【導(dǎo)語】如果把高中三年去挑戰(zhàn)高考看作一次越野長跑的話,那么高中二年級是這個(gè)長跑的中段。與起點(diǎn)相比,它少了許多的鼓勵(lì)、期待,與終點(diǎn)相比,它少了許多的掌聲、加油聲。它是孤身奮斗的階段,是一個(gè)耐力、意志、自控力比拚的階段。但它同時(shí)是一個(gè)厚實(shí)莊重的階段,這個(gè)時(shí)期形成的優(yōu)勢最具有實(shí)力。逍遙右腦為你整理了《高二年級化學(xué)上冊方程式總結(jié)》,學(xué)習(xí)路上,逍遙右腦為你加油!
非金屬單質(zhì)(F2,Cl2,O2,S,N2,P,C,Si)
1,氧化性:
F2+H2===2HF
F2+Xe(過量)===XeF2
2F2(過量)+Xe===XeF4
nF2+2M===2MFn(表示大部分金屬)
2F2+2H2O===4HF+O2
2F2+2NaOH===2NaF+OF2+H2O
F2+2NaCl===2NaF+Cl2
F2+2NaBr===2NaF+Br2
F2+2NaI===2NaF+I2
F2+Cl2(等體積)===2ClF
3F2(過量)+Cl2===2ClF3
7F2(過量)+I2===2IF7
Cl2+H2===2HCl
3Cl2+2P===2PCl3
Cl2+PCl3===PCl5
Cl2+2Na===2NaCl
3Cl2+2Fe===2FeCl3
Cl2+2FeCl2===2FeCl3
Cl2+Cu===CuCl2
2Cl2+2NaBr===2NaCl+Br2
Cl2+2NaI===2NaCl+I2
5Cl2+I2+6H2O===2HIO3+10HCl
Cl2+Na2S===2NaCl+S
Cl2+H2S===2HCl+S
Cl2+SO2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HCl
Cl2+H2O2===2HCl+O2
2O2+3Fe===Fe3O4
O2+K===KO2
S+H2===H2S
2S+C===CS2
S+Fe===FeS
S+2Cu===Cu2S
3S+2Al===Al2S3
S+Zn===ZnS
N2+3H2===2NH3
N2+3Mg===Mg3N2
N2+3Ca===Ca3N2
N2+3Ba===Ba3N2
N2+6Na===2Na3N
N2+6K===2K3N
N2+6Rb===2Rb3N
P2+6H2===4PH3
P+3Na===Na3P
2P+3Zn===Zn3P2
2.還原性
S+O2===SO2
S+O2===SO2
S+6HNO3(濃)===H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O
3S+4HNO3(稀)===3SO2+4NO+2H2O
N2+O2===2NO
4P+5O2===P4O10(常寫成P2O5)
2P+3X2===2PX3(X表示F2,Cl2,Br2)
PX3+X2===PX5
P4+20HNO3(濃)===4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2O
C+2F2===CF4
C+2Cl2===CCl4
2C+O2(少量)===2CO
C+O2(足量)===CO2
C+CO2===2CO
C+H2O===CO+H2(生成水煤氣)
2C+SiO2===Si+2CO(制得粗硅)
Si(粗)+2Cl===SiCl4
(SiCl4+2H2===Si(純)+4HCl)
Si(粉)+O2===SiO2
Si+C===SiC(金剛砂)
Si+2NaOH+H2O===Na2SiO3+2H2
3,(堿中)歧化
Cl2+H2O===HCl+HClO
(加酸抑制歧化,加堿或光照促進(jìn)歧化)
Cl2+2NaOH===NaCl+NaClO+H2O
2Cl2+2Ca(OH)2===CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O
3Cl2+6KOH(熱,濃)===5KCl+KClO3+3H2O
3S+6NaOH===2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O
4P+3KOH(濃)+3H2O===PH3+3KH2PO2
11P+15CuSO4+24H2O===5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO4
3C+CaO===CaC2+CO
3C+SiO2===SiC+2CO
