fù)數(shù),那么謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù).
例如: The sick here are very well cared for. 這里的病人都被照顧得很好。
The true is to be distinguished from the false. 真實(shí)與虛假應(yīng)加以區(qū)別。
4)由and 連接的兩個(gè)單數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般根據(jù)語(yǔ)法一致的原則用復(fù)數(shù)。
但如果在意義上指同一個(gè)人、同一件事或同一個(gè)概念時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。
如：The writer and teacher is coming. 那位作家兼來(lái)了。(作家和指同一個(gè)人)
The writer and the teacher are coming. 作家和老師來(lái)了。(作家和老師是兩個(gè)人)
5)集體名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)取決于主語(yǔ)的意義:主語(yǔ)表示整體時(shí)視為單數(shù),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);主語(yǔ)表示集體中的個(gè)體成員時(shí)視為復(fù)數(shù),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù).這類(lèi)集體名詞常見(jiàn)的有:army, class, club, crowd, family, government, group, people, police, public, team等.
例如: The family are all fond of football. 那一家人都喜歡足球.
The family is the tiniest cell of the society. 家庭是社會(huì)的最小的細(xì)胞.
6)一些形式為復(fù)數(shù),意思為單數(shù)的名詞,如:trousers, pants, shorts,glasses, 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù).
如:Her glasses are new. 她的眼鏡是新的.
但當(dāng)這類(lèi)名詞前有a pair of 修飾時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù).
如: This pair of trousers is made in Hangzhou.
三、就近原則
這一原則是指,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)常常與最近作主語(yǔ)的詞語(yǔ)保持一致.常出現(xiàn)在這類(lèi)句子中的連詞有:or, either… or …, neither… nor … ,not only… but also …等.
例如: Either I or they are responsible for the result of the matter. 不是我,就是他們要對(duì)那件事的結(jié)局負(fù)責(zé)任.
Neither his family nor he knows anything about it. 他全家人和他都不知道那件事.
常見(jiàn)考法
對(duì)于主謂一致的考查，通常會(huì)以單選的形式出現(xiàn)，多是讓我們選擇合適的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。
典型例題：The factory, including its machines and buildings, __________ burnt last night.
A. is B. are C. were D. was
解析：but, except, besides, with, together with, along with, including, as well as, rather than, like等詞連接主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和前面的主語(yǔ)保持一致,本題中就是和The factory保持一致。而這些詞所引導(dǎo)的詞組不影響主語(yǔ)自身的單,復(fù)數(shù)形式,它們?cè)诰渥永锲鋵?shí)是狀語(yǔ).
答案：D
誤區(qū)提醒
主謂一致這一知識(shí)點(diǎn)比較瑣碎，在運(yùn)用中常會(huì)因?yàn)榭紤]不全面而出錯(cuò) 初中物理，所以我們必須把每一種用法記住，靈活運(yùn)用。尤其要注意就近原則、集體名詞和百分?jǐn)?shù),分?jǐn)?shù)短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)的情況。
典型例題：Either Jane or Steven _____ watching TV now.
A. were B. is C. was D. are
解析：本題考查的是就近原則。either… or …, neither… nor … ,not only… but also …連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)常常與最近作主語(yǔ)的詞語(yǔ)保持一致。本題中就是和Steven保持一致。有now.可知是現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，排除A和C.
答案：B
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