知識(shí)詳解
① reduce vt. 減少；縮減；約束，限制；使降低，降職；
使……變?yōu)?某個(gè)狀態(tài))(回歸課本P12)
reduce...to...把……減少到……,reduce...by...把……減少了……,reduce sb.to doing sth.迫使某人做某事；使某人不得不做某事,reduction n.縮小，減少；縮版,make a reduction減價(jià)
【歸納總結(jié)】
【例句探源】
①The expenses have been reduced to 1,000 yuan one month.
每月的費(fèi)用已降到1,000元。
②The expenses have been reduced by 200 yuan one month.
每月的費(fèi)用已降了200元。
③Eventually Charlotte was reduced to begging on the streets.
最后夏洛特被迫淪落到沿街乞討。
④We can make a reduction if you buy in bulk.
如果你大批購(gòu)買，我們可以降低價(jià)格。
1．Many students have dropped out of school and now the number of our class has ________50.
A．reduced by B．reduced to C．increased to D．increased by
解析：選B。reduce...to后面數(shù)字指減少后的總量，reduce...by后面數(shù)字指純減少的量或比率。由上面說(shuō)到drop，故排除C、D。
【即境活用】
2. Since then the number of people stopping smoking ________10%.
A．has reduced to B．reduces by C．has reduced by D．reduces to
解析：選C。由since then可判斷主句應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，排除B、D兩項(xiàng)；再根據(jù)句意“自從那時(shí)戒煙人數(shù)減少了10%”，強(qiáng)調(diào)差額用介語(yǔ)by，故選C。
② likely adj. 很可能的，看來(lái)要發(fā)生的；(像是)可靠的，可信的；似乎有理的
adv. 很可能
(回歸課本P9) Drug users are more likely to get into trouble at school.
吸毒者更有可能在學(xué)校遇到麻煩。
【歸納總結(jié)】
① It is likely that he will be late.
＝He is likely to be late.他可能會(huì)遲到。
②“He said you’d be giving them a lift.” “Not likely！”
“他說(shuō)你會(huì)讓他們搭便車。”“絕不可能！”
③It is likely that you could suffer from bad health if you keep smoking.
如果繼續(xù)吸煙，你很可能會(huì)健康狀況不佳。
④That means the price is likely to go down because of the competition.這意味著價(jià)格有可能因?yàn)楦?jìng)爭(zhēng)而下降。
【例句探源】
likely，possible，probable
三者都有“可能的”之意，區(qū)別如下：
(1)likely是形容詞，表示某事很可能發(fā)生，與probable 意思相近，但主語(yǔ)可以是人也可以是物。常用于“It is likely that...或sb./sth.be likely to do...”句型中，但不能說(shuō)“It is likely for sb.to do sth.”。
(2)possible可能性相對(duì)小，作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，主語(yǔ)不能是人，常用句式為“It is possible for sb. to do sth.”或“It is possible that...”。
【易混辨析】
(3)probable 帶有“很可能”的意味，語(yǔ)氣比possible強(qiáng)，作表語(yǔ)時(shí)不能用人或不定式作主語(yǔ)，常用句式為“It is probable that...”。
①It isn’t likely that I should accept such an offer as that.
②It’s possible_to break with old habits.
③It is _probable that he will succeed.
3.Young Americans who don’t go to university ________get jobs which bring low income.
A．a(chǎn)re likely to B．a(chǎn)re possible to
C．were able to D．liked to
解析：選A。句意是：沒(méi)有上大學(xué)的美國(guó)年輕人可能做一些低收入的工作。likely可用于sb./sth.is likely to do而possible不能。
【即境活用】
4．(山東青島質(zhì)檢)A senior firefighter said it was__________that the fire，which broke out at midnight，was caused by someone on purpose.
A．possibly B．likely
C．probably D．obviously
解析：選B。根據(jù)It is likely that……句型得出答案，其它三個(gè)詞都是副詞，不能用于該句型。
③ affect vt. 影響，對(duì)……有壞影響；(疾病)侵襲；假裝；喜歡
(回歸課本P9) Smoking in a park doesn’t affect other people in the same way.