二,金屬單質(zhì)(Na,Mg,Al,Fe)的還原性
2Na+H2===2NaH
4Na+O2===2Na2O
2Na2O+O2===2Na2O2
2Na+O2===Na2O2
2Na+S===Na2S(爆炸)
2Na+2H2O===2NaOH+H2
2Na+2NH3===2NaNH2+H2
4Na+TiCl4(熔融)===4NaCl+Ti
Mg+Cl2===MgCl2
Mg+Br2===MgBr2
2Mg+O2===2MgO
Mg+S===MgS
Mg+2H2O===Mg(OH)2+H2
2Mg+TiCl4(熔融)===Ti+2MgCl2
Mg+2RbCl===MgCl2+2Rb
2Mg+CO2===2MgO+C
2Mg+SiO2===2MgO+Si
Mg+H2S===MgS+H2
Mg+H2SO4===MgSO4+H2
2Al+3Cl2===2AlCl3
4Al+3O2===2Al2O3(鈍化)
4Al(Hg)+3O2+2xH2O===2(Al2O3.xH2O)+4Hg
4Al+3MnO2===2Al2O3+3Mn
2Al+Cr2O3===Al2O3+2Cr
2Al+Fe2O3===Al2O3+2Fe
2Al+3FeO===Al2O3+3Fe
2Al+6HCl===2AlCl3+3H2
2Al+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2
2Al+6H2SO4(濃)===Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O
(Al,Fe在冷,濃的H2SO4,HNO3中鈍化)
Al+4HNO(稀)===Al(NO3)3+NO+2H2O
2Al+2NaOH+2H2O===2NaAlO2+3H2
2Fe+3Br2===2FeBr3
Fe+I2===FeI2
Fe+S===FeS
3Fe+4H2O(g)===Fe3O4+4H2
Fe+2HCl===FeCl2+H2
Fe+CuCl2===FeCl2+Cu
Fe+SnCl4===FeCl2+SnCl2
(鐵在酸性環(huán)境下,不能把四氯化錫完全
還原為單質(zhì)錫Fe+SnCl2==FeCl2+Sn)
三,非金屬氫化物(HF,HCl,H2O,H2S,NH3)
1,還原性:
4HCl(濃)+MnO2===MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O
4HCl(g)+O2===2Cl2+2H2O
16HCl+2KMnO4===2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O
14HCl+K2Cr2O7===2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2+7H2O
2H2O+2F2===4HF+O2
2H2S+3O2(足量)===2SO2+2H2O
2H2S+O2(少量)===2S+2H2O
2H2S+SO2===3S+2H2O
H2S+H2SO4(濃)===S+SO2+2H2O
3H2S+2HNO(稀)===3S+2NO+4H2O
5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4===2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S+8H2O
3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4===Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3S+7H2O
H2S+4Na2O2+2H2O===Na2SO4+6NaOH
2NH3+3CuO===3Cu+N2+3H2O
2NH3+3Cl2===N2+6HCl
8NH3+3Cl2===N2+6NH4Cl
4NH3+3O2(純氧)===2N2+6H2O
4NH3+5O2===4NO+6H2O
4NH3+6NO===5N2+6HO(用氨清除NO)
NaH+H2O===NaOH+H2
4NaH+TiCl4===Ti+4NaCl+2H2
CaH2+2H2O===Ca(OH)2+2H2
2,酸性:
4HF+SiO2===SiF4+2H2O
。ù朔磻(yīng)廣泛應(yīng)用于測定礦樣或鋼樣中SiO2的含量)
2HF+CaCl2===CaF2+2HCl
H2S+Fe===FeS+H2
