高一英語【北師大版】必修一語法
【一】分詞作狀語的區(qū)別
（1）現在分詞與過去分詞作狀語的區(qū)別。
現在分詞做狀語與過去分詞做狀語的最主要區(qū)別在于兩者與所修飾的主語的主動與被動關系的區(qū)別。
1）現在分詞作狀語時，現在分詞的動作就是句子主語的動作，它們之間的關系是主動關系。
He went out ，shutting the door behind him.
他出去后將門隨手關上。
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.
由于不知如何辦是好，他去找父母幫忙。
2）過去分詞作狀語時，過去分詞表示的動作是句子主語承受的動作，它們之間的關系是被動關系。
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
如果對這些樹多關心一些，它們本來會長得更好。
Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.
在遇到困難的時候，我們必須設法克服。
Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet.
Given more encouragement, the boy could have behaved better
2)分詞作狀語放在句子開頭，除表示原因之外有時表示時間或條件。動詞不定式作狀語時，除了表示目的以外，還表示結果或原因。
Reading attentively，he forgot the time for lunch．由于在專心讀書，他忘了吃午飯的時間。(原因)
Reading carefully，he found something he had not known before．他仔細讀書時，發(fā)現了一些從前不知道的東西。(時間)
Reading carefully，you'll learn something new．只要你仔細閱讀，你會學到一些新的東西。(條件)
作賓補時，如果動詞和賓語之間是主動關系，用現在分詞； 如果是被動關系或者表示狀態(tài)，用過去分詞
we left him crying outside the gate.
we found his hands tied behind his back.
we found the world outside changed. 狀態(tài)
用過去分詞還是現在分詞做定語的判斷關鍵：名詞與該動作的關系
【二】分詞作定語的區(qū)別
1. 現在分詞做定語：
從功能上看，現在分詞做定語表示 1）主動（及物）；2）進行（不及物）。
做定語：相當于一個定語從句 (主動)
Do you know the boy standing at the door?
à Do you know the boy who is standing at the door?
A developing country needs aids. àA country that/which is developing needs aids.
They lived in a house facing the south
àThey lived in a house that faced the south.
The man wearing a red tie is our head.
àThe man who wears a red tie(戴紅領帶) is our head.
The workers working in the factory are well-paid.
àThe workers who are working in the factory are well-paid.
在這家工廠工作的工人報酬很好
2．過去分詞做定語
從功能上看，過去分詞做定語表示1）被動（及物）；2）完成（不及物）。
做定語：相當于一個定語從句（被動），有時侯也表示完成的
The broken window was repaired this morning.
The window broken yesterday was….
àThe window that/which was broken yesterday was…..昨天被打破的玻璃今早被修好了
The sold hamburgers are not to my taste.
The hamburgers sold in this chain are not to…..這家連鎖店賣的漢堡不適合我的口味
The hamburgers that/which are sold in this chain are not to….
The arrived guests will be led in.（此過去分詞表示完成）
The guests arrived just now will….剛到的客人將會被帶進來
The guests who arrived just now will be….
The book that was written by Wang sells well.
àThe book written by Wang sells well.
The tie that is worn by our head is made in Shanghai.
àThe tie worn by our head is made in SH
The shoes (that were) made in a small factory are of bad quality.小廠產的鞋子質量差
反之，一個定語從句可以轉化為分詞做定語的結構
The man I introduced to you yesterday had just returned from Japan.
The man introduced to you by me yesterday had just…昨天我給你介紹的那人剛從日本回來
He is a man who is loved by all. à He is a man loved by all. 他是個大家所熱愛的人
The leaves that have fallen are collected by the cleaners. àThe fallen leaves are collected…
That letter I received last week was from Li. à The letter received last week was from Li.
