必修5 Unit 1
JOHH SHOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”
John Snow was a famous doctor in London - so expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician. But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera. This was the deadly disease of its day. Neither its cause nor its cure was understood. So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak. John Snow wanted to face the challenge and solve this problem. He knew that cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found.
He became interested in two theories that possibly explained how cholera killed people. The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air. A cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims. The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals. From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died.
John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence. So when another outbreak hit London in 1854, he was ready to begin his enquiry. As the disease spread quickly through poor neighbourhoods, he began to gather information. In two particular streets, the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in tendays. He was determined to find out why.
First he marked on a map the exact places where all the dead people had lived. This gave him a valuable clue about the cause of the disease. Many of the deaths were near the water pump in Broad Street (especially numbers 16, 37, 38 and 40). He also noticed that some houses (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths. He had not foreseen this, so he made further investigations. He discovered that these people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street. They had been given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the pump. It seemed that the water was to blame.
Next, John Snow looked into the source of
f the water for these two streets. He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London. He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the pump so that it could not be used. Soon afterwards the disease slowed down. He had shown that cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas.
In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak. A woman, who had moved away from Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. Both she and her daughter died of cholera after drinking the water. With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty thatpolluted water carried the virus.
To prevent this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined. The water companies were instructed not to expose people to polluted water any more. Finally "King Cholera" was defeated.
nit1 偉大的科學(xué)家
約翰·斯洛擊敗“霍亂王”
約翰·斯洛是倫敦一位著名的醫(yī)生——他的確醫(yī)術(shù)精湛，因而成為照料維多利亞女王的私人醫(yī)生。但他一想到要幫助那些得了霍亂的普通百姓時(shí)，他就感到很振奮�；魜y在當(dāng)時(shí)是最致命的疾病，人們既不知道它的病源，也不了解它的治療方法。每次霍亂暴發(fā)時(shí)，就有大批驚恐的老百姓死去。約翰·斯洛想面對(duì)這個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)，解決這個(gè)問題。他知道，在找到病源之前，霍亂疫情是無(wú)法控制的。
斯洛對(duì)霍亂致人死地的兩種推測(cè)都很感興趣。一種看法是霍亂病毒在空氣中繁殖著，像一股危險(xiǎn)的氣體到處漂浮，直到找到病毒的受害者為止。第二種看法是人們?cè)诔燥埖臅r(shí)候把這種病毒引入體內(nèi)的。病從胃里發(fā)作而迅速殃及全身，患者就會(huì)很快地死去。
斯洛推測(cè)第二種說法是正確的，但他需要證據(jù)。因此，在1854年倫敦再次暴發(fā)霍亂的時(shí)候，約翰·斯洛著手準(zhǔn)備對(duì)此進(jìn)行調(diào)研。當(dāng)霍亂在貧民區(qū)迅速蔓延的時(shí)候，約翰·斯洛就開始收集資料。他發(fā)現(xiàn)特別在兩條街道上霍亂流行的很嚴(yán)重，在10天之內(nèi)就死去了500多人。他決心要查明其原因。首先，他在一張地圖上標(biāo)明了所有死者住過的地方。這提供了一條說明霍亂起因的很有價(jià)值的線索。許多死者是住在寬街的水泵附近（特別是這條街上16、37、38、40號(hào)）。他發(fā)現(xiàn)有些住宅（如寬街上20號(hào)和21號(hào)以及劍橋街上的8號(hào)和9號(hào)）卻無(wú)人死亡。他以前沒預(yù)料到這種情況，所有他決定深入調(diào)查。他發(fā)現(xiàn)，這些人都在劍橋街7號(hào)的酒館里打工，而酒館為他們免費(fèi)提供啤酒喝，因此他們沒有喝從寬街水泵抽上來的水�？磥硭亲锟�?zhǔn)住?BR>接下來，約翰·斯洛調(diào)查了這兩條街的水源情況。他發(fā)現(xiàn)，水是從河里來的，而河水被倫敦排出的臟水污染了。他馬上叫寬街上驚慌失措的老百姓拆掉水泵的把手。這樣，水泵就用不成了。不久，疫情就開始得到緩解。他證明了，他證明了霍亂是由病菌而不是由氣團(tuán)傳播的。 在倫敦的另一個(gè)地區(qū)，他從兩個(gè)與寬街暴發(fā)的霍亂有關(guān)聯(lián)的死亡病例中發(fā)現(xiàn)了有力的證據(jù)。有一位婦女是從寬街搬過來的，她特別喜歡那里的水，每天都要派人從水泵打水運(yùn)到家里來。她和她的女兒喝了這種水，都得了霍亂而死去。有了這個(gè)特別的證據(jù)，約翰·斯洛就能夠肯定地宣布，這種被污染了的水?dāng)y帶著病菌。
