高一英語(yǔ)必修4重要詞匯拓展1 achievement n.成就，功績(jī)→achieve v.達(dá)到，完成，實(shí)現(xiàn)2 welfare n 福利事業(yè)，福利3. project n.方案, 計(jì)劃,, 設(shè)計(jì)，工程, 企業(yè), 事業(yè)，科研項(xiàng)目; 課外自修項(xiàng)目 vi. ①伸出, 突出 ②設(shè)想自已處身于(into)4. specialist n.專家，專業(yè)工作者→special adj.特殊的，專門的→specialize vi.專攻，專門從事5. connection n.連接，關(guān)系→connect v.連接6. condition n. 狀況（不可數(shù)），條件（可數(shù)），環(huán)境（復(fù)數(shù)）on no condition 決不7.organization n.組織，機(jī)構(gòu)，團(tuán)體 organize—vt.組織;籌備, 成立; 使加入工會(huì)，使有條理8.behave v.舉止，表現(xiàn)→behavior n.行為，舉止9. shade n.陰涼處 v.遮住光線10.▲ worthwhile adj.值得的，值得做的 It is worthwhile doing sth./ to do sth. worth adj.值„„，值得„„ be worth doingworthy adj.值得做的，可尊敬的 be worthy of sth/ being done be worthy to be done11. observe v.觀察，觀測(cè)，遵守→observation n.觀察，觀測(cè)12. respect v./n.尊敬，尊重，敬意→respectable adj.值得尊敬的，正派的，體面地→respectful adj.有禮貌的，恭敬的13. argue .v.爭(zhēng)論，辯論→argument n.爭(zhēng)論，辯論 argued-adj 引起爭(zhēng)論的14.entertainment-n 款待，娛樂(lè) entertain-v 款待；招待，娛樂(lè)，抱有，懷著（想法、疑問(wèn)）15. crowd n.人群，觀眾 v.擠滿，使擁擠→crowded adj.擁擠的16. inspire v.鼓舞，激發(fā)→inspired adj.受到鼓舞的，有靈感的→inspiring adj.鼓舞人的→inspiration n.鼓舞，靈感17 support v.支持，擁護(hù)→supporter n.支持者，擁護(hù)者18.refer-vi 談到，查閱，參考19.intend v.計(jì)劃，打算→intention n.打算，目的，意圖20.considerate adj.考慮周到的→consider v.考慮，認(rèn)為→consideration n考慮，體諒→considering prep考慮到21.kind adj 仁慈的，和善的，友愛(ài)的kindness ?n 仁慈，好意，善良22.deliver v.遞送，生（小孩），接生，發(fā)表（演講等）→delivery n.投遞，交貨，分娩23.modest adj 謙虛的，謙讓的，適度的重點(diǎn)短語(yǔ)梳理1 devote„to (doing) sth.把„奉獻(xiàn)給devote oneself to致力于，獻(xiàn)身于 be devoted to專心致志于2 human beings 人類3 move off 離開，啟程，出發(fā)4 lead a„life 過(guò)著„„的生活5 crowd in 涌上心頭，涌入腦海6 look down on/ upon 蔑視，瞧不起7 refer to 查閱，參考，談到 (其中，to為介詞)8 by chance 碰巧，湊巧9. come across 偶遇，碰見(jiàn)10. carry on 繼續(xù)，堅(jiān)持 carry out 實(shí)行，執(zhí)行，完成11. be dressed in 穿著„ dress as 打扮成„12.fight for 為„.而戰(zhàn) fight against 與„戰(zhàn)斗13.put to death判死刑14. concern oneself with„關(guān)注„ 注意„15.intend to do sth./ doing sth. 打算做某事16. in the shade of 在„的樹蔭下，在„的庇護(hù)下17.gain doctor’s degree 獲得博士學(xué)位18. be considered as 被看做„.19.take turns to do sth 采取步驟做某事20.do research on„ 做„方

方面的研究21.mean to do 打算做某事 mean doing 意味著22. by now 直到現(xiàn)在重點(diǎn)句型再現(xiàn)1 She spent years observing and recording their daily activities.她花去多年的時(shí)間觀察和記錄它們的日�；顒�(dòng)。（spend+時(shí)間/金錢+doing sth 花時(shí)間或金錢去做某事）2 Only after her mother came to help her for the first few months was she allowed to begin her project. 她的母親頭幾個(gè)月來(lái)幫過(guò)她的忙；這才使她得以開始自己的計(jì)劃。（only位于句首并修飾狀語(yǔ)，句子要發(fā)生部分倒裝，將助動(dòng)詞或聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞置于主語(yǔ)之前） 3 Following Jane’s way of studing chimps, our group are all going to visit them in the forest. 我們一行人將按照J(rèn)ane研究猩猩的方法去森林里拜訪他們。（-ing作方式狀語(yǔ)。注意非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)的區(qū)別：-ing主動(dòng)/進(jìn)行/延續(xù)，-ed被動(dòng)/過(guò)去，to do主動(dòng)/將來(lái)）4.It seemed that she had been very busy in her chosen carrer travelling abroad to study as well as writing books and articles 看起來(lái)她忙于所選擇的和寫作一樣的到國(guó)外研究。（It seemed that+從句：似乎是，看起來(lái)好像是。 as well as 還有）5.What made her succeed later on was the kindness and consideration she showed to all her patients后來(lái)使她成功的是她對(duì)所有病人獻(xiàn)出的愛(ài)心和體貼。（What made her succeed主語(yǔ)從句。了解what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句的譯法，明白它們?cè)诰渲械某煞郑鹤髦髡Z(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)）語(yǔ)法剖析（主謂一致）主謂一致，指人稱和數(shù)方面的一致關(guān)系。分為:語(yǔ)法一致, 內(nèi)容一致, 就近一致。(一) 語(yǔ)法一致原則: 即主語(yǔ)為單數(shù),謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù),主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù),謂語(yǔ)也用復(fù)數(shù)。以下為注意事項(xiàng):1. 