高一英語(yǔ)【北師大版】必修一語(yǔ)法
【一】分詞作狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別
（1）現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別。
現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語(yǔ)與過(guò)去分詞做狀語(yǔ)的最主要區(qū)別在于兩者與所修飾的主語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)關(guān)系的區(qū)別。
1）現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)作就是句子主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作，它們之間的關(guān)系是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。
He went out ，shutting the door behind him.
他出去后將門隨手關(guān)上。
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.
由于不知如何辦是好，他去找父母幫忙。
2）過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，過(guò)去分詞表示的動(dòng)作是句子主語(yǔ)承受的動(dòng)作，它們之間的關(guān)系是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
如果對(duì)這些樹多關(guān)心一些，它們本來(lái)會(huì)長(zhǎng)得更好。
Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.
在遇到困難的時(shí)候，我們必須設(shè)法克服。
Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet.
Given more encouragement, the boy could have behaved better
2)分詞作狀語(yǔ)放在句子開頭，除表示原因之外有時(shí)表示時(shí)間或條件。動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，除了表示目的以外，還表示結(jié)果或原因。
Reading attentively，he forgot the time for lunch．由于在專心讀書，他忘了吃午飯的時(shí)間。(原因)
Reading carefully，he found something he had not known before．他仔細(xì)讀書時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些從前不知道的東西。(時(shí)間)
Reading carefully，you'll learn something new．只要你仔細(xì)閱讀，你會(huì)學(xué)到一些新的東西。(條件)
作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，如果動(dòng)詞和賓語(yǔ)之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，用現(xiàn)在分詞； 如果是被動(dòng)關(guān)系或者表示狀態(tài)，用過(guò)去分詞
we left him crying outside the gate.
we found his hands tied behind his back.
we found the world outside changed. 狀態(tài)
用過(guò)去分詞還是現(xiàn)在分詞做定語(yǔ)的判斷關(guān)鍵：名詞與該動(dòng)作的關(guān)系
【二】分詞作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別
1. 現(xiàn)在分詞做定語(yǔ)：
從功能上看，現(xiàn)在分詞做定語(yǔ)表示 1）主動(dòng)（及物）；2）進(jìn)行（不及物）。
做定語(yǔ)：相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句 (主動(dòng))
Do you know the boy standing at the door?
à Do you know the boy who is standing at the door?
A developing country needs aids. àA country that/which is developing needs aids.
They lived in a house facing the south
àThey lived in a house that faced the south.
The man wearing a red tie is our head.
àThe man who wears a red tie(戴紅領(lǐng)帶) is our head.
The workers working in the factory are well-paid.
àThe workers who are working in the factory are well-paid.
在這家工廠工作的工人報(bào)酬很好
2．過(guò)去分詞做定語(yǔ)
從功能上看，過(guò)去分詞做定語(yǔ)表示1）被動(dòng)（及物）；2）完成（不及物）。
做定語(yǔ)：相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句（被動(dòng)），有時(shí)侯也表示完成的
The broken window was repaired this morning.
The window broken yesterday was….
àThe window that/which was broken yesterday was…..昨天被打破的玻璃今早被修好了
The sold hamburgers are not to my taste.
The hamburgers sold in this chain are not to…..這家連鎖店賣的漢堡不適合我的口味
The hamburgers that/which are sold in this chain are not to….
The arrived guests will be led in.（此過(guò)去分詞表示完成）
The guests arrived just now will….剛到的客人將會(huì)被帶進(jìn)來(lái)
The guests who arrived just now will be….
The book that was written by Wang sells well.
àThe book written by Wang sells well.
The tie that is worn by our head is made in Shanghai.
àThe tie worn by our head is made in SH
The shoes (that were) made in a small factory are of bad quality.小廠產(chǎn)的鞋子質(zhì)量差
反之，一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句可以轉(zhuǎn)化為分詞做定語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)
The man I introduced to you yesterday had just returned from Japan.
The man introduced to you by me yesterday had just…昨天我給你介紹的那人剛從日本回來(lái)
He is a man who is loved by all. à He is a man loved by all. 他是個(gè)大家所熱愛(ài)的人
The leaves that have fallen are collected by the cleaners. àThe fallen leaves are collected…
That letter I received last week was from Li. à The letter received last week was from Li.