在公園吸煙不會(huì)以同樣的方式影響別人。
【歸納總結(jié)】
【例句探源】
①Peter Taylor finds out how computers and the Internet are going to affect our lives.
彼得?泰勒試圖弄清計(jì)算機(jī)和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)將如何影響我們的生活。
②(牛津P31)They were deeply affected by the news of her death.
她死亡的消息使他們唏噓不已。
③(高考遼寧卷)The experiment showed that our body clocks are affected by light and temperature.
這項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)表明我們的生物鐘受光線和溫度的影響。
④She was affected with high fever.
她發(fā)高燒。
affect，effect，influence
三個(gè)詞都有“影響”的意思。
(1)affect指“產(chǎn)生的影響之大足以引起反應(yīng)”，著重“影響”的動(dòng)作，有時(shí)含有“對(duì)……產(chǎn)生不利影響”的意思。
(2)effect作“影響”講時(shí)，通常用作名詞，構(gòu)成have an effect on“對(duì)……有影響”。effect作動(dòng)詞時(shí)，指“使(某事物)產(chǎn)生；使發(fā)生；引起”，著重“造成”一種特殊的效果。
(3)influence指“通過(guò)說(shuō)服、舉例等對(duì)行動(dòng)、思想、性格等產(chǎn)生不易覺(jué)察到的、潛移默化的影響”。
【易混辨析】
①The games don’t have a(n) _effect on grown?ups but affect students a great deal.
②Influenced by a high school biology teacher，he took up the study of medicine.
③This book effected a change in my opinion.
5．Critics believe that the control of television by mass advertising has ________the quality of the programs.
A．lessened B．declined
C．a(chǎn)ffected D．effected
解析：選C。句意為：批評(píng)家認(rèn)為電視被大量的廣告所控制，這影響了節(jié)目的質(zhì)量。affect常指不好的影響；lessen“減少”；decline“降低”，指力量、權(quán)力、數(shù)量等的削減；effect“引起；產(chǎn)生”，只有affect符合句意。
【即境活用】
④ recognise vt. 辨認(rèn)出；認(rèn)出；認(rèn)識(shí)到；認(rèn)知
(回歸課本P19)Participants learn to recognise smoking triggers...
參與者學(xué)會(huì)分辨吸煙的誘因……
【歸納總結(jié)】
recognise sb./sth.as/to be承認(rèn)某人/物是……；認(rèn)出某人/物是……
It’s recognised that...人們意識(shí)到……
①Salera came home so thin and weak that her own children hardly recognised her.
賽莉婭回家時(shí)又瘦又弱，連她自己的孩子都幾乎認(rèn)不出她來(lái)了。
②He is recognised as the head of the company.
他被認(rèn)為是公司的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。
③It was recognised that he was not qualified for the work.
人們認(rèn)識(shí)到他做這項(xiàng)工作不合格。
【例句探源】
recognise，know
(1)recognise 指把原來(lái)認(rèn)識(shí)的人/物再次“辨認(rèn)出”，是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。
(2)know“認(rèn)識(shí)并熟悉某人/物”，是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。
①Sometimes we can’t recognise,_one’s voice on the phone even though we know him/her.
②I know him so well that I can recognise his steps.
【易混辨析】
6．(高考遼寧卷)Alexander tried to get his work________in the medical circles.
A．to recognize B．recognizing
C．recognize D．recognized
解析：選D。句意：Alexander試圖使自己的工作在醫(yī)學(xué)界得到認(rèn)可。本題考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作賓補(bǔ)。get sth.done表示使某事物被做，如get my hair cut表示理發(fā)；get her finger burnt表示她的手指被燒傷。
【即境活用】
7.—Oh，it’s you，Alice.I________you.You look much thinner than before.
—Not surprising.I’m on a diet.