為了防止這種情況的再度發(fā)生，約翰·斯洛建議所有水源都要經(jīng)過檢測(cè)。自來水公司也接到指令，
不能再讓人們接觸被污染的水了。最終，“霍亂王”被擊敗了。
COPERNICUS’ REVOLUTIONRRY THEORY
Nicolaus Copernicus was frightened and his mind was confused.Although he had tried to ignore them, all his mathematical calculations led to the same conclusion: that the earth was not the centre of the solar system. Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense. Yet he could not tell anyone about his theory as the powerful Christian Church would have punished him for even suggesting such an idea. They believed God had made the world and for that reason the earth was special and must be the centre of the solar system.
The problem arose because astronomers had noticed that some planets in the sky seemed to stop, move backward and then go forward in a loop. Others appeared brighter at times and less bright at others. This was very strange if the earth was the centre of the solar system and all planets went round it.
Copernicus had thought long and hard about these problems and tried to find an answer. He had collected observations of the stars and used all his mathematical knowledge to explain them. But only his new theory could do that. So between 1510 and 1514 he worked on it, gradually improving his theory until he felt it was complete.
In 1514 he showed it privately to his friends. The changes he made to the old theory were revolutionary. He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it and only the moon still going round the earth. He also suggested that the earth was
spinning as it went round the sun and this explained changes in the movement of the planets and in the brightness of the stars. His friends were enthusiastic and encouraged him to publish his ideas, but Copernicus was cautious. He did not want to be attacked by the Christian Church, so he only published it as he lay dying in 1543.
Certainly he was right to be careful. The Christian Church rejected his theory, saying it was against God's
idea and people who supported it would be attacked. Yet Copernicus' theory is now the basis on which all our ideas of the universe are built. His theory replaced the Christian idea of gravity, which said things fell to earth because God created the earth as the centre of the universe. Copernicus showed this was obviously wrong. Now people can see that there is a direct link between his theory and the work of Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein and Stephen Hawking.
哥白尼的革命性理論
尼古拉·哥白尼被嚇得心煩意亂的。雖然他曾經(jīng)試著不去理睬那些數(shù)字，然而他所有的數(shù)學(xué)計(jì)算都得出了一個(gè)相同的結(jié)論：地球不是太陽(yáng)系的中心。只有當(dāng)你把太陽(yáng)放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的運(yùn)動(dòng)才能說得清楚。他的這個(gè)理論可不能告訴任何人，因?yàn)榧词顾话凳居羞@種想法，他都會(huì)受到強(qiáng)大的基督教會(huì)勢(shì)力的懲罰。教會(huì)認(rèn)為世界是上帝創(chuàng)造的，正因?yàn)槿绱�，地球就具有特殊的意義，它必定要成為太陽(yáng)系的中心。
這樣，問題就來了，因?yàn)樘煳膶W(xué)家以前發(fā)現(xiàn)過，天上有些行星停頓下來，往后移動(dòng)，然后再成環(huán)狀向前移動(dòng)，而其他行星看上去有時(shí)亮些，有時(shí)又不怎么亮。如果地球是太陽(yáng)系的中心，而所有行星環(huán)繞著地球轉(zhuǎn)的話，那么這種現(xiàn)象就很奇怪了。