【三】狀語(yǔ)從句的省略
??一般說(shuō)來(lái)省略現(xiàn)象多出現(xiàn)在下列五種狀語(yǔ)從句中：由 when ,while ,as ,before, after , till, until, once等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句；由whether ,if , unless 等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句；由 though , although ,even if ,whatever等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句；由 as ,than 等引導(dǎo)的比較狀語(yǔ)從句；由as, as if , as though 等引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句。上述狀語(yǔ)從句在省略時(shí)，并非任何成分都可以省略而是遵循下面原則：
??（1）當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)一致時(shí)且從句中含有BE動(dòng)詞的某種形式時(shí)，可以省略狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)和系動(dòng)詞be ，這時(shí)從句中可出現(xiàn)如下結(jié)構(gòu)：
??① 連詞（as, as if , once）+ 名詞
??如：Once (he was)a worker ,Pang Long now becomes a famous singer .龐龍?jiān)?jīng)是個(gè)工人，現(xiàn)在變成一位著名的歌手。
??②連詞（ though, whether , when）+形容詞
??如：Work hard when (you are) young ,or you'll regret.趁年輕要努力學(xué)習(xí)，要不然你會(huì)后悔的。
??③連詞(whether, as if ,while )+介詞短語(yǔ)
??如：He looked everywhere as if (he was)in search of something .他到處看似乎在找什么東西。
??④連詞(when , while , though )+ 現(xiàn)在分詞
??如：While (he was) holding talks with President Hu Jintao , US President George W. Bush thanked China for its important role in the Six-Party Talks.美國(guó)總統(tǒng)布什在與胡錦濤主席會(huì)談時(shí)，感謝中國(guó)在六方會(huì)談中起的重要作用。
??⑤ 連詞(when ,if ,even if ,unless ,once ,until, than , as ) + 過(guò)去分詞
??如：The exhibition is more interesting than (it was) expected .這次展覽比被預(yù)料的有趣的多
??⑥ 連詞(as if ,as though ) + 不定式
??如：Olympic gold medallist hurdler Liu Xiang opened his lips as if (he were) to speak .奧林匹克金牌獲得者跨欄運(yùn)動(dòng)員劉翔張開嘴好象要說(shuō)什么。
??（2）當(dāng)從句的主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)不一致，但從句主語(yǔ)是 it，從句中又含有系動(dòng)詞be 的某種形式時(shí) ，可以把it和系動(dòng)詞be一起省略。。如：Unless (it is) necessary ,you'd better not refer to the dictionary.如果沒(méi)有必要，你最好不要查字典。
??各種狀語(yǔ)從句的省略現(xiàn)象列舉如下：
?? 一、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中的省略
?? When (she was) very young, she began to learn to play the piano. 她很小時(shí)，就開始學(xué)習(xí)彈鋼琴。
?? While (I was) at college, I began to know him, a strange but able student. 我在上大學(xué)時(shí)就開始認(rèn)識(shí)他，一個(gè)奇怪但有能力的學(xué)生。
?? When arriving, send me a telegram. (When you arrive, send me a telegram.) 到達(dá)之后，來(lái)個(gè)電報(bào)。
?? Before leaving, turn off all the lights. (Before you leave, turn off all the lights.) 走之前，請(qǐng)關(guān)閉所有的燈。
?? Don’t come in until (you are) asked to. 不叫你請(qǐng)你不要進(jìn)來(lái)。
?? Whenever (it is )possible, you should come and help. 不管什么時(shí)候只要有可能就來(lái)幫忙。
?? You should let us know the result as soon as(it is) possible. 你應(yīng)盡快讓我們知道結(jié)果。
?? 注：as在引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，沒(méi)有這種省略現(xiàn)象。我們不可說(shuō)As walking, she found a nice shining thing on the ground.