【三】狀語從句的省略
??一般說來省略現象多出現在下列五種狀語從句中：由 when ,while ,as ,before, after , till, until, once等引導的時間狀語從句；由whether ,if , unless 等引導的條件狀語從句；由 though , although ,even if ,whatever等引導的讓步狀語從句；由 as ,than 等引導的比較狀語從句；由as, as if , as though 等引導的方式狀語從句。上述狀語從句在省略時，并非任何成分都可以省略而是遵循下面原則：
??（1）當狀語從句的主語與主句的主語一致時且從句中含有BE動詞的某種形式時，可以省略狀語從句的主語和系動詞be ，這時從句中可出現如下結構：
??① 連詞（as, as if , once）+ 名詞
??如：Once (he was)a worker ,Pang Long now becomes a famous singer .龐龍曾經是個工人，現在變成一位著名的歌手。
??②連詞（ though, whether , when）+形容詞
??如：Work hard when (you are) young ,or you'll regret.趁年輕要努力學習，要不然你會后悔的。
??③連詞(whether, as if ,while )+介詞短語
??如：He looked everywhere as if (he was)in search of something .他到處看似乎在找什么東西。
??④連詞(when , while , though )+ 現在分詞
??如：While (he was) holding talks with President Hu Jintao , US President George W. Bush thanked China for its important role in the Six-Party Talks.美國總統(tǒng)布什在與胡錦濤主席會談時，感謝中國在六方會談中起的重要作用。
??⑤ 連詞(when ,if ,even if ,unless ,once ,until, than , as ) + 過去分詞
??如：The exhibition is more interesting than (it was) expected .這次展覽比被預料的有趣的多
??⑥ 連詞(as if ,as though ) + 不定式
??如：Olympic gold medallist hurdler Liu Xiang opened his lips as if (he were) to speak .奧林匹克金牌獲得者跨欄運動員劉翔張開嘴好象要說什么。
??（2）當從句的主語與主句的主語不一致，但從句主語是 it，從句中又含有系動詞be 的某種形式時 ，可以把it和系動詞be一起省略。。如：Unless (it is) necessary ,you'd better not refer to the dictionary.如果沒有必要，你最好不要查字典。
??各種狀語從句的省略現象列舉如下：
?? 一、時間狀語從句中的省略
?? When (she was) very young, she began to learn to play the piano. 她很小時，就開始學習彈鋼琴。
?? While (I was) at college, I began to know him, a strange but able student. 我在上大學時就開始認識他，一個奇怪但有能力的學生。
?? When arriving, send me a telegram. (When you arrive, send me a telegram.) 到達之后，來個電報。
?? Before leaving, turn off all the lights. (Before you leave, turn off all the lights.) 走之前，請關閉所有的燈。
?? Don’t come in until (you are) asked to. 不叫你請你不要進來。
?? Whenever (it is )possible, you should come and help. 不管什么時候只要有可能就來幫忙。
?? You should let us know the result as soon as(it is) possible. 你應盡快讓我們知道結果。
?? 注：as在引導時間狀語從句時，沒有這種省略現象。我們不可說As walking, she found a nice shining thing on the ground.
?? 二、地點狀語從句中的省略
?? 地點狀語從句的省略常用下列結構：where(ver) possible, where(ver) necessary,
?? Lay these books where possible you can find them easily. 把這些書放在你可能容易找到的地方。
?? Put in articles wherever necessary in the following passages. 在下列文章中需要的地方填入冠詞。
?? 三、條件狀語從句中的省略
?? 常用的句型是：if necessary, if possible, if true, if anyone等。如：
?? Send the goods now if (they are) ready. 貨物如果準備好了，請送過來。
?? He will come if (he is) asked. 如果叫他來，他就來。
?? If (it is) necessary, ring me at home. 如果有可能，朝我家里打電話。
?? Come along with me if (it is) possible. 如果有可能和我一起去吧.。
?? If (it is) true, this will casue us a lot of trouble. 如果是真的，這會給我們帶來很多麻煩。
?? There are few people nowadays, if (there are) any, who remember him. 很少有人能記起他。
?? You should stay where you are, unless (you are) asked to leave. 你應呆在你現在的地方不動，除非叫你動。
?? 四、讓步狀語從句中的省略
?? He is a good man, though sometimes (he is) rather dull. 他真是個好人，盡管有時有點無聊。
?? Even if (I am ) invited to, I won’t go to such a bad lecture. 即使邀我去，我都不想聽如此壞的報告。
?? 五、比較狀語從句中的省略
?? She can play the piano just as wonderfully as you (do). 她鋼琴彈的我你彈的一樣好。
??She has finished the work earlier than (it has been ) expected.
??【四】with復合結構
with結構是許多英語復合結構中最常用的一種。學好它對學好復合賓語結構、不定式復合結構、動名詞復合結構和獨立主格結構均能起很重
要的作用。本文就此的構成、特點及用法等作一較全面闡述,以幫助同學們掌握這一重要的語法知識。
一、 with結構的構成
它是由介詞with或without+復合結構構成,復合結構作介詞with或without的復合賓語,復合賓語中第一部分賓語由名詞或代詞充當,第二
部分補足語由形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、動詞不定式或分詞充當,分詞可以是現在分詞,也可以是過去分詞。With結構構成方式如下：
1. with或without-名詞/代詞+形容詞；
2. with或without-名詞/代詞+副詞；
3. with或without-名詞/代詞+介詞短語；
4. with或without-名詞/代詞 +動詞不定式；
5. with或without-名詞/代詞 +分詞。
下面分別舉例：
1、 She came into the room,with her nose red because of cold.(with+名詞+形容詞,作伴隨狀語)
2、 With the meal over , we all went home.(with+名詞+副詞,作時間狀語)
3、The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm。(with+名詞+介詞短語,作伴隨狀語。) The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his hand.