單數(shù)主語(yǔ)即使后面帶有with , along with, together with, like(象), but (除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)。如: Air as well as water is matter. 空氣和水都是物質(zhì)。No one except two servants was late for the dinner. 除了兩個(gè)仆人外, 沒(méi)有一個(gè)人遲來(lái)用餐。2. 用and連接的并列主語(yǔ),如果主語(yǔ)是同一個(gè)人,同一事,同一概念, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù), 否則用復(fù)數(shù)。如:The poet and writer has come. 那位詩(shī)人兼作家來(lái)了.(一個(gè)人)A hammer and a saw are useful tools. 錘子和鋸都是有用的工具. (兩樣物)用and連接的成對(duì)名詞習(xí)慣上被看成是一個(gè)整體, 如:bread and butter(黃油抹面包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。3. 不定式(短語(yǔ)), 動(dòng)名詞(短語(yǔ)), 或從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù). 如:Serving the people is my great happiness.為人民服務(wù)是我最大的幸福.When we’ll go out for an outing has been decided.我們什么時(shí)候出去郊游已決定了。4. 用連接的并列主語(yǔ)被each, every 或no修飾時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming. 每個(gè)男孩和每個(gè)女孩都喜歡去游泳. No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting. 沒(méi)有老師也沒(méi)有學(xué)生開會(huì)缺席. Each man and (each) woman is asked to help. 每個(gè)男人和每個(gè)女人都被請(qǐng)去幫忙。5. each of + 復(fù)數(shù)代詞, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù). 復(fù)數(shù)代詞+each, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

用單數(shù).如:Each of us has something to say. 我們每個(gè)人都有話要說(shuō)。6. 若主語(yǔ)中有more than one 或many a/an , 盡管從意義上看是復(fù)數(shù), 但它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)。 但more+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+than one做主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用復(fù)數(shù). 如:Many a boy likes playing basketball. 許多男生都喜歡打籃球.More than one student was late. 不只一個(gè)學(xué)生遲到More persons than one come to help us. 不止一個(gè)人來(lái)幫助我們。7. none 做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù), 也可用復(fù)數(shù); 但在代表不可數(shù)的東西時(shí)總是看作單數(shù),因而謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù). 如:None of us are (is) perfect. 人無(wú)完人。None of this worries me. 這事一點(diǎn)不使我著急。8. 名詞如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須用復(fù)數(shù). 如: His clothes are good. 但這些名詞前若出現(xiàn) a pair of , 謂語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù).如:A pair of glasses is on the desk. 桌上有一副眼鏡。9. 形復(fù)意單名詞如:news ; 以ics 結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱如: physics, mathematics, economics; 國(guó)名如: the United States; 報(bào)紙名如: the New Times; 書名如: Arabian Night <天方夜談>; 以及The United Nations<聯(lián)合國(guó)> 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。10. “a +名詞+and a half “, “one and a half + 名詞”, “the number of + 名詞” 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù). 如:Only one and a half apples is left on the table.注意: one or two + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式, 如:One or two places have been visited. 參觀了一兩個(gè)地點(diǎn)。(二) 內(nèi)容一致原則:1.主語(yǔ)中有all, half, most, the rest等, 以及”分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞”做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于連用的名詞.如:The rest of the bikes are on sale today. 剩下的自行車， 今天出售。60%of the apple was eaten by little boy. 這個(gè)蘋果的60%都被這個(gè)小男孩吃了。 Most of the apples were rotten. 大部分的蘋果都是爛的。Most of the apple was eaten by a rat. 這個(gè)蘋果的大部分被老鼠吃了。2. 不定數(shù)量的詞組, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),第3 / 7頁(yè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于量詞后面名詞的數(shù).如:A part of the textbooks have arrived. 一小部分教科書已運(yùn)到。A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig. 這個(gè)蘋果的一部分被豬吃光了。3. 加減乘除用單數(shù).如:Fifteen minus five is ten . 15減去5等于10。4. 