哥白尼對(duì)這些問題曾經(jīng)苦苦思索過很久，試圖找出問題的答案。他曾經(jīng)收集過觀察星球的數(shù)據(jù)，并且利用他的全部數(shù)學(xué)知識(shí)來解釋這些數(shù)據(jù)。但是只有他的新理論才能作出解釋。于是，他在1510至1514年期間從事這項(xiàng)研究，逐步修改他的理論，直到他感到完善時(shí)為止。1514年，他把他的新理論私下里給他的朋友們看。他對(duì)舊理論的修改是具有革命性的。他把太陽(yáng)固定在太陽(yáng)系的中心位置上，而行星則圍繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)，只有月球仍然繞著地球轉(zhuǎn)。他還提出地球在圍繞太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)的同時(shí)，它本身還自轉(zhuǎn)，這樣就說明了行星運(yùn)動(dòng)的變化情況以及星球亮度問題。他的朋友都熱情地鼓勵(lì)他把他的想法公之于世，而他卻小心謹(jǐn)慎，他不想遭到基督教會(huì)的攻擊，所以他直到1543年臨終之前才公布了這一觀點(diǎn)。
當(dāng)然，他小心謹(jǐn)慎是對(duì)的�；浇虝�(huì)拒絕接受他的理論，說這種理論違背了上帝的旨意，而支持這種理論的人都會(huì)受到打擊。然而哥白尼的理論卻是我們宇宙觀賴以建立的基礎(chǔ)。他的理論還改變了基督教對(duì)地心引力的看法，他們認(rèn)為物體往地球上掉落是因?yàn)樯系蹌?chuàng)造了地球，而地球正是宇宙的中心。哥白尼表明這是明顯錯(cuò)誤的。如今人們可以看到，他的這些想法與艾薩克·牛頓、阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦以及斯蒂芬·霍金等人的研究都有著直接的聯(lián)系。
必修5 Unit 2
PUZZLES IN GEOGRAPHY
People may wonder why different words are used to describe these four countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. You can clarify this question if you study British history.
First there was England. Wales was linked to it in the thirteenth century. Now when people refer to England you find Wales included as well. Next England and Wales were joined to Scotland in the seventeenth century and the name was changed to "Great Britain". Happily this was accomplished without conflict when King James of Scotland became King of England and Wales as well. Finally the English government tried in the early twentieth century to form the United King
dom by getting Ireland connected in the same peaceful way. However, the southern partof Ireland was unwilling and broke away to form its own government. So only Northern Ireland joined with England, Wales and Scotland to become the United Kingdom and this was shown to the world in a new flag called the Union Jack.
To their credit the four countries do work together in some areas (eg, the currency and international relations), but they still have very different institutions. For example, Northern Ireland, England and Scotland have different educational and legal systems as well as different football teams for competitions like the World Cup!
England is the largest of the four countries, and for convenience it is divided roughly into three zones. The zone nearest France is called the South of England, the middle zone is called the Midlands and the one nearest to Scotland is known as the North. You find most of the population settled in the south, but most of the industrial cities in the Midlands and the North of England. Although, nationwide, these cities are not as large as those in China, they have world-famous football teams and some of them even have two! It is a pity that the industrial cities built in the nineteenth century do not attract visitors. For historical architecture you have to go to older but smaller towns built by the Romans. There you will find out more about British history and culture.The greatest historical treasure of all is London with its museums, art collections, theatres, parks and buildings. It is the centre of national government and its administration. It has the oldest port built by the Romans in the first century AD, the oldest building begun by the Anglo-Saxons in the 1060s and the oldest castle constructed by later Norman rulers in 1066. There has been four sets of invaders of England. The first invaders, the Romans, left their towns and roads. The second, the Anglo-Saxons, left their language and their government. The third, th
e Vikings, influenced the vocabulary and place-names of the North of England, and the fourth, the Normans, left castles and introduced new words for food.
If you look around the British countryside you will find evidence of all these invaders. You must keep your eyes open if you are going to make your trip to the United Kingdom enjoyable and worthwhile.
