?荚~的語法與用法:excuse, exercise, exhibition, exist, exp

編輯: 逍遙路 關(guān)鍵詞: 高中英語 來源: 高中學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng)

◆excuse n. & v.

1. 用作名詞,表示“借口”或“理由”,是可數(shù)名詞;表示做某事的借口或理由,通常用介詞 for。如:

There is no excuse for such rudeness. 做出那樣粗魯?shù)男袨槭菦]有理由的。

She’s always making excuses for being late. 她遲到總是有借口。

有時(shí)其后可接不定式(尤其是表示未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作時(shí))。如:

She wanted an excuse to be at the bus stop when Bill got off. 當(dāng)比爾走時(shí),她想找個(gè)借口去車站。

注:在某些固定短語,excuse 是不可數(shù)名詞。如:

Those who are absent without (good) excuse will be dismissed. 那些無故不到的人將被除名。

2. 用作動(dòng)詞,通常是及物動(dòng)詞,其后除接名詞或代詞作賓語外,還接動(dòng)名詞(常帶有邏輯主語)作賓語(注:不接不定式作賓語)。如:

Can you excuse his fault? 你能原諒他的錯(cuò)誤嗎?

I won’t excuse you a second time. 下一次我可不原諒你。

Excuse my opening your letter by mistake. 請?jiān)徫义e(cuò)開了你的信。

表示原諒的原因,通常用介詞 for。如:

He excused her for being late. /He excused her being late.

他原諒她遲到。

◆exercise n.

1. 表示為了健康而進(jìn)行的體格方面的鍛煉或運(yùn)動(dòng),通常是不可數(shù)名詞(常與 take, do, get 等動(dòng)詞連用)。如:

Exercise makes one strong. 運(yùn)動(dòng)使人強(qiáng)壯。

If you don’t take [get] more exercise you’ll get fat. 你如果不多作運(yùn)動(dòng),你會(huì)發(fā)胖的。

Do at least fifteen minutes’ exercise each day. 每天至少做15分鐘的鍛煉。

偶爾也可與不定冠詞連用,表示一種運(yùn)動(dòng)。如:

Walking is (a) good exercise. 散步是(一種)很好的運(yùn)動(dòng)。

2. 表示身體各部位的訓(xùn)練以及各種技能技巧的訓(xùn)練等,通常是可數(shù)名詞。如:

He does exercises to strengthen his voice. 他訓(xùn)練嗓音。

We’ll do some exercises in grammar this afternoon. 今天下午我們要做一些語法練習(xí)。

We do morning exercises every day. 我們每天做早操。

Will you attend the graduation exercises? 你將出席畢業(yè)典禮嗎?

◆exhibition n.

1. 表示“舉辦展覽”,通常用動(dòng)詞 have, hold, give, put on 等。如:

She will have [hold, give, put on] an exhibition of herpictures. 她將舉辦個(gè)人作品畫展。

2. 用于 on exhibition(在展覽)這一短語,通常不用冠詞或其他限定詞。如:

Some of the students’ paintings are now on exhibition at the school. 有些學(xué)生的畫現(xiàn)正在學(xué)校展出。

注:有時(shí)也用 on exhibit(在展出)。如:

On exhibit are new products of industry and agriculture. 展出的是工農(nóng)業(yè)的新產(chǎn)品。

◆exist v.

1. 表示“存在”、“有”、“活著”,通常只用作不及物動(dòng)詞,因此沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài),且通常不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)。如:

We don’t believe ghosts exist. 我們不相信有鬼存在。

Salt exists in many things. 許多東西中含有鹽。

要表示“靠……生活”,通常用介詞 on。如:

He exists on rice and water. 他靠吃米飯和喝水過活。

I can hardly exist on the wage I’m getting. 我掙的工資簡直難以糊口。

2. 可用于 There exist……句式。如:

There always exists a force of attraction between two bodies. 兩個(gè)物體之間永遠(yuǎn)存在著吸引力。

◆expect v.

1. 表示“期待”、“期望”,通常用作及物動(dòng)詞,不要受漢語的影響在其后誤加介詞 for。如:

我在等她的電話。

誤:I’m expecting for a telephone call from her.

正:I’m expecting a telephone call from her.

我們不能期望一夜之間就取得成功。

誤:We should not expect for success overnight.

正:We should not expect success overnight.

2. 不要認(rèn)為 expect

I expect a storm. 我預(yù)計(jì)會(huì)有場暴風(fēng)雨來。

I expect to be back on Sunday. /I expect that I will be back on Sunday. 我預(yù)計(jì)星期日回來。

有時(shí)可用于不好的方面。如:

He expects to fail the exam. 他預(yù)料自己考試不會(huì)及格。

3. 其后可接不定式或不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),但不能接動(dòng)名詞。如:

I expect to finish the work by Friday. 我期望能在星期五以前完成此工作。

He expected her to go with him. 他期望她同他一起去。

4. 其后可接 that 從句,若從句謂語為否定,注意否定的轉(zhuǎn)移。如:

I don’t expect that he has done such a thing. 我預(yù)料他不會(huì)干出這種事來。

在口語中有可表示“想”或“揣想”。如:

I expect you’re tired. 我想你是累了吧。

其后可接 that 從句,但不接 wh 從句,若遇有疑問詞,則要使用“疑問詞+do you expect……”這樣的句式。如:

你想什么時(shí)候離開?

誤:Do you expect when you will leave?

誤:Do you expect when to leave?

正:When do you expect to leave?

在簡略回答中,expect 后的 that 從句可用so(肯定)或 not(否定)代替。如: A:Will he come back soon? 他很快會(huì)回來嗎?

B:I expect so (I expect not). 我想是的(我看不會(huì))。

4. 表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法或打算,通常用過去完成時(shí),但在一定的上下文當(dāng)中,只要意思清楚,也可只用一般過去時(shí)。如:

I had expected to come early, but I missed the early bus. 我本來想早點(diǎn)來的,但未趕上早班車。

We expected him to arrive yesterday. 我們原以為他昨天就會(huì)到的。

有時(shí)在其后接不定式的完成式。如上面第一句也可改成:

I expected to have come early, but I missed the early bus.

5. 注意以下與 as 和 than 連用的句子

He returned three days earlier than (he was) expected. 他回來的時(shí)間比預(yù)料的要早三天。

As might have been expected, he won first prize. 正如所料,他獲得了一等獎(jiǎng)。

The machine, as might be expected, has stopped operating. 正如所料,這臺(tái)機(jī)器已停止運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。


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