表示時(shí)間, 金錢, 距離, 度量等的名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí), 盡管是復(fù)數(shù)形式, 它們做為一個(gè)單一的概念時(shí), 其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).如:Ten miles is a good distance. 十英里是一個(gè)相當(dāng)?shù)木嚯x。5. (1) 通常作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞. 包括police , people, cattle 等, 這些集體名詞通常用作復(fù)數(shù).如:The British police have only very limited powers.(2) 通常作不可數(shù)名詞的集體名詞. 包括equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等.(3) 可作單數(shù)也可作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞. 包括 audience, committee, government, family, enemy, group, party, team, public 等.如:The committee has/have decided to

dismiss him. 委員會(huì)決定解雇他。6. the +形容詞/過(guò)去分詞形式”表示一類人或事物, 作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù).如: The injured were saved after the fire.(三) 就近原則1. 由here, there, where 等引導(dǎo)的倒裝句中, (有時(shí)主語(yǔ)不止一個(gè)時(shí))謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與靠近它的主語(yǔ)在數(shù)上一致.如:Here comes the bus 公共汽車來(lái)了.Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you. 給你一支鋼筆和幾張紙。Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away?你不在這兒的時(shí)候, 你愛(ài)人和孩子在哪兒呆呢？2. 用連詞or, either.... or, neither„.nor, not only„.but also 等連接的并列主語(yǔ), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與靠近它的主語(yǔ)在數(shù)上一致。 如：Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 學(xué)生和老師都不知道這事. He or you have taken my pen. 他或你拿了我的鋼筆。注意: one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+who/that/which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中, 定語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞為復(fù)數(shù)。如： Mary is one of those people who keep pets. 瑪麗是飼養(yǎng)寵物者之一。The only one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+ who/that./which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中，定語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)為單數(shù)。 Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets. 瑪麗是唯一一個(gè)飼養(yǎng)寵物的人。重要詞匯拓展1 sunburn v.日曬，曬黑→sunburnt adj.曬黑的2 struggle v./n.掙扎，奮斗，努力 struggle against struggle for struggle with 3 decade n.十年，十年期4 super n.冗員, 額外人員; [口]特級(jí)品, 特大號(hào)商品; 超級(jí)市場(chǎng)adj特級(jí)的, 極好的, 非凡的5. hunger n.饑餓，渴望/v.使饑餓→hungry adj.饑餓的；渴望的6.output n. 產(chǎn)量，輸出，input 輸入，消費(fèi)7.disturbing adj 引起煩惱的，令人不安的，disturb v. 打擾，麻煩8.expand vt.擴(kuò)大, 擴(kuò)展,張開, 使發(fā), 詳談; 引伸9. circulate v.循環(huán)，流通→circulation n.循環(huán)，流傳第4 / 7頁(yè)10. battle n.戰(zhàn)役，戰(zhàn)斗 v.搏斗，奮斗11. therefore adv.因此，所以12. rid vt 擺脫，除去13.freedom n 自由，自主→ free adj 自由的，免費(fèi)的14.equip v.配備，裝備→equipment n.設(shè)備15. export v.輸出，出口 n.輸出（品）→import v.輸入，進(jìn)口 n.進(jìn)口（品）16.nationality n 國(guó)籍，national adj 國(guó)家的，民族的 nation n. 國(guó)家17.occupation n 工作，職業(yè)，占領(lǐng) occupy v.占用，使從事，把注意力集中于...占領(lǐng), 占據(jù)18.confuse v.使迷惑，使為難→confused adj.感到迷惑的 confusing adj.令人迷惑的 19 regret v./n.后悔，遺憾→regretful adj.后悔的，遺憾的20.production n.生產(chǎn)，制造，productive 可生產(chǎn)的，可制造的，produce ?v 生產(chǎn)，制造21.discovery n. 發(fā)現(xiàn)，發(fā)覺(jué)，discover-v 發(fā)現(xiàn)，22.focus v. 集中，聚焦，n 焦點(diǎn)，中心點(diǎn)23. reduce v.減少，縮減→reduction n.減少，縮減24 comment n./v.評(píng)論，議論重點(diǎn)短語(yǔ)梳理1 if not 如果不„. If so 如果這樣，2.consider oneself sth 自認(rèn)為是„ consider sb sth 認(rèn)為某人是„3.since then 從那時(shí)起4.search for a way to do sth 尋找做某事的途徑。5.thanks to 幸虧，由于，因?yàn)?（to為介詞）6.rid„of„ 擺脫，除去 get

