特殊句式(強調(diào)、替代、省略和倒裝)
【考點分析】
強調(diào)句
1.強調(diào)句型用于強調(diào)陳述句;
2.強調(diào)句型用于強調(diào)一般疑問句;
3.強調(diào)句型用于強調(diào)特殊疑問句;
4.強調(diào)句型用于強調(diào)not…until…句型;
5.強調(diào)句型與狀語從句、定語從句、祈使句的混合考查。
替代
1.do/does/did替代動詞;
2.so和not分別代替肯定和否定的從句.
省略
1.主語的省略;
2.謂語或謂語的一部分的省略;
3.賓語的省略;
4.不定式的省略;
5.賓語從句和狀語從句中的省略;
6.虛擬條件句中if的省略。
倒裝句
1.部分倒裝;
2.完全倒裝
3.�？嫉膸讉�重要句型：
So +be/情態(tài)/助動詞+主語
Neither+be/情態(tài)/助動詞+主語
So +adj/adv …+that …
Neither …, nor …
Not only …, but also …
Not until …
【知識點歸納】
為了表達(dá)說話人強烈的感情色彩或達(dá)到語法結(jié)構(gòu)的需要，常采用強調(diào)。應(yīng)用中，強調(diào)常通過強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)、語法性倒裝、修辭性倒裝等來體現(xiàn)。作為修辭手段，省略和替代能使語句簡練、緊湊，但往往給學(xué)生的理解和選擇造成一定的障礙。在近幾年的高考題中省略和替代現(xiàn)象時有出現(xiàn)，而且出錯率較高，原因是因為大多數(shù)考生對省略和替代的規(guī)律不明了。請注意下面的說明。
I.強調(diào)句
1.It is (was) +被強調(diào)部分+that(who)…
為了強調(diào)句子的某一成分(通常是主語、賓語、或狀語)，常用強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)：
It is (was) +被強調(diào)部分+that(who)…
表示強調(diào)的it在這種結(jié)構(gòu)的句子中作主句的主語。
原始句：Last night I saw a film in the Youth Palace.
強調(diào)主語：It was I that (or: who) saw a film in the Youth Palace last night.
強調(diào)賓語：It was a fiml that I saw in the Youth Palace last night.
強調(diào)地點狀語：It was in the Youth Palace that I saw a film last night.
強調(diào)時間狀語：It was last night that I saw a film in the Youth Palace.
一般講，原句的謂語動詞如果是現(xiàn)在或?qū)砀鞣N時態(tài)，用It is…that (who)…;如果原句謂語動詞是過去各種時態(tài)，則用It was… that(who)…。
另外，還有下面幾點需要特別注意：
�、僭趶娬{(diào)主語時，that后的謂語動詞要與被強調(diào)者保持人稱和數(shù)的一致
It is I who am a teacher.
�、诩词贡粡娬{(diào)的主語是復(fù)數(shù)，主句中的謂語動詞也用單數(shù)
It is they who often help me with my lessons.
�、墼趶娬{(diào)時間、地點、原因、或方式狀語時，不要用when,where,why 或 how ，而用that
It was because her mother was ill that she didn't go with us.
④在強調(diào)not … until 結(jié)構(gòu)中由 until 短語(或從句)表示的時間狀語時，要用固定的強調(diào)句型
It is(was) not until ...that...。that 從句中的謂語動詞用肯定式。
My father didn't come home until 12 o'clock last night.
It was not until 12 o'clock last night that my father came home.
�、菰趶娬{(diào)一般疑問句中的某一成分時，主句要用一般疑問句的語序：即把is/ was提到it前面。
Did this happen in Beijing?
Was it in Beijing that this happened?
�、尢厥庖蓡柧渲兄挥幸蓡栐~可以強調(diào)，其強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)是“被強調(diào)部分(通常是疑問代詞或疑問副詞)+ is/was + it + that/ who + 其它部分? "
Where were you born?
Where was it that you were born?
⑦not …until…句型的強調(diào)句[來源:學(xué)科網(wǎng)ZXXK]
句型為：It is/ was not until + 被強調(diào)部分 + that + 其它部分
原始句：He didn’t go to bed until/ till his wife came back.
強調(diào)句：It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.
注意：此句型只用until，不用till。但如果不是強調(diào)句型，till, until可通用;因為句型中It is/ was not … 已經(jīng)是否定句了，that后面的從句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。
2.謂語動詞的強調(diào)
It is/ was … that … 結(jié)構(gòu)不能強調(diào)謂語，如果需要強調(diào)謂語時，用助動詞do/ does或did。
Do sit down. 務(wù)必請坐。
He did write to you last week. 上周他確實給你寫了信。
Do be careful when you cross the street. 過馬路時，務(wù)必(千萬)要小心啊!
注意：此種強調(diào)只用do/does和did ，沒有別的形式;過去時用did，后面的謂語動詞用原形。
II替代
1.do/does/did替代動詞
If that's the case then 100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 people would weigh as much as the whole Earth
does.(= weighs)
Difficulties strengthen the mind, as labour does(= strengthen) the body.勞動鍛煉身體，困難鍛煉意志。
A feather falls slower than a stone only because the air holds the feather back more than it does the stone.(替代)
2.so和not分別代替肯定和否定的從句(常用動詞：think,believe,suppose,imagine,expect,guess,be afraid,fear,hope.etc.)
—Is he coming?
—I suppose so./So I suppose.
否定：I suppose not.
