《新概念英語第二冊》語法精粹
二、名詞Nouns
知識要點:
一、名詞的種類:
1、專有名詞:
1)China, Japan, Beijing, London, Tom, Jack(不加冠詞)
2)the Great Wall, the Yellow River, the People’s Republic of China, the United States等。(由普通名詞構成的專有名詞,要加定冠詞。)
2、普通名詞
1)不可數(shù)名詞
注意:不可數(shù)名詞前一般不加冠詞,尤不加不定冠詞:若加a(an)則使之具體化了。
如:have a wonderful time.
不可數(shù)名詞作主語,謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。
不可數(shù)名詞一般無復數(shù)形式。部分物質名詞在表不同類別時,可用復數(shù)形式。
如:fishes, newspapers, waters, snows……
各種各樣的魚 各種報紙 河湖、海水 積雪
有些抽象名詞也常用復數(shù),變?yōu)榭蓴?shù)的具體的事物。如:times時代,works著作,difficulties困難
在表數(shù)量時,常用“of”詞組表示。如:a glass of milk, a cup of tea, two pieces of paper….
2)可數(shù)名詞:
可數(shù)名詞除用復數(shù)形式表一類之外,一般都要加冠詞:A birdcaufly.
The frog is a kind of hibernating animal.
Vegetables sold at this shop are usually fresh.
有復數(shù)形式:
a)規(guī)則變化——加“s”或“es”(與初中同,略)
b)不規(guī)則變化——child (children), foot (feet), tooth (teeth), man (men),
woman (women), mouse (mice), goose (geese), Englishman (Englishmen),
phenomenon(phenomena)…
注意:c)單、復數(shù)同形:sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese, fish(同一種魚)……。如,a sheep, two sheep
d)只用復數(shù)形式: thanks, trousers, goods, clothes, socks, shoes,…
e)形復實單:physics, politics, maths, news, plastics(塑料),means.
f)形單實復:people (人民,人們),the police, cattle等
g)集合名詞如:family, public, group, class等。當作為整體時,為單數(shù);當作為整體中的各個成員時,為復數(shù)。如: y family is a big one. y family are music lovers.
h)復合名詞變復數(shù)時,(a)只把復合名詞中的主體各詞變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)形式。如:sister(s)-in-law嫂子,弟妹;step-son (s)繼子;editor (s) -in-chief總編輯。
(b)如沒有主體名詞則在最后一個詞的后面加“s”。如:grown-up(s)成年人,go-between(s)中間人
(c)woman, man作定語時,要與被修飾的名詞的數(shù)一致。如:a man servant—men servants, a woman doctor—women doctors
二、名詞的所有格:
1、表有生命的東西(人或動物)的名詞所有格,一般在名詞后加“’s”。如:ike’s bag, Children’s Day, my brother’s room, women’s rights…
注意:1)名詞復數(shù)的詞尾是-s或-es,它的所有格只在詞后加“s”。如:Teachers’ Day, the workers’ rest-home(工人療養(yǎng)院),the students’ reading-room
2)復合名詞的所有格,在后面的詞后加“’s”。如:her son-in-law’s photo(她女婿的照片);anybody else’s book(其他任何人的書)
3)如果一樣東西為兩人或兩人以上共有,則在最后的一個名詞后面加“’s”; 如果不是共有,則每個詞后都要加“’s”。如:Jane and Helen’s room. 珍妮和海倫的房間(共有). Bill’s and Tom’s radios. 比爾的收音機和湯姆的收音機(不共有)
4)表地點(店鋪,某人的家等)的名詞所有格后面,一般省去它所修飾的名詞。如:the tailor’s (裁縫鋪) the doctor’s (診所) r. Brown’s (布朗先生的家)
5)有些表時間、距離、國家、城鎮(zhèn)的無生命的名詞,也可加“’s”表所有格。
如:half an hour’s walk (半小時的路程) China’s agriculture (中國的農(nóng)業(yè))
2、表示無生命的東西的名詞一般與of構成詞組,表示所有格。如:the cover of the book
3、表示有生命的東西的名詞也可以用of,特別是名詞較長,有較多的定語時。如:
the story of Dr Norman Bethune
Do you know the name of the boy standing at the gate?