?? 二、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句中的省略
?? 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句的省略常用下列結(jié)構(gòu)：where(ver) possible, where(ver) necessary,
?? Lay these books where possible you can find them easily. 把這些書放在你可能容易找到的地方。
?? Put in articles wherever necessary in the following passages. 在下列文章中需要的地方填入冠詞。
?? 三、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中的省略
?? 常用的句型是：if necessary, if possible, if true, if anyone等。如：
?? Send the goods now if (they are) ready. 貨物如果準(zhǔn)備好了，請(qǐng)送過(guò)來(lái)。
?? He will come if (he is) asked. 如果叫他來(lái)，他就來(lái)。
?? If (it is) necessary, ring me at home. 如果有可能，朝我家里打電話。
?? Come along with me if (it is) possible. 如果有可能和我一起去吧.。
?? If (it is) true, this will casue us a lot of trouble. 如果是真的，這會(huì)給我們帶來(lái)很多麻煩。
?? There are few people nowadays, if (there are) any, who remember him. 很少有人能記起他。
?? You should stay where you are, unless (you are) asked to leave. 你應(yīng)呆在你現(xiàn)在的地方不動(dòng)，除非叫你動(dòng)。
?? 四、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中的省略
?? He is a good man, though sometimes (he is) rather dull. 他真是個(gè)好人，盡管有時(shí)有點(diǎn)無(wú)聊。
?? Even if (I am ) invited to, I won’t go to such a bad lecture. 即使邀我去，我都不想聽如此壞的報(bào)告。
?? 五、比較狀語(yǔ)從句中的省略
?? She can play the piano just as wonderfully as you (do). 她鋼琴?gòu)椀奈夷銖椀囊粯雍谩?br />??She has finished the work earlier than (it has been ) expected.
??【四】with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
with結(jié)構(gòu)是許多英語(yǔ)復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中最常用的一種。學(xué)好它對(duì)學(xué)好復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)、不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)、動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)和獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)均能起很重
要的作用。本文就此的構(gòu)成、特點(diǎn)及用法等作一較全面闡述,以幫助同學(xué)們掌握這一重要的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)。
一、 with結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成
它是由介詞with或without+復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)成,復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作介詞with或without的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ),復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中第一部分賓語(yǔ)由名詞或代詞充當(dāng),第二
部分補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)由形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞不定式或分詞充當(dāng),分詞可以是現(xiàn)在分詞,也可以是過(guò)去分詞。With結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)成方式如下：
1. with或without-名詞/代詞+形容詞；
2. with或without-名詞/代詞+副詞；
3. with或without-名詞/代詞+介詞短語(yǔ)；
4. with或without-名詞/代詞 +動(dòng)詞不定式；
5. with或without-名詞/代詞 +分詞。
下面分別舉例：
1、 She came into the room,with her nose red because of cold.(with+名詞+形容詞,作伴隨狀語(yǔ))
2、 With the meal over , we all went home.(with+名詞+副詞,作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ))
3、The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm。(with+名詞+介詞短語(yǔ),作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。) The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his hand.
4、He lay in the dark empty house,with not a man ,woman or child to say he was kind to me.(with+名詞+不定式,作伴隨狀語(yǔ)) He could not finish it without me to help him.(without+代詞 +不定式,作條件狀語(yǔ))
5、She fell asleep with the light burning.(with+名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 ,作伴隨狀語(yǔ)) Without anything left in the cupboard, shewent out to get something to eat.(without+代詞+過(guò)去分詞,作為原因狀語(yǔ))
二、with結(jié)構(gòu)的用法
在句子中with結(jié)構(gòu)多數(shù)充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ),表示行為方式,伴隨情況、時(shí)間、原因或條件(詳見(jiàn)上述例句)。
With結(jié)構(gòu)在句中也可以作定語(yǔ)。例如：
1.I like eating the mooncakes with eggs.
2.From space the earth looks like a huge water-covered globe with a few patches of land sticking out above the water.
3.A little boy with two of his front teeth missing ran into the house.
三、 with結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)
1. with結(jié)構(gòu)由介詞with或without+復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)成。復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中第一部分與第二部分語(yǔ)法上是賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)關(guān)系,而在邏輯上,卻具有主謂關(guān)系,也就是說(shuō),可以用第一部分作主語(yǔ),第二部分作謂語(yǔ),構(gòu)成一個(gè)句子。例如： With him taken care of,we felt quite relieved.(欣慰)→(He was taken good care of.) She fell asleep with the light burning. →(The light was burning.) With her hair gone,there could be no use for them. →(Her hair was gone.)
