非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

　　【考點(diǎn)分析】

　　1.不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài);

　　2.不定式的功能：不定式的形容詞性功能、不定式的副詞性功能、不定式的名詞性功能;

　　3.不定式的省略;

　　4.不定式的否定形式;

　　5.不定式的搭配形式;

　　6.獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu);

　　7.v-ing分詞名詞性功能;

　　8.v-ing分詞形容詞性功能;

　　9.v-ing分詞副詞性功能;

　　10.過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的區(qū)別;

　　11.過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞主動(dòng)完成式的區(qū)別;

　　12.過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動(dòng)式的區(qū)別;

　　【知識(shí)點(diǎn)歸納】

　　I.概述

　　1.基本形式的變化：

　　不定式：

時(shí)態(tài)

主動(dòng)態(tài)

被動(dòng)態(tài)

一般式

to do

to be done

進(jìn)行式

to be doing

完成式

to have built

to have been built

　　John said that he had run in order to catch the bus. (一般式的主動(dòng)態(tài))

　　He hated to be misunderstood by others. (一般式的被動(dòng)態(tài))

　　He pretended to be listening attentively. (進(jìn)行式)

　　He intended to have told you that. (完成式主動(dòng)態(tài))

　　This work of art seemed to have been created several centuries ago. (完成式的被動(dòng)態(tài))

　　v-ing形式

時(shí)態(tài)

主動(dòng)態(tài)

被 動(dòng) 態(tài)

一般式

doing

being done

完成式

having done

having been done

　　注意：不及物動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)式

　　動(dòng)名詞

　　I am sure of his coming in time. (一般式主動(dòng)態(tài)) (= I am sure that he will come in time)

　　He is proud of being selected as monitor. (一般式被動(dòng)態(tài)) (= He is proud that he is selected as monitor.)

　　I’m confident of his having passed the exam. (完成式主動(dòng)態(tài))

　　(= I am confident that he have passed the exam.)

　　He complained of having been cheated by others. (完成式被動(dòng)態(tài))

　　現(xiàn)在分詞

　　He sat in a chair,reading a novel. (一般式主動(dòng)態(tài))

　　Being exhausted by work, he fell asleep quickly. (一般式被動(dòng)態(tài))

　　Having finished his homework, he went playing. (完成式主動(dòng)態(tài))

　　All this having been settled, he went home. (完成式被動(dòng)態(tài))

　　2.所做成分

項(xiàng)目/成分

主語(yǔ)

表語(yǔ)

賓語(yǔ)

賓補(bǔ)

定語(yǔ)

狀語(yǔ)

動(dòng)詞的ing形式

現(xiàn)在分詞

△

△

△

△

動(dòng)名詞

△

△

△

△

不定式

△

△

△

△

△

△

過去分詞

△

△

△

△

　　注：現(xiàn)在分詞、不定式、過去分詞都可以作獨(dú)立成分。

　　II.基本知識(shí)

　　1.動(dòng)詞不定式在句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?/p>

　　①作主語(yǔ)。

　　To see once is better than to hear a hundred times.

　　To make money is not the only purpose of our life.賺錢不是我們生活的唯一目的

　　在很多情況下，常用it 來充當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式的形式主語(yǔ)。

　　It is important for us to learn English very well.對(duì)我們來說學(xué)好英語(yǔ)是非常重要的。

　　②作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，常用在以下動(dòng)詞后：

　　help，hope，ask，refuse，decide，promise，wish，pretend，expect，arrange，learn，plan，demand，dare，

　　manage，agree，prepare，fail，determine，offer，choose，desire，elect，long，(happen，seem)

　　He managed to pass the exam.他成功地通過了考試。

　　He promised to be here at nine.他答應(yīng)9點(diǎn)鐘到這兒。

　　I didn’t expect to see you here.我沒有料到在這兒見到你。

　　在某些復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中，用it做形式賓語(yǔ)，而把不定式放到后面去。

　　He considered it better to leave now.他認(rèn)為最好現(xiàn)在就離開。

　　I found it impossible to finish the work on time.我發(fā)現(xiàn)準(zhǔn)時(shí)完成這項(xiàng)工作是不可能的。

　　③作定語(yǔ)(常置于名詞之后)。

　　由only, last, next 序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾的名詞常用不定式做定語(yǔ); 不定式還可用作名詞

　　代詞的的賓語(yǔ) (ability, anything, attempt, chance, curiosity, desire, decision, determination, effort, failure,

　　intention, need, nothing, opportunity, place, plan, promise, reason, right, something)

　　She is always the first student to arrive at school.

　　He is always the last one to leave the office.他總是最后一個(gè)離開辦公室。

　　I don’t think he is the best man to do the job.我想他不是做這項(xiàng)工作的最佳人選。

　　I have no desire to travel.

　　You’ll find something to interest you here.

　　注：動(dòng)詞不定式to后所接動(dòng)詞若是不及物動(dòng)詞，而不定式與其修飾的動(dòng)詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，這個(gè)不定式后就應(yīng)有必要的介詞。

　　I haven’t decided which hotel to stay at.

　　I found no one to play with.

　　④作狀語(yǔ)

　　I walked slowly on the ice in order not to fall down.(不至于跌倒) (表目的)

　　They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet. (表結(jié)果)

　　He tried only to fail. (結(jié)果沒有成功)

　　She was happy to hear the news. (表原因)

　　不定式常用于修飾下列形容詞：

　　able,afraid,angry, anxious, apt, careful, careless, certain, clever, considerate, delighted, difficult,eager, easy, fit,

　　frightened , happy, interesting, likely, lucky, quick, ready, reluctant , right, sorry, surprised, sure, thoughtful,

　　thoughtless, unable, unwilling, wrong etc.

　　French is difficult to learn. 法語(yǔ)難學(xué)。

　　I’m sorry to interrupt you, but I have to.

　�、葑鳘�(dú)立副詞成分。

　　To speak frankly, I don’t like your attitude.

　　⑥與疑問詞連用。疑問代詞who, what, which和疑問副詞when, where, how等后加動(dòng)詞不定式，構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ)，可在句子中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等成分。

　　When to start has not been decided.什么時(shí)候出發(fā)還沒有定。

　　The problem is how to get there on time.問題是怎樣才能準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)哪兒。

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