Unit2 聯(lián)合王國(guó)
Reading
地理之謎
人們也許覺得奇怪，為什么用來描述英格蘭、威爾士、蘇格蘭和北愛爾蘭這四個(gè)國(guó)家的詞語(yǔ)不太一樣。但如果你學(xué)過英國(guó)歷史，就能弄清楚這個(gè)問題。
首先是英格蘭。威爾士于13世紀(jì)同英格蘭聯(lián)合了起來。如今只要有人提起英格蘭，你就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)威爾士總是包括在內(nèi)的。接著，英格蘭、威爾士同蘇格蘭于17世紀(jì)聯(lián)合了起來，名字就改成了“大不列顛”。令人慶幸的是，當(dāng)蘇格蘭的詹姆斯國(guó)王成為英格蘭和威爾士的國(guó)王時(shí)，這三個(gè)國(guó)家和平地實(shí)現(xiàn)了聯(lián)合。最后，英國(guó)政府打算于20世紀(jì)初把愛爾蘭也同另外三個(gè)國(guó)家和平聯(lián)合起來以形成聯(lián)合王國(guó)。然而，愛爾蘭的南部卻不愿組建聯(lián)合王國(guó)，它分離出去，并建立了自己的政府。因此只有北愛爾蘭同英格蘭、威爾士、蘇格蘭聯(lián)合起來，而組成了聯(lián)合王國(guó)，這一點(diǎn)從新的聯(lián)合王國(guó)國(guó)旗上就可以看得出來。
值得贊揚(yáng)的是，這四個(gè)國(guó)家的確在一些方面共同合作，例如在貨幣和國(guó)際關(guān)系方面；但是有些制度仍然區(qū)別很大。例如，北愛爾蘭、英格蘭和蘇格蘭在教育體制和立法體制上都存在著差異。在參加像世界杯之類的比賽時(shí)，它們有著各自的足球隊(duì)。
在這四個(gè)國(guó)家中，英格蘭是最大的。為了方便起見，它大致可以劃分為三個(gè)地區(qū)。最靠近法國(guó)的那個(gè)地區(qū)叫做英格蘭南部，中部地區(qū)叫做英格蘭中部，最靠近蘇格蘭的那個(gè)地區(qū)叫做英格蘭北部。你可以看到英國(guó)的大部分人口聚居在南部，而多數(shù)大工業(yè)城市都位于中部和北部。盡管，英國(guó)任何一個(gè)城市都不像中國(guó)的城市那樣大，但是他們都有著自己的享有威名的足球隊(duì)，有的城市甚至還有兩個(gè)隊(duì)。很遺憾，這些建于19世紀(jì)的工業(yè)城市對(duì)游客并沒有吸引力。要找歷史性建筑你得去更古老的、比較小些的由古羅馬人建造的城鎮(zhèn)。在那兒你才可能找到更多的有關(guān)英國(guó)歷史和文化的東西。
最具歷史意義的寶地是倫敦。那兒有博物館，有藝術(shù)珍品、劇院、公園和各種建筑物。它是全國(guó)的政治中心。它有公元一世紀(jì)由羅馬人建造的最古老的港口，有由盎格魯——撒克遜人始建于11世紀(jì)60年代的最古老的建筑，還有公元1066年由后來的諾曼人統(tǒng)治者建造的最古老的城堡。曾經(jīng)有四批侵略者到過英國(guó)。第一批入侵者是古羅馬人，留下了他們的城鎮(zhèn)和道路。接著是盎格魯——撒克遜人，留下了他們的語(yǔ)言和政體。第三是斯堪的納維亞人，他們對(duì)詞匯和北部的地名造成了一定影響；第四是諾曼人，他們留下了城堡和食物名稱的新詞語(yǔ)。如果你到英國(guó)鄉(xiāng)間去看看，你就會(huì)找到所有這些入侵者的痕跡。如果想使你的英國(guó)之旅不虛此行又有意義，你就必須留心觀察。 SIGHTSEEING IN LONDON
Worried about the time available, Zhang Pingyu had made a list of the sites she wanted to see in London. Her first delight was going to the Tower. It was built long ago by the Norman invaders of AD 1066. Fancy! This solid stone, square tower had remained standing for one thousand years.Although the buildings had expanded around it, it remained part of a royal palace and prison combined. To her great surprise, Zhang Pingyu found the Queen's jewels guarded by special royal soldiers who, on special occasions, still wore the four-hundred-year-old uniform of the
time of Queen Elizabeth I.