H2S+CuCl2===CuS+2HCl
H2S+2AgNO3===Ag2S+2HNO3
H2S+HgCl2===HgS+2HCl
H2S+Pb(NO3)2===PbS+2HNO3
H2S+FeCl2===
2NH3+2Na==2NaNH2+H2
(NaNH2+H2O===NaOH+NH3)
3,堿性:
NH3+HCl===NH4Cl
NH3+HNO3===NH4NO3
2NH3+H2SO4===(NH4)2SO4
NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2===NaHCO3+NH4Cl
(此反應(yīng)用于工業(yè)制備小蘇打,蘇打)
4,不穩(wěn)定性:
2HF===H2+F2
2HCl===H2+Cl2
2H2O===2H2+O2
2H2O2===2H2O+O2
H2S===H2+S
2NH3===N2+3H2
四,非金屬氧化物
低價(jià)態(tài)的還原性:
2SO2+O2===2SO3
2SO2+O2+2H2O===2H2SO4
。ㄟ@是SO2在大氣中緩慢發(fā)生的環(huán)境化學(xué)反應(yīng))
SO2+Cl2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HCl
SO2+Br2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HBr
SO2+I2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HI
SO2+NO2===SO3+NO
2NO+O2===2NO2
NO+NO2+2NaOH===2NaNO2
(用于制*工業(yè)中吸收尾氣中的NO和NO2)
2CO+O2===2CO2
CO+CuO===Cu+CO2
3CO+Fe2O3===2Fe+3CO2
CO+H2O===CO2+H2
氧化性:
SO2+2H2S===3S+2H2O
SO3+2KI===K2SO3+I2
NO2+2KI+H2O===NO+I2+2KOH
。ú荒苡玫矸跭I溶液鑒別溴蒸氣和NO2)
4NO2+H2S===4NO+SO3+H2O
2NO2+Cu===4CuO+N2
CO2+2Mg===2MgO+C
(CO2不能用于撲滅由Mg,Ca,Ba,Na,K等燃燒的火災(zāi))
SiO2+2H2===Si+2H2O
SiO2+2Mg===2MgO+Si
3,與水的作用:
SO2+H2O===H2SO3
SO3+H2O===H2SO4
3NO2+H2O===2HNO3+NO
N2O5+H2O===2HNO3
P2O5+H2O===2HPO3
P2O5+3H2O===2H3PO4
(P2O5極易吸水,可作氣體干燥劑
P2O5+3H2SO4(濃)===2H3PO4+3SO3)
CO2+H2O===H2CO3
4,與堿性物質(zhì)的作用:
SO2+2NH3+H2O===(NH4)2SO3
SO2+(NH4)2SO3+H2O===2NH4HSO3
(這是硫酸廠回收SO2的反應(yīng).先用氨水吸收SO2,
再用H2SO4處理:2NH4HSO3+H2SO4===(NH4)2SO4+2H2O+2SO2
生成的硫酸銨作化肥,SO2循環(huán)作原料氣)
SO2+Ca(OH)2===CaSO3+H2O
(不能用澄清石灰水鑒別SO2和CO2.可用品紅鑒別)
SO3+MgO===MgSO4
SO3+Ca(OH)2===CaSO4+H2O
CO2+2NaOH(過量)===Na2CO3+H2O
CO2(過量)+NaOH===NaHCO3
CO2+Ca(OH)2(過量)===CaCO3+H2O
2CO2(過量)+Ca(OH)2===Ca(HCO3)2
CO2+2NaAlO2+3H2O===2Al(OH)3+Na2CO3
CO2+C6H5ONa+H2O===C6H5OH+NaHCO3
SiO2+CaO===CaSiO3
SiO2+2NaOH===Na2SiO3+H2O
(常溫下強(qiáng)堿緩慢腐蝕玻璃)
SiO2+Na2CO3===Na2SiO3+CO2
SiO2+CaCO3===CaSiO3+CO2
五,金屬氧化物
1,低價(jià)態(tài)的還原性:
6FeO+O2===2Fe3O4
FeO+4HNO3===Fe(NO3)3+NO2+2H2O
2,氧化性:
Na2O2+2Na===2Na2O
(此反應(yīng)用于制備Na2O)
MgO,Al2O3幾乎沒有氧化性,很難被還原為Mg,Al.
一般通過電解制Mg和Al.