A．didn’t recognize B．hadn’t recognized
C．haven’t recognized D．don’t recognize
解析：選A。本題強(qiáng)調(diào)是剛才沒(méi)認(rèn)出，故用一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。
⑤ break into 闖入，破門而入；突然……起來(lái)
(回歸課本P13) The next day，I broke into a house and stole a television and a video recorder.
第二天，我闖入一戶人家，偷了一臺(tái)電視機(jī)和一臺(tái)錄像機(jī)。
break out突然爆發(fā)
break up打碎；拆散；分解
結(jié)束,break in打斷(談話)； 突然闖入(in是副詞) break through突破
break down瓦解，損壞，分解；機(jī)器壞了；失��；身體垮了
break away from擺脫(束縛)；克服(習(xí)慣)
break off中斷，折斷，突然停止
【歸納總結(jié)】
①Thieves broke into our house while we were away on holiday.
我們外出度假時(shí)，小偷闖入了我們家。
②On hearing the news that the war was over ，the old woman broke into tears.
聽(tīng)到戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束的消息，老人突然哭了起來(lái)。
③Don’t break into their conversation；they are discussing something important.
不要打斷他們的談話，他們正在討論重要的事情。
【例句探源】
break into，break in
兩者都有“闖入”之意。break into中，into是介詞，后需接賓語(yǔ)；break in 是不及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，其中in是副詞，不接賓語(yǔ)。另外，break into還有“突然……起來(lái)”之意，相當(dāng)于burst into；break in還可以表示“插嘴”等。
①We had to break_into the house as we had lost the key.
②Never break_in while others are talking.
【易混辨析】
8．(海南三亞模擬)You’ll________sooner or later if you keep working like that.
A．break off B．break down
C．break into D．break out
解析：選B。句意：如果你繼續(xù)那樣工作，身體遲早會(huì)垮掉的。break down“垮掉”，符合題意。
【即境活用】
9. Scientists hope to________soon in their fight against the H1N1 flu virus.
A．break up B．break out
C．break through D．break in
解析：選C。句意為：科學(xué)家們希望能盡快在應(yīng)對(duì)甲型H1N1流感病毒方面有所突破。break up“分解，打破”；break out“發(fā)生，爆發(fā)”；break through“突破”；break in“闖入，打斷(談話)”，據(jù)句意可知答案為C。
⑥ give up 放棄；交出，讓出；認(rèn)輸
(回歸課本P13)And here are some ideas to help people to give up smoking.
這兒有一些幫助人們戒煙的方法。
give away分發(fā)；放棄；泄露
give back歸還；恢復(fù)
give forth發(fā)出(氣味、聲音等)；發(fā)表
give in屈服；讓步；同意
give off發(fā)出(蒸汽、光等)
give out分發(fā)，發(fā)出(氣味、熱等)；發(fā)表，用完，耗盡；精疲力竭
【歸納總結(jié)】
①When Ed left ，she gave up hope of ever marrying.
埃德離開(kāi)時(shí)，她徹底放棄了結(jié)婚的希望。
②In the crowded bus ，the young people gave up their seats to the old people.
在擁擠的公共汽車上，年輕人把座位讓給老年人。
③The doctor told him to give up smoking and drinking.
醫(yī)生要他戒煙戒酒。
④She has never given up her secrets to others.
她從不把秘密透露給別人。
【例句探源】
10．We haven’t heard from her for long，so we give her________for dead.
A．out B．in
C．up D．a(chǎn)way
解析：選C。give out“用完，用盡”；give in“讓步，投降”；give up“放棄，不抱希望”；give away“泄露，分發(fā)”。由句意可知，此處指“對(duì)她不抱任何希望”，故答案為C。
【即境活用】
11.He pretended to be a German，but his Swedish accent gave himself________.