4、He lay in the dark empty house,with not a man ,woman or child to say he was kind to me.(with+名詞+不定式,作伴隨狀語) He could not finish it without me to help him.(without+代詞 +不定式,作條件狀語)
5、She fell asleep with the light burning.(with+名詞+現在分詞 ,作伴隨狀語) Without anything left in the cupboard, shewent out to get something to eat.(without+代詞+過去分詞,作為原因狀語)
二、with結構的用法
在句子中with結構多數充當狀語,表示行為方式,伴隨情況、時間、原因或條件(詳見上述例句)。
With結構在句中也可以作定語。例如：
1.I like eating the mooncakes with eggs.
2.From space the earth looks like a huge water-covered globe with a few patches of land sticking out above the water.
3.A little boy with two of his front teeth missing ran into the house.
三、 with結構的特點
1. with結構由介詞with或without+復合結構構成。復合結構中第一部分與第二部分語法上是賓語和賓語補足語關系,而在邏輯上,卻具有主謂關系,也就是說,可以用第一部分作主語,第二部分作謂語,構成一個句子。例如： With him taken care of,we felt quite relieved.(欣慰)→(He was taken good care of.) She fell asleep with the light burning. →(The light was burning.) With her hair gone,there could be no use for them. →(Her hair was gone.)
2. 在with結構中,第一部分為人稱代詞時,則該用賓格代詞。例如： He could not finish it without me to help him.
四、 幾點說明：
1. with結構在句子中的位置： with 結構在句中作狀語,表示時間、條件、原因時一般放在句子前面,并用逗號與句子分開；表示方式和伴隨狀況時一般放在句子后面,不用逗號分開。若with結構作定語,則放在所修飾的名詞之后,一般不用逗號隔開。
2. with結構作狀語時,不定式、現在分詞 、和過去分詞的區(qū)別： 在with結構中,不定式、現在分詞作賓補,表示主動,但是不定式表示將要發(fā)生的動作,而現在分詞表示正在發(fā)生或發(fā)生了的動作；過去分詞表示被動或完成。
例如： With the boy leading the way,we found he house easily.(小男孩已領過路)
With the boy to lead the way,we will find the house easily tomorrow.(小男孩明天將領路)
He lay on the bed with the bedroom door shut.(寢室被關著)
3. with結構與一般的with短語的區(qū)別： with結構具有上述功能和特點,而"介詞with+名詞或代詞(組)"組成的一般的with短語在句子中可以作定語和狀語。作狀語時,它能表示動作的方式、原因,但不能表示時間、伴隨和條件。在一般的with短語中,with后面所跟的不是復合結構,也根本沒有邏輯上的主謂關系。
4. with結構與獨立主格結構的關系： with結構屬于獨立主格結構,但在結構上,with結構由介詞with或without引導,名詞前有冠詞、形容詞、所有格代詞或其它詞類所修飾,結構較松散；而獨立主格結構沒有with或without引導,結構嚴密,名詞前可用可不用修飾語。在句法功能上,with結構可以作定語,獨立主格結構則不能；獨立主格結構通常在句中作狀語,但也可以作主語,而with結構則不能。
獨立主格在口語中不常用,往往由一個從句代替,而with結構較口語化,較常用。例如：
There were rows of white houses with trees in front of them.("with+復合賓語"結構,在句中作定語)
A strong man working a whole day could not jump this high.(名詞+現在分詞構成的獨立主格結構,作主語)
The boy said,turning to the man,his eyes opened wide and his hand raised.(獨立主格結構,表示伴隨狀況或行為方式,作狀語)
Then last night,I followed him here,and climbed in,sword in hand.(名詞+介詞短語構成的獨立主格結構,作狀語,表示伴隨情況) board, she went out to get something to eat.(without+代詞+過去分詞,作為原因狀語)
1. John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work _______, he gladly accepted it.（2007 安徽）
A. finished B. finishing
C. having finished D. was finished
2.----Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.
----Sorry. With so much work _______ my mind, I almost break down. (2007 福建)
A. filled B. filling
C. to fill D. being filled
3.I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise _______.（2005 北京）
A. going on B. goes on
C. went on D. to go on
4.________ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend.(2004 北京)
A. With B. Besides
C. As for D/ Because of
5.It was a pity that the great writer died _______ his works unfinished.(2004 福建)
A. for B. with
C. from D. of
6. The young woman _______ a baby sleeping in her arms was wandering in the street.
A. with B.because C. on D. like
7. Everyone should go to sleep with the light turned off.
A. as B. with C. for D. on
8. _______ so many homework to do, Mary won’t have time to play with her friends this morning.
A. Without B. With C. By D. Because
9. _______ the door open, the noise of the machines is almost deafening.
A. Because B. As C. With D. Because of
10. _______ his mother out, he had to stay at home alone.
A. As B.For C. Because D. With
11. _______ all things considered, her proposal is of greater than his
A. Like B.With C. On D. Without
12. _______ time permitting, we will visit the Summer Palace.
A. By B. On C. With D. As
參考答案：1-5ABAAB
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