Fe2O3+3H2===2Fe+3H2O(制還原鐵粉)
Fe3O4+4H2===3Fe+4H2O
3,與水的作用:
Na2O+H2O===2NaOH
2Na2O2+2H2O===4NaOH+O2
(此反應(yīng)分兩步:Na2O2+2H2O===2NaOH+H2O2;
2H2O2===2H2O+O2.H2O2的制備可利用類似的反應(yīng):
BaO2+H2SO4(稀)===BaSO4+H2O2)
MgO+H2O===Mg(OH)2(緩慢反應(yīng))
4,與酸性物質(zhì)的作用:
Na2O+SO3===Na2SO4
Na2O+CO2===Na2CO3
Na2O+2HCl===2NaCl+H2O
2Na2O2+2CO2===2Na2CO3+O2
Na2O2+H2SO4(冷,稀)===Na2SO4+H2O2
MgO+SO3===MgSO4
MgO+H2SO4===MgSO4+H2O
Al2O3+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2O
(Al2O3是*氧化物:
Al2O3+2NaOH===2NaAlO2+H2O)
FeO+2HCl===FeCl2+3H2O
Fe2O3+6HCl===2FeCl3+3H2O
Fe2O3+3H2S(g)===Fe2S3+3H2O
Fe3O4+8HCl===FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2O
六,含氧酸
1,氧化性:
4HClO3+3H2S===3H2SO4+4HCl
HClO3+HI===HIO3+HCl
3HClO+HI===HIO3+3HCl
HClO+H2SO3===H2SO4+HCl
HClO+H2O2===HCl+H2O+O2
(氧化性:HClO>HClO2>HClO3>HClO4,
但濃,熱的HClO4氧化性很強(qiáng))
2H2SO4(濃)+C===CO2+2SO2+2H2O
2H2SO4(濃)+S===3SO2+2H2O
H2SO4+Fe(Al)室溫下鈍化
6H2SO4(濃)+2Fe===Fe2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O
2H2SO4(濃)+Cu===CuSO4+SO2+2H2O
H2SO4(濃)+2HBr===SO2+Br2+2H2O
H2SO4(濃)+2HI===SO2+I2+2H2O
H2SO4(稀)+Fe===FeSO4+H2
2H2SO3+2H2S===3S+2H2O
4HNO3(濃)+C===CO2+4NO2+2H2O
6HNO3(濃)+S===H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O
5HNO3(濃)+P===H3PO4+5NO2+H2O
6HNO3+Fe===Fe(NO3)3+3NO2+3H2O
4HNO3+Fe===Fe(NO3)3+NO+2H2O
30HNO3+8Fe===8Fe(NO3)3+3N2O+15H2O
36HNO3+10Fe===10Fe(NO3)3+3N2+18H2O
30HNO3+8Fe===8Fe(NO3)3+3NH4NO3+9H2O
2,還原性:
H2SO3+X2+H2O===H2SO4+2HX
(X表示Cl2,Br2,I2)
2H2SO3+O2===2H2SO4
H2SO3+H2O2===H2SO4+H2O
5H2SO3+2KMnO4===2MnSO4+K2SO4+2H2SO4+3H2O
H2SO3+2FeCl3+H2O===H2SO4+2FeCl2+2HCl
3,酸性:
H2SO4(濃)+CaF2===CaSO4+2HF
H2SO4(濃)+NaCl===NaHSO4+HCl
H2SO4(濃)+2NaCl===Na2SO4+2HCl
H2SO4(濃)+NaNO3===NaHSO4+HNO3
3H2SO4(濃)+Ca3(PO4)2===3CaSO4+2H3PO4
2H2SO4(濃)+Ca3(PO4)2===2CaSO4+Ca(H2PO4)2
3HNO3+Ag3PO4===H3PO4+3AgNO3
2HNO3+CaCO3===Ca(NO3)2+H2O+CO2
。ㄓ肏NO3和濃H2SO4不能制備H2S,HI,HBr,(SO2)
等還原性氣體)
4H3PO4+Ca3(PO4)2===3Ca(H2PO4)2(重鈣)
H3PO4(濃)+NaBr===NaH2PO4+HBr
H3PO4(濃)+NaI===NaH2PO4+HI
4,不穩(wěn)定性:
2HClO===2HCl+O2
4HNO3===4NO2+O2+2H2O
H2SO3===H2O+SO2
H2CO3===H2O+CO2
H4SiO4===H2SiO3+H2O
七,堿
低價(jià)態(tài)的還原性:
4Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O===4Fe(OH)3
與酸性物質(zhì)的作用:
2NaOH+SO2(少量)===Na2SO3+H2O
NaOH+SO2(足量)===NaHSO3
2NaOH+SiO2===NaSiO3+H2O
2NaOH+Al2O3===2NaAlO2+H2O
2NaOH+Cl2===NaCl+NaClO+H2O
NaOH+HCl===NaCl+H2O
NaOH+H2S(足量)===NaHS+H2O
2NaOH+H2S(少量)===Na2S+2H2O
3NaOH+AlCl3===Al(OH)3+3NaCl
NaOH+Al(OH)3===NaAlO2+2H2O
(AlCl3和Al(OH)3哪個(gè)酸性強(qiáng)?)
