Teaching objects:
1. Learn the usage of verb-ed form and verb-ed phrases
2. Learn the difference and usage of verb-ing and verb-ed as adjectives
Teaching procedures:
Step I Introduction
Verb-ed form can be used like an adjective or an adverb in a sentence serving as(充當(dāng)) attribute(定語(yǔ)), predicative(表語(yǔ)) and object complement(賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))
When the verb-ed form is used as an attribute, it can be changed into an attributive clause. The verb-ed form can also be used as an adverb modifying(修飾) some verbs such as stand, sit, lie … etc. to show the two actions happening at the same time.
Please identify the parts of speech(詞性) of the verb-ed form in different sentences
1) The handwritten notes are from jack.
2) The kidnappers were using a stolen car.
3) A dark-haired man went into the room.
4)The cake was left untouched on the table.
5) The girl lay trapped under the wreckage(船舶殘骸).
Step II the usage of verb-ed form
The functions of verb-ed form
1. attribute(定語(yǔ))
1)A single verb-ed can appear before a noun modifying the noun like an adjective. It can be changed into an attributive clause.
We should drink boiled water. = We should drink water which has been boiled
They took the injured woman to the nearby hospital at once.
= They took the woman who was injured to the nearby hospital at once.
2) Generally speaking(一般說來), the verb-ed form of transitive verbs(及物動(dòng)詞) expresses passive meanings while the verb-ed form of intransitive verbs(不及物動(dòng)詞) expresses active and past meanings. Some verb-eds before nouns can express past meanings, such as escaped, retired and fallen.
the escaped criminal 逃犯 past
the developed countries 發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家 past
a widely used language passive
the retired scientist past
the highly praised scientist passive
fallen leaves 落葉 past
the risen sun 升起的太陽(yáng) past
the exploited classes 被剝削階級(jí) passive
3) A verb-ed phrase can appear after a noun to modify the noun like an attributive clause does.
The name mentioned in the letter was unknown to me.
= The name which was mentioned in the letter was unknown to me.
The firemen were trying to rescue the people trapped in the fire.
= The firemen were trying to rescue the people who were trapped in the fire.
Scientific experiments carried out by students without the teacher’s instructions can be dangerous.
= Scientific experiments which are carried out by……
4) A verb-ed can be part of a compound(復(fù)合詞) with an adverb or a noun before it.
a so-called professor 一個(gè)所謂的教授
homemade pizza 自制的比薩餅
a well-accepted idea 廣泛接受的想法
a highly-respected professor 極受尊重的教授
a well-paid job 報(bào)酬頗豐的工作
underdeveloped regions 不發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)
handmade furniture 手工制作的家具
5) A verb-ed can also be used as a non-restrictive attribute (非限定性定語(yǔ)) which is separated from the noun it modifies by a comma(逗號(hào)).
The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people.
= The books, which were written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people.
The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success.
= The meeting, which was attended by one thousand students, was a success.
2. predicative (表語(yǔ)) It can be put after some link-verbs (系動(dòng)詞) such as: be, seem, appear, look, sound ,feel, remain, stay, become…
1) Edison became interested in science when he was very young.
2) The little boy was very excited when he heard that he could go to the party.
3. Object complement (賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)) It can be used after some verbs such as: see, hear, notice, watch, find, get, have, feel, make, leave, keep …
1) As he knows little English, he finds it difficult to make himself understood.
2) I had my hair cut yesterday.
3) She found the door locked.
4.A verb-ed can be used after verbs like stand, sit and lie to show that the two actions are happening at the same time.
The girl lay in bed lost in thought.= The girl lay in bed and was lost in thought.
The boy sat at the table buried in his homework.
= The boy sat at the table and was buried in his homework.
Key for Exercise A : (1) disappointed (2) puzzled (3) excited (4) thrilled (5) interested (6) bored
Key for Exercise B:
2.The problems created by cloning will soon be clear.
3.We don’t want beasts produced by scientists to replace us one day.
4.The technology used is amazing.
5.The only thing needed is just a cell from your old pet.
Step III The usage of verb-ed phrases
A verb-ed phrase is actually a verb-ed followed by an object or /and adverbial. The verb-ed phrases can be used as the adverbial (狀語(yǔ)) to express the time, the reason and condition
1.A verb-ed phrase can be a verb-ed on its own. It can also be followed by an object and/or adverbial.
1) She left the restaurant, disappointed.
2) She left the restaurant, disappointed with the bad service.
3) Heated, water changes into steam.
4) The girl was sent to the hospital, seriously injured.
5) The girl was sent to the hospital, seriously injured in the car accident.
2.Passive verb-ed phrases can express time, reason and condition. We can use adverbial clauses(狀語(yǔ)從句) to rewrite the phrases.
1) time
Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.
= When the park is seen from the hill, it looks very beautiful.
When completed, the museum will be open to the public.
= When it is completed, the museum will be open to the public.
Once seen, it can never be forgotten. = Once it is seen, it can never be forgotten.
2) reason
Frightened by the thunder and lightning in the night, the girl did not dare sleep alone in her own room.
= Because she was frightened by the thunder and lightning in the night, the girl did not dare sleep alone in her own room.
Lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
= Because he was lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
3) condition
Given more time, we could do it much better.
= If we were given more time, we could do it much better.
Unless invited to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.
= Unless you are invited to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.
Compared with other professors, she was an excellent speaker.
= If she was compared with other professors…
3. Understood subject(邏輯主語(yǔ))
1)The understood subject is usually the same as the subject of the main clause. (refer to the above sentences)
2) When verb-ed is used as adverbial(狀語(yǔ)) or predicative(表語(yǔ)), its understood subject is the subject of the main sentence.
She became discouraged at the news.
3)動(dòng)詞－ed形式作定語(yǔ)時(shí),它的邏輯主語(yǔ)是被它修飾的名詞，它和名詞之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
4) verb－ed形式在句中作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，它的邏輯主語(yǔ)是句子的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),它們之間的關(guān)系是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
Vivien got her fingers trapped in the bicycle chain.
(trapped的邏輯主語(yǔ)是句子的賓語(yǔ)fingers)
The valuable vase was found stolen. (stolen的邏輯主語(yǔ)是句子的主語(yǔ)vase)
We got home only to find the whole house turned upside down. Thieves obviously had broken in. (turned up side down的邏輯主語(yǔ)是句子的賓語(yǔ)house)
Key for Exercise A
2.Encouraged by her teachers, Suzie did well at school.
3.Inspired by his grandfather, the child wrote more poems.
4.Bored by the game, the dog will not play any more.
Step IV Verb-ing and verb-ed used as adjectives
Read the instructions on the book and finish the following exercises to choose the correct words from the brackets.
People have always been _________(interested/ interesting) in finding out about world records.
Hugh Beaver went to interview the two brothers and found their knowledge ______(amazed/amazing)
After being told several times, Mr Smith still felt ________ (puzzled/puzzling) and did not know what to do.
The film ‘Pearl Harbor’ is really_______ (excited/exciting).
His response to the question was quite__________ (disappointed/disappointing).
Key for Exercise B
(1)tired (2) burnt (3) bored (4) disappointing (5) pleased (6) challenging
(7) relaxed
Step V Homework
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