篇章結構題解題技巧
對《考試大綱》中提出的理解文章的基本結構的要求，往往通過篇章結構題來考查�？忌獙W會把握文章的脈絡，理解段落層次之間的關系，弄清作者的寫作方法。英語的文章講究使用主題段和主題句。主題段通常在文章的開頭，簡要概括文章的中心思想，主題句根據(jù)段落的寫作手法的不同可能在段落的開頭，也可能出現(xiàn)在段落的中間或末尾。段與段之間常用詞語連接，承上啟下，使文章行文連貫，邏輯嚴密。為突出主題作者可能采用不同的寫作手法來組織文章，通過舉例、比較、類比等手法來透徹闡明主題觀點。高考對這類題型的考查主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面：
1． 確定指代關系。最常見的提問方式是：The underlined word they/it/ in paragraph refers to
2． 對句子意義或作用的理解。最常見的提問方式是：The sentence in paragraph means .; The example of in para.is used to illustrate/show .
3． 對段落大意或段落作用的理解。最常見的提問方式是：The last paragraph mainly tell us that ; The purpose of writing Paragraph is . .
4． 對文章組織結構的理解。最常見的提問方式是：How is the passage organized?；Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?
在上述幾類題中考生感覺難做的題是第四類, 這類題是近兩年來出現(xiàn)的主要考查議論文結構的命題新方式,且逐步得到語言教育專家們的認可。并逐步推廣到對其他文體結構的考查。分析這一類的題我們看出：對文章組織結構的考查不外乎兩個層次。一是按段落的組織方法理解文章的結構，一是按寫作方法（論證方法）理解文章的結構。
首先，看看這樣考查從段落層次理解文章的結構。這類題經常用到的提問方式是：Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage? 常見的段落結構有如下幾種情況：
圖1表明：①（Paragraph 1）是主題段（提出論題或論點），②、③段是就同一論據(jù)或者問題的同一方面作論述，④用另一論據(jù)材料或者從問題的另一方面論述，⑤段是結論段或者是用來重述論題、強調論點的段落。同樣我們很容易理解圖2.3.4所示的段落結構的意義。
下面具體看看05年江蘇卷E篇：
The twentieth century saw greater changes than any century before changes for the better, changes for the worse, changes that brought a lot of benefits to human beings, changes that put man in danger .Many things caused the changes, but, in my opinion, the most important was the progress in science.
Scientific research in physics and biology has vastly broadened our views. It has given us a deeper knowledge of the structure of matter and of the universe, it has brought us a better understanding of the nature of life and of its continuous development. Technology in the application of science has made big advances that have benefited us in nearly every part of life.
The continuation of such activities in the twenty-first century will result in even greater advantages to human beings: in pure science—a wider and deeper knowledge in all fields of learning; in applied science—a more reasonable sharing of material benefits, and better protection of the environment.
Sadly, however, there is another side to the picture. The creativity of science has been employed in doing damage to mankind. The application of science and technology to the development and production of weapons of mass destruction has created a real danger to the continued existence of the human race on this planet. We have seen this happen in the case of nuclear weapons, Although their actual use has so far occurred only in the Second World War, the number of nuclear weapons that were produced and made ready for use was so large that if the weapons had actually been used, the result could have been the ruin of the human race, as well as of many kinds of animals.
William Shakespeare said. The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（紗線）, good and ill together. The above brief review of the application of only one part of human activities—science seems to prove what Shakespeare said. But does it have to be so? Must the ill always go together with the good? Are we biologically programmed for war?
72．Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?
理解文章段落結構，我們很容易找到答案A。
接下來再來看看這樣從論證方法上考查對議論文結構的理解。掌握了議論文常見的寫作方法，我們不難理解議論文的論證過程。從論證方法上講，常見的議論文結構有以下兩類：
�。ㄒ唬㏄ut forward a question →Analyze the question → Solve the question 這就是提出問題、分析問題、解決問題的過程；（二）Argument/idea → Evidence → conclusion/ restating the idea
這就是由論點到論據(jù)到結論或者強調論點的過程。
對說明文、夾敘夾議類文章結構的理解，只要我們弄清段落意義和段落之間的關系，很容易理解其結構�？纯聪旅娴睦}我們也許會得到一些啟發(fā)。
例1：
I receive a lot of emails every time a column is published in 21st Century. The majority of questions I get are like this: My English is still very poor, could you please give me some advice? Since this kind of question is so big and so vague, any answers will be too broad or too general. In fact, asking questions is an art that needs training and practice in itself. And I would like to offer the following tips:
Always contextualize your question. If you really want to ask for advice on something, you need to provide a brief description of how you came up with the question and how you can benefit from asking it. For instance, if you need to improve your English, you need to state the skill area you are in the greatest need of improving, and what difficulties you encounter that cause you so many problems
The second piece of advice is that your question should be focused and specific. By that I mean that you might have a lot of questions, but choose the one that is most important and at the same time the least complicated.
Third, you can practise asking one question in multiple ways. For instance, if you are interested in knowing how you can boost your confidence in speaking, you might consider asking: I often feel nervous before I ask a question, how can I overcome my anxiety? Could you share with me your experience of speaking in front of others?
Of course, the best way to ask good questions is through the practice of questioning. I highly encourage you to seek opportunities to ask questions. It takes time to be a really good questioner.
How is the text organized?
A．Topic---argument----description
B．Opinion—discussion---explanation
C．Main idea---comparison--- supporting examples
D．Topic ----argument----conclusion
解析：文章一開始就提出本文要講的中心, 然后進行論述, 最后得出結論。由此,我們不難得出答案是D。
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