A．a(chǎn)way B．up
C．off D．out
解析：選A�？疾間ive的固定短語(yǔ)。句意：他假裝是德國(guó)人，但他的瑞典口音使他暴露了。“暴露”應(yīng)用give away。give up指“放棄”；give off 指“放出，發(fā)出”；give out指“發(fā)出，分發(fā)”。
句型梳理
①【教材原句】 Now I work in a centre for drug addicts，helping others to stop taking drugs.(P13)
現(xiàn)在，我在一個(gè)戒毒中心工作，幫助其他吸毒者戒毒。
【句法分析】 本句中的helping others to stop taking drugs是v.?ing形式在句子中作狀語(yǔ)，表示方式或伴隨情況。
①The little girl stood there，crying for milk.
這個(gè)小女孩站在那兒，哭著要牛奶喝。
②He worked late into the night，preparing an important report.
他工作到深夜，在準(zhǔn)備一個(gè)重要的報(bào)告。
③The teacher stood at the entrance，blocking the children’s way.
老師站在入口處，擋住了孩子們的路。
12.(高考四川卷)The lawyer listened with full attention，________to miss any point.
A．not trying B．trying not
C．to try not D．not to try
解析：選B。句意：這名律師全神貫注地聽(tīng)，盡力不錯(cuò)過(guò)任何要點(diǎn)。本題考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。不定式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)和前面的部分如用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，表示意想不到的或事與愿違的結(jié)果，不定式前通常加only或never，所以動(dòng)詞不定式在結(jié)構(gòu)和題意上都不符合本題的要求，D項(xiàng)被排除；A、C兩項(xiàng)結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤，也被排除。
【即境活用】
13．(高考重慶卷) The news shocked the public，________to great concern about students’ safety at school.
A．having led B．led
C．leading D．to lead
解析：選C。句意：這條新聞使廣大民眾感到很震驚，引起了人們對(duì)在校學(xué)生安全的擔(dān)憂�？疾榉侵^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。首先排除B和D兩項(xiàng)； having done指動(dòng)作先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)生，在此不符合語(yǔ)境，故只能選擇C。
② 【教材原句】 Whatever you’re doing when you want to smoke—do something else！(P19)
無(wú)論你在做什么，當(dāng)你想抽煙時(shí)，做點(diǎn)別的事吧！
【句法分析】 考查whatever的用法。(1)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，其含義相當(dāng)于no matter what，意為“無(wú)論，不管”，其位置可在主句前，也可在主句后。
(2)引導(dǎo)名詞性從句(賓語(yǔ)從句或主語(yǔ)從句)，可看作是what的強(qiáng)調(diào)說(shuō)法，其含義相當(dāng)于anything that 或all that，whatever在句中起雙重作用，既起先行詞與關(guān)系代詞的作用，又在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等。
(3)however/whenever/wherever只引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，相當(dāng)于no matter how/when/where引導(dǎo)的從句。
(4)whoever/whichever同whatever一樣，既能引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句也能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。
①Whatever he did，his parents supported him.
＝No matter what he did，his parents supported him.
不管他做什么，他父母都支持他。
②I don’t believe whatever he said.
我不相信他說(shuō)的一切。
③I’ll take whatever help I can get.
任何幫助我都接受。
14．(高考浙江卷)—How about camping this weekend，just for a change?
—OK，________you want.
A．whichever B．however
C．whatever D．whoever
解析：選C。句意：“這個(gè)周末我們換一下去野營(yíng)怎么樣啊？”“好的。你想做什么就做什么�！贝鹫Z(yǔ)為省略句式，全句應(yīng)為：OK，whatever you want to do.whichever 不論哪個(gè)；however無(wú)論怎樣；whatever無(wú)論什么，不管什么；whoever不論是誰(shuí)。
【即境活用】
15.The lawyer seldom wears anything other than a suit ________the season.
A．whatever B．wherever
C．whenever D．however
解析：選A。句意：無(wú)論什么季節(jié)，這位律師除了一套西裝以外，很少穿其他的(衣服)。whatever引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，whatever the season即whatever the season is。wherever無(wú)論什么地方；whenever無(wú)論什么時(shí)候；however無(wú)論怎樣，均不符合語(yǔ)境要求。
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