2. 在with結(jié)構(gòu)中,第一部分為人稱代詞時(shí),則該用賓格代詞。例如： He could not finish it without me to help him.
四、 幾點(diǎn)說(shuō)明：
1. with結(jié)構(gòu)在句子中的位置： with 結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作狀語(yǔ),表示時(shí)間、條件、原因時(shí)一般放在句子前面,并用逗號(hào)與句子分開；表示方式和伴隨狀況時(shí)一般放在句子后面,不用逗號(hào)分開。若with結(jié)構(gòu)作定語(yǔ),則放在所修飾的名詞之后,一般不用逗號(hào)隔開。
2. with結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞 、和過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別： 在with結(jié)構(gòu)中,不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ),表示主動(dòng),但是不定式表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,而現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在發(fā)生或發(fā)生了的動(dòng)作；過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)或完成。
例如： With the boy leading the way,we found he house easily.(小男孩已領(lǐng)過(guò)路)
With the boy to lead the way,we will find the house easily tomorrow.(小男孩明天將領(lǐng)路)
He lay on the bed with the bedroom door shut.(寢室被關(guān)著)
3. with結(jié)構(gòu)與一般的with短語(yǔ)的區(qū)別： with結(jié)構(gòu)具有上述功能和特點(diǎn),而"介詞with+名詞或代詞(組)"組成的一般的with短語(yǔ)在句子中可以作定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),它能表示動(dòng)作的方式、原因,但不能表示時(shí)間、伴隨和條件。在一般的with短語(yǔ)中,with后面所跟的不是復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),也根本沒(méi)有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。
4. with結(jié)構(gòu)與獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)系： with結(jié)構(gòu)屬于獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),但在結(jié)構(gòu)上,with結(jié)構(gòu)由介詞with或without引導(dǎo),名詞前有冠詞、形容詞、所有格代詞或其它詞類所修飾,結(jié)構(gòu)較松散；而獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)沒(méi)有with或without引導(dǎo),結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)密,名詞前可用可不用修飾語(yǔ)。在句法功能上,with結(jié)構(gòu)可以作定語(yǔ),獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)則不能；獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)通常在句中作狀語(yǔ),但也可以作主語(yǔ),而with結(jié)構(gòu)則不能。
獨(dú)立主格在口語(yǔ)中不常用,往往由一個(gè)從句代替,而with結(jié)構(gòu)較口語(yǔ)化,較常用。例如：
There were rows of white houses with trees in front of them.("with+復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)"結(jié)構(gòu),在句中作定語(yǔ))
A strong man working a whole day could not jump this high.(名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),作主語(yǔ))
The boy said,turning to the man,his eyes opened wide and his hand raised.(獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),表示伴隨狀況或行為方式,作狀語(yǔ))
Then last night,I followed him here,and climbed in,sword in hand.(名詞+介詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),作狀語(yǔ),表示伴隨情況) board, she went out to get something to eat.(without+代詞+過(guò)去分詞,作為原因狀語(yǔ))
1. John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work _______, he gladly accepted it.（2007 安徽）
A. finished B. finishing
C. having finished D. was finished
2.----Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.
----Sorry. With so much work _______ my mind, I almost break down. (2007 福建)
A. filled B. filling
C. to fill D. being filled
3.I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise _______.（2005 北京）
A. going on B. goes on
C. went on D. to go on
4.________ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend.(2004 北京)
A. With B. Besides
C. As for D/ Because of
5.It was a pity that the great writer died _______ his works unfinished.(2004 福建)
A. for B. with
C. from D. of
6. The young woman _______ a baby sleeping in her arms was wandering in the street.
A. with B.because C. on D. like
7. Everyone should go to sleep with the light turned off.
A. as B. with C. for D. on
8. _______ so many homework to do, Mary won’t have time to play with her friends this morning.
A. Without B. With C. By D. Because
9. _______ the door open, the noise of the machines is almost deafening.
A. Because B. As C. With D. Because of
10. _______ his mother out, he had to stay at home alone.
A. As B.For C. Because D. With
11. _______ all things considered, her proposal is of greater than his
A. Like B.With C. On D. Without
12. _______ time permitting, we will visit the Summer Palace.
A. By B. On C. With D. As
參考答案：1-5ABAAB
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