NaOH+NH4Cl===NaCl+NH3+H2O
Mg(OH)2+2NH4Cl===MgCl2+2NH3.H2O
Al(OH)3+NH4Cl不溶解
3,不穩(wěn)定性:
Mg(OH)2===MgO+H2O
2Al(OH)3===Al2O3+3H2O
2Fe(OH)3===Fe2O3+3H2O
Cu(OH)2===CuO+H2O
八,鹽
1,氧化性:
2FeCl3+Fe===3FeCl2
2FeCl3+Cu===2FeCl2+CuCl2
(用于雕刻銅線路版)
2FeCl3+Zn===2FeCl2+ZnCl2
FeCl3+Ag===FeCl2+AgC
Fe2(SO4)3+2Ag===FeSO4+Ag2SO4(較難反應(yīng))
Fe(NO3)3+Ag不反應(yīng)
2FeCl3+H2S===2FeCl2+2HCl+S
2FeCl3+2KI===2FeCl2+2KCl+I2
FeCl2+Mg===Fe+MgCl2
2,還原性:
2FeCl2+Cl2===2FeCl3
3Na2S+8HNO3(稀)===6NaNO3+2NO+3S+4H2O
3Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀)===3Na2SO4+2NO+H2O
2Na2SO3+O2===2Na2SO4
3,與堿性物質(zhì)的作用:
MgCl2+2NH3.H2O===Mg(OH)2+NH4Cl
AlCl3+3NH3.H2O===Al(OH)3+3NH4Cl
FeCl3+3NH3.H2O===Fe(OH)3+3NH4Cl
4,與酸性物質(zhì)的作用:
Na3PO4+HCl===Na2HPO4+NaCl
Na2HPO4+HCl===NaH2PO4+NaCl
NaH2PO4+HCl===H3PO4+NaCl
Na2CO3+HCl===NaHCO3+NaCl
NaHCO3+HCl===NaCl+H2O+CO2
3Na2CO3+2AlCl3+3H2O===2Al(OH)3+3CO2+6NaCl
3Na2CO3+2FeCl3+3H2O===2Fe(OH)3+3CO2+6NaCl
3NaHCO3+AlCl3===Al(OH)3+3CO2
3NaHCO3+FeCl3===Fe(OH)3+3CO2
3Na2S+Al2(SO4)3+6H2O===2Al(OH)3+3H2S
3NaAlO2+AlCl3+6H2O===4Al(OH)3
5,不穩(wěn)定性:
Na2S2O3+H2SO4===Na2SO4+S+SO2+H2O
NH4Cl===NH3+HCl
NH4HCO3===NH3+H2O+CO2
2KNO3===2KNO2+O2
2Cu(NO3)3===2CuO+4NO2+O2
2KMnO4===K2MnO4+MnO2+O2
2KClO3===2KCl+3O2
2NaHCO3===Na2CO3+H2O+CO2
Ca(HCO3)2===CaCO3+H2O+CO2
CaCO3===CaO+CO2
MgCO3===MgO+CO2
CH3CH2OH→CH2=CH2+H2O濃硫酸,170度
CH2=CH2+Br2→CH2BrCH2Br
CH2=CH2+H2O→CH3CH2OH催化劑
CaC2+2H2O→CH≡CH↑+Ca(OH)2
CH≡CH+Br2→CHBr=CHBr
CH≡CH+HCl→CH2=CHCl催,加熱
C6H6+Br2→C6H5Br+HBr催
C6H6+HO-NO2→C6H6NO2+H2O濃硫酸,加熱
C6H6+3H2→C6H12催,加熱
C6H5-CH3+3HO-NO2→三硝基甲苯+3H2O濃硫酸,加熱
C2H5Br+H2O→C2H5OH+HBrNaOH,加熱
CH3CH2Br+NaOH→CH2=CH2↑+NaBr+H2O醇,加熱
2CH3CH2OH+2Na→2CH3CH2ONa+H2↑
2CH3CH2OH+O2→2CH3CHO+2H2O催,加熱
C6H5OH+NaOH→C6H5ONa+H2O
C6H5ONa+CO2+H2O→C6H5OH+NaHCO3
C6H5OH+3Br2→三溴苯酚↓+3HBr
CH3CHO+H2→CH3CH2OH催,加熱
2CH3CHO+O2→2CH3COOH催,加熱
CH3CHO+2Ag(NH3)2OH→H2O+2Ag↓+3NH3+CH3COONH4水浴加熱
2CH3CHO+Cu(OH)2→2CH3COOH+Cu2O↓+H2O煮沸
CH3COOH+C2H5OH→2CH3COOC2H5+H2O可逆,濃硫酸,加熱
CH3COOC2H5+NaOH→CH3COONa+C2H5OH
本文來自:逍遙右腦記憶 http://yy-art.cn/gaozhong/1215871.html
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