III.省略句
省略在英語運用中，尤其是在交際對話中普遍存在，因為它可以避免重復(fù)，突出關(guān)鍵詞語，能做到言簡意賅，并使上下文緊密連接。在歷年的高考題中也屢見不鮮。省略有詞法上的省略，也有句法上的省略。
(一)詞法上的省略
1.名詞所有格后修飾的名詞在以下情況可以省略
�、偃绻~所有格修飾的名詞在前文已出現(xiàn)，則可以省略。
These are John's books and those are Mary's (books). 這些是約翰的書，那些是瑪麗的書。
�、诿~所有格后修飾的名詞如果是指商店、住宅等地點時，這些名詞也常常省略。
at the doctor's 在診所 at Mr. Green's 在格林先生家
to my uncle's 到我叔叔家 at the barber's 在理發(fā)店
2.冠詞的省略
�、贋榱吮苊庵貜�(fù)
The lightning flashed and thunder crashed. 電閃雷鳴。(thunder前省略了定冠詞the)
�、谠诟痹~的最高級前面的定冠詞常可以省略。
She sings best in the class. 她在班上唱歌唱得最好。
③在某些獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中。
Our teacher came in, book in hand. (=Our teacher came in, with a book in his hand.)
我們的老師手里拿著一本書進(jìn)來了。
④在as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中，當(dāng)作表語的單數(shù)名詞提前時，不定冠詞要省略。
Child as he is, he knows a lot. 雖然他還是一個孩子，卻懂得很多。
3.介詞的省略
�、賐oth 后常跟of短語，其后可以接名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式，也可以接代詞賓格復(fù)數(shù)形式。接復(fù)數(shù)名詞時，介詞of可以省略，但接代詞賓格時，of不能省略。
Both (of) the films were interesting. 這兩部電影都很有趣。
She invited both of us to her birthday party. 她邀請我們倆去參加她的生日派對。
�、谠诂F(xiàn)在完成時表持續(xù)和重復(fù)的句型中，一段時間前的介詞for可以省略。
These shoes are worn out. They have lasted (for) a long time.
這雙鞋穿破了，已經(jīng)穿了很長一段時間了。
�、酆鸵恍﹦釉~搭配構(gòu)成的短語中的介詞，consider... (as)..., prevent / stop... (from)doing...,
have trouble / difficulty... (in) doing...,spend... (in / on) doing... 等中的介詞可以省略。
Trees can prevent the earth (from) being washed away. 樹能阻止泥土被沖走。
Can you stop him (from) going swimming in the river? 你能阻止他下河洗澡嗎?
I have some difficulty (in) answering the question. 回答這個問題我有點困難。
4.動詞不定式中的省略
�、儆行﹦釉~，believe, find, think, feel, consider, imagine, prove等后作賓補的結(jié)構(gòu)。
to be + n. / adj. 中的to be可以省略。
I consider him (to be) lazy. 我認(rèn)為他懶。
His mother found him (to be) a clever boy.他母親發(fā)覺他是一個很聰明的孩子。
�、诟泄賱釉~see, hear, feel, watch, notice 等以及使役動詞let, make, have后作賓補的動詞不定式。
中的不定式符號to要省略，但變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)時，to必須保留。
They made the boy go to bed early.他們強迫這個男孩早睡。
The boy was made to go to bed early. 這個男孩被迫早睡。
注：help后作賓補的動詞不定式中的to可以省略也可以保留。
③在can not but, can not choose but, can not help but之后的動詞不定式一般不帶to;but之前有實
義動詞do的某個形式do, does, did, done 時，也不帶to, 否則要帶to。
We have nothing to do now but wait. 我們現(xiàn)在除了等沒有別的事可做。
I can not but admire his courage. 我不能不欽佩他的勇敢。
He has no choice but to accept the fact. 除了接受這個事實他別無選擇。
�、茉诓⒘薪Y(jié)構(gòu)中為了避免重復(fù)。
I'm really puzzled what to think or say. 我真不知道該怎么想，怎么說才好。
但兩個不定式有對照或?qū)Ρ鹊囊饬x時，則后一個to不能省略。
I came not to scold but to praise you. 我來不是責(zé)備你，而是贊美你。
�、菰趙hy, why not 引導(dǎo)的特殊問句中后跟省略to的動詞不定式。
Why talk so much about it? 為什么大談這個事呢?
Why not try it again? 為什么不再試一試呢?
�、迍釉~不定式中動詞原形部分是否省略，主要看句子前面是否已出現(xiàn)過同樣的動詞。如果句子前面出現(xiàn)過同樣的動詞，為了避免重復(fù)，句子后面的不定式常省略動詞原形，而保留不定式符號to。
They may go if they wish to(go). 如果他們想去，他們就可以去。
Don't go till I tell you to.直到我告訴你去，你才可以去。
在一些動詞afford, agree, expect, forget, mean, pretend, remember, want, refuse, hope, wish, would like (love), try等后跟動詞不定式作賓語，不定式中的to可以承前(后)省略。
—Will you go to the cinema with me? 你愿和我一起去看電影嗎?
—Well, I'd like to (go with you). 我愿意。
I would do it for you, but I don't know how to (do it for you).
我想為你做這事，但我又不知如何做。
在某些形容詞，afraid, glad, willing, happy, eager等后承前省略動詞原形，只保留不定式符號to。
—Will you join us in the game? 你愿和我們一起做這個游戲嗎?
—Sure, I'll be glad to(join you in the game). 當(dāng)然，我愿意。
有些動詞，tell, ask, allow, expect, force, invite, permit, persuade, order, warn, wish, would like,
forbid等后跟動詞不定式作賓語補足語、主語補足語時，不定式承前省略動詞原形， 保留動詞不定式符號to。
He didn't come, though we had invited him to (come). 盡管我們邀請他來，他卻沒來。
注：承前省略的動詞不定式如果有助動詞have或be，則要保留be或have。
—Are you a teacher? 你是老師嗎? --No, but I used to be (a teacher). 不，我以前是。
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