rid of 除去„7. be satisfied with 對(duì)„„感到滿意8 would rather do than do寧愿，寧可„也不„=would do rather than do9with the hope of 滿懷希望..10.in some way 在某種程度上11.cause damage to 對(duì)„ 造成危害。12.build up 增強(qiáng)，強(qiáng)大13. lead to 導(dǎo)致，造成(to為介詞)14. focus on 集中（注意力、精力等）于15. keep„from/of 使„„免受（影響、傷害等）重點(diǎn)句型再現(xiàn)1. Dr Yuan Longping grows what is called super hybrid rice.袁隆平博士種植的是被稱為“超級(jí)雜交水稻”的稻種。（what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句在句中作賓語(yǔ)）2. The special strain of rice makes it possible to produce one-third more of the crop in the same field. 這種特殊的稻種使得同樣的田地多收獲三分之一的產(chǎn)量。（makes it possible 中it為形式賓語(yǔ)，to do不定式短語(yǔ)為真正賓語(yǔ)）3. It’s a great pity that 很遺憾的是„.4.Using his hybrid rice，farmers are producing harvest twice as large as before.由于使用了他的雜質(zhì)水稻，農(nóng)民的豐收是以前的兩倍。第5 / 7頁(yè)（-ing動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)作原因狀語(yǔ)）語(yǔ)法剖析（非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞---動(dòng)詞的-ing形式作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)）一、動(dòng)詞-ing形式作主語(yǔ)● 動(dòng)詞-ing形式作主語(yǔ)常用來(lái)表示經(jīng)常性和習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。動(dòng)詞-ing形式作主語(yǔ)通常放在句首，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式。例如：Listening to music is my sister’s hobby.● 動(dòng)詞-ing形式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，為了保持句子平衡，可以用it作形式主語(yǔ)。常用的結(jié)構(gòu)：1. It is + no use / no good / useless etc.+ v-ing2. It is + nice / good / interesting / a waste of „ etc. + v-ing 例如：It is no use crying over spilt milk.二、動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)● 動(dòng)詞-ing形式既可作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，又可作介詞的賓語(yǔ)。1. 以下動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ)只接動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)：admit, avoid, appreciate, consider, enjoy, escape, finish, keep, mind, miss, suggest等動(dòng)詞; can’t stand, give up, feel like, keep on, think of, set about, dream of 等短語(yǔ)。2. 在下列短語(yǔ)中，to是介詞，后面應(yīng)用動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)：be / get used to, look forward to, devote„to, pay attention to, object to等。3. 下列動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ)既可以跟動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)，也可以跟不定式作賓語(yǔ)，但意義上有區(qū)別：● like, love, prefer如表示經(jīng)常性的行為后接動(dòng)詞-ing形式；如表示具體的行為常用動(dòng)詞不定式，但要注意：如果like, love, prefer前有would，后面則接動(dòng)詞不定式。如：Would you like to go shopping with me?● 下列幾組詞接動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)和不定式作賓語(yǔ)含義不同：forget doing 忘記已做過(guò)某事； forget to do 忘記要做某事remember doing 記得做過(guò)某事； remember to do 記住要做某事mean doing 意思是，意味著； mean to do 打算做regret doing 后悔做過(guò)某事; regret to do 遺憾要做某事can’t help doing 禁不住做； can’t help (to) do 不能幫忙做�！� 在allow, permit, advise等動(dòng)詞后直接跟動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)，如果這些詞后面有名詞或代詞作賓語(yǔ)，其后要用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如：We don’t

allow smoking in the classroom.We don’t allow students to smoke.● 動(dòng)詞need, require, want作“需要”解時(shí)，其后用動(dòng)詞-ing的主動(dòng)形式或不定式的被動(dòng)形式作賓語(yǔ)，這時(shí)動(dòng)詞-ing的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。如：Your coat wants washing. = Your coat wants to be washed.三、動(dòng)詞-ing的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)動(dòng)詞-ing的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)即：物主代詞或名詞所有格(作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)也可以用代詞賓格或名詞普通格) + 動(dòng)詞-ing。如：Lucy’s turning up surprised everyone present.Would you mind my / me using your mobile phone?四、動(dòng)詞-ing的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)以及否定形式動(dòng)詞-ing有一般式(doing) 和完成式 (having done) 兩種時(shí)態(tài)，一般式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是being done，完成式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是having been done。動(dòng)詞-ing的完成式所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前。動(dòng)詞-ing的否定形式是在doing之前加not。例如：第6 / 7頁(yè)I’m sorry for not having told you the news earlier.

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