2012屆高三英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)分詞復(fù)習(xí)教案

編輯: 逍遙路 關(guān)鍵詞: 高三 來(lái)源: 高中學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng)


9、分詞
分詞既有動(dòng)詞的特征,由有形容詞和副詞的特征。分詞有現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞兩種,F(xiàn)在分詞有一般式和完成式,過(guò)去分詞沒有這種區(qū)別。及物動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞還有主動(dòng)形式和被動(dòng)形式的區(qū)別。分詞常用的形式如表所示(以及物動(dòng)詞do 和不及物動(dòng)詞go為例):
do go
主動(dòng) 被動(dòng)
現(xiàn)在分詞 doing being done going
過(guò)去分詞 / done gone
完成式 having done having been done /
9.1 分詞作定語(yǔ)
不及物動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)表達(dá)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,過(guò)去分詞強(qiáng)調(diào)完成;及物動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)強(qiáng)調(diào)主動(dòng),過(guò)去分詞強(qiáng)調(diào)被動(dòng)。分詞的完成式一般不作定語(yǔ)。分詞作其他成分時(shí),也是如此。分詞作定語(yǔ),單個(gè)的分詞作定語(yǔ)一般前置;分詞詞組,個(gè)別分詞如given, left等,修飾不定代詞等的分詞,作定語(yǔ)需后置。例如:
 We can see the rising sun. 我們可以看到東升的旭日
 He is a retired worker.  他是位退休的工人
 There was a girl sitting there. 有個(gè)女孩坐在那里
 This is the question given.   這是所給的問題
 There is nothing interesting.  沒有有趣的東西
 分詞作定語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于定語(yǔ)從句,如ost of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. = ost of the people who wereinvited to the party were famous scientists.
典型例題
  1) The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. 
A. have written  B. to be written  C. being written  D. written
答案D. 書與寫作是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,應(yīng)用過(guò)去分詞做定語(yǔ)表被動(dòng),相當(dāng)于定語(yǔ)從句 which was written
  2)What\'s the language ____ in Germany? 
A. speaking  B. spoken   C. be spoken  D. to speak
答案B. 主語(yǔ)language與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間有被動(dòng)的含義。spoken,在句中作定語(yǔ),修飾主語(yǔ)language, spoken 與 language有被動(dòng)關(guān)系。該句可以理解為:What\'s the language (which is) spoken in German?
9.2 分詞作狀語(yǔ)
分詞作狀語(yǔ),可以表示時(shí)間,原因,理由,條,讓步,連續(xù)等,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句。例如:
Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call. 由于沒有收到他的信,我給他打了個(gè)電話。
  As I didn\'t receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.
  Given more attention,the trees could have grown better. 多給些照顧,那些樹會(huì)長(zhǎng)得更好。
  If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.
典型例題
 1)_____ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.
A. Followed  B. Followed by  C. Being followed  D. Having been followed
 答案B. Napoleon 與follow 之間有被動(dòng)的含義。being followed除表達(dá)被動(dòng)之外,還有動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行之意。 followed by(被…跟隨)。本題可改為:                 With some officials following, Napoleon inspected his army.
 2)There was a terrible noise ___ the sudden burst of light. 
A. followed  B. following  C. to be followed  D. being followed
 答案B. 由于聲音在閃電后,因此為聲跟隨著光,聲音為跟隨的發(fā)出者,為主動(dòng)。用現(xiàn)在分詞。
 3)_______, liquids can be changed into gases.
A. Heating  B. To be heated  C. Heated  D. Heat
 答案C. 本題要選分詞作為狀語(yǔ),F(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng),正在進(jìn)行的;過(guò)去分詞表被動(dòng)的,已經(jīng)完成的。對(duì)于液體說(shuō)是加熱的受動(dòng)者,是被動(dòng)的,因而選C。它相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句 When it is heated,…
注意:選擇現(xiàn)在分詞還是過(guò)去分詞,關(guān)鍵看主句的主語(yǔ)。如分詞的動(dòng)作是主句的主語(yǔ)發(fā)出,分詞就選用現(xiàn)在分詞,反之就用過(guò)去分詞。例如:
Used for a long time, the book looks old. 由于用了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間,這本書看上去很舊。
  Using the book, I find it useful. 在使用的過(guò)程中,我發(fā)現(xiàn)這本書很有用。
9.3 連詞+分詞(短語(yǔ))
 有時(shí)為使分詞短語(yǔ)與主句關(guān)系更清楚,可在分詞前加連詞。 連詞有: when,while,if though,after, before, as. 但分詞的主語(yǔ)和主句的主語(yǔ)必須為同一個(gè)。例如:
  While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.
等在那兒時(shí),他看見兩個(gè)靚妹走出大樓。(waiting 和saw 的主語(yǔ)相同)
9.4 分詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)
  通常在感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞之后。例如:
  I found my car missing. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)我的車不見了。
  \'ll have my watch repaired. 我想把我的手表修一下。
9.5 分詞作表語(yǔ)
表示主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)等。例如:
  She looked tired with cooking. 她由于忙著做飯,看上去有些疲倦。
  He remained standing beside the table. 他依然站在桌旁。
9.6 分詞作插入語(yǔ)
  分詞作插入語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)是固定的,意思上的主語(yǔ)并不是句子的主語(yǔ)。例如:
  generally speaking 一般說(shuō)
  talking of (speaking of) 說(shuō)道
  strictly speaking 嚴(yán)格的說(shuō)
  judging from 從…判斷
  all things considered 從整體看
  taking all things into consideration 全面看
例如:Judging from his face, he must be ill. 從他的臉色看,他一定是病了。
  Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 總的說(shuō),狗比豬跑得快。 (speaking 不是dogs 的動(dòng)作)
9.7 分詞的時(shí)態(tài)
1)一般式表示與主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生。例如:
  Hearing the news, he jumped with joy.  聽到這一消息,他高興得手舞足蹈。
  Arriving there, they found the boy dead. 一到那兒,他們就發(fā)現(xiàn)那男孩死了。
典型例題
  The secretary worked late into the night, ___a long speech for the president.
A. to prepare  B. preparing  C. prepared  D. was preparing 
  答案B. 此處沒有連詞,不能選D,否則出現(xiàn)了兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞worked和was preparing。 只能在B,C中選一個(gè)。又因前后兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,且與主語(yǔ)為主動(dòng)關(guān)系,應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞。
2)完成時(shí)表示先于主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)生。例如:
  While walking in the garden,he hurt his leg. 在花園里散步時(shí)他傷了腿。
  分詞作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),如果先與主動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作,且強(qiáng)調(diào)先后, 要用having done。
  Having finished his homework, he went out. 做完作業(yè)后,他出去了。
  =As he had finished his homework, he went out.
典型例題
  ___ a reply, he decided to write again. 
A. Not receiving  B. Receiving not  C. Not having received  D. Having not received  
  答案C. 本題考查分詞的時(shí)態(tài)與分詞的否定式。根據(jù)題意判斷,分詞的動(dòng)作(接信)發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作(決心再寫信)之前,因此用分詞的完成式。分詞的否定式的構(gòu)成為not +分詞,故選C。該句可理解為:Because he had not received a reply, he decided to write again.
9.8 分詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)
1)通常,現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng),過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)。例如:
He is the man giving you the money.  (= who gave you…)他就是給你錢的那個(gè)人。
He is the man stopped by the car. 。= who was stopped by…)他就是那個(gè)被車攔住的人。
2)不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生,如gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned等。
例如: a well-read person.  一個(gè)讀過(guò)許多書的人
   a much-traveled may 一個(gè)去過(guò)許多地方的人
   a burnt-out match   燒完了的火柴


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