4、“of詞組+所有格”的用法:
在表示所屬物的名詞前有冠詞、數(shù)詞、不定代詞或指示代詞(如:a, two, some, a few, this, that, these, those等)時,常用“of詞組+所有格”的形式表示所有關系。如:
a friend of my father’s 我父親的一位朋友。
some inventions of Edison’s 愛迪生的一些發(fā)明
those exercise-books of the students’ 學生們的那些練習本。
【專項訓練】:
1、There are only twelvein the hospital.
A.woman doctorsB.women doctors
C.women doctor D.woman doctor
2、r. Smith has two, both of whom are teachers in a school.
A.brothers-in-lawB.brother-in-laws
C.brothers-in-lawsD.brothers-in law
3、——How manydoes a cow have?
——Four.
A.stomachesB.stomachC.stomachsD.stomachies
4、Somevisited our school last Wednesday.
A.GermanB.GermenC.GermansD.Germens
5、Theof the building are covered with lots of.
A.roofs; leavesB.rooves; leafsC.roof; leafD.roofs; leafs
6、When the farmer returned home he found threemissing.
A.sheepsB.sheepesC.sheepD.sheepies
7、That was a fiftyengine.
A.horse powerB.horses power
C.horse powersD.horses powers
8、y father often gives me.
A.many adviceB.much adviceC.a(chǎn) lot of advicesD.a(chǎn) few advice
9、ary broke awhile she was washing up.
A.tea cupB.a(chǎn) cup of teaC.tea’s cupD.cup tea
10、Can you give us someabout the writer?
A.informationsB.information
C.piece of informationsD.pieces information
11、I had a cup ofand two pieces ofthis morning.
A.teas; breadB.teas; breads
C.tea; breadsD.tea; bread
12、As is known to us all, travels much faster than.
A.lights; soundsB.light; sound
C.sound; lightD.sounds; lights
13、She told him of all herand .
A.hope; fearB.hopes; fear
C.hopes; fearsD.hope; fears
14、The risingdid a lot ofto the crops.
A.water; harmB.water; harms
C.waters; harmD.waters; harms
15、——How far away is it from here to your school?
——It’s about.
A.half an hour’s driveB.half hours drives
C.half an hour drivesD.half an hour drive
16、The shirt isn’t mine. It’s.
A.rs SmithB.rs’ Smith
C.rs Smiths’D.rs Smith’s
17、iss Johnson is a friend of.
A.a(chǎn)ry’s motherB.a(chǎn)ry’s mothers’
C.a(chǎn)ry mother’sD.a(chǎn)ry’s mother’s
18、Last week I called at my.
A.a(chǎn)untB.a(chǎn)untsC.a(chǎn)unt’sD.a(chǎn)untes’
19、The beach is athro
A.stoneB.stonesC.stones’D.stone’s
20、I can hardly imaginesailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.
A.Peter’B.PeterC.PetersD.Peters’
【答案】:
1、B
2、A
3、C stomach(胃)雖是“ch”結尾,但其發(fā)音為[k],所以加“s”,不用加“es”。
4、C
5、A roof, chief, gulf, belief等詞的復數(shù)形式,直接加“s”。
6、C
7、A 名詞作定語一般不用復數(shù)。
8、B
9、A 根據(jù)句意,打破的應是杯子,而不是茶;名詞作定語表類別不用加“’s”。
10、B
11、D
12、B
13、C
14、C
15、A
16、D 根據(jù)上句,此處應是史密斯太太的襯衫。
17、D
18、C
19、D a stone’s throw是固定短語,意為“近在咫尺”。
20、B 此句中Peter作動名詞sailing的所有格,本應用Peter’s,但因其在動詞后作賓語,所以可用賓格,因此B為正確答案。
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