There followed St Paul's Cathedral built after the terrible fire of London in 1666. It looked splendid when first built! Westminster
Abbey, too, was very interesting. It contained statues in memory of dead poets and writers, such as Shakespeare. Then just as she came out of the abbey, Pingyu heard the famous sound of the clock, Big Ben, ringing out the hour. She finished the day by looking at the outside of Buckingham Palace, the Queen's house in London. Oh, she had so much to tell her friends!
The second day the girl visited Greenwich and saw its old ships and famous clock that sets the world time. What interested her most was the longitude line. It is an imaginary line dividing the eastern and western halves of the world and is very useful for navigation. It passes through Greenwich, so Pingyu had a photo taken standing on either side of the line.
The last day she visited Karl Marx's statue in Highgate Cemetery. It seemed strange that the man who had developed communism should have lived and died in London. Not only that, but he had worked in the famous reading room of the Library of the British Museum. Sadly the library had moved from its original place into another building and the old reading room was gone. But she was thrilled by so many wonderful treasures from different cultures displayed in the museum. When she saw many visitors enjoying looking at the beautiful old Chinese pots and other objects on show, she felt very proud of her country.
The next day Pingyu was leaving London for Windsor Castle. "Perhaps I will see the Queen?" she wondered as she fell asleep. 倫敦觀光記
由于擔(dān)心時(shí)間不夠，張萍玉早就把她想要在倫敦參觀的地點(diǎn)列了一張單子。她最先想?yún)⒂^的地方是倫敦塔，它是很久以前由入侵的諾曼人在公元1066年修建的。真是太棒了！這個(gè)堅(jiān)實(shí)的用石頭砌的方形塔已經(jīng)在那屹立一千年了。盡管在塔的四周擴(kuò)建了一些建筑，但它仍然是皇宮和監(jiān)獄聯(lián)合體的一個(gè)組成部分。讓張萍玉很驚訝的是，她發(fā)現(xiàn)女王的珠寶由皇家特別衛(wèi)士守護(hù)著，而這些衛(wèi)士在一些特殊的日子仍然穿著400年前伊麗莎白一世女王時(shí)代的制服。
接著參觀的是圣保羅大教堂，它是公元1666年倫敦大火以后建造的，剛建成的時(shí)候，它看起來真是金碧輝煌。威斯敏斯特大教堂也是很有意思的地方，里面珍藏著一些已故詩(shī)人和作家的雕像，例如莎士比亞的雕像。正當(dāng)萍玉走出大教堂的時(shí)候，她聽到了著名的大本鐘整點(diǎn)敲響的鐘聲。她參觀了女王倫敦住所白金漢宮的外景
，以此結(jié)束了一天的觀光。啊，她要同朋友們講的實(shí)在太多了！
第二天，萍玉姑娘參觀了格林尼治天文臺(tái)，看到了古老的輪船和那座著名的為時(shí)間定時(shí)的時(shí)鐘。她最感興趣的是那條通過天文臺(tái)的經(jīng)線。這是一條假想的線，它把世界分成東西兩半球，從而有利于航海。這條線穿過格林尼治，萍玉就跨著這條線拍了一張照片。
最后一天，她參觀了倫敦海洛特公墓里的卡爾馬克思的雕像。這似乎是一件怪事：這位發(fā)展了共產(chǎn)主義的人竟然在倫敦生活過，并且在倫敦去世。不僅如此，他還在大英博物館著名的圖書閱覽室工作過。遺憾的是，這個(gè)圖書館已經(jīng)從原來的地方搬到另一座大樓里去了，而原來的閱覽室也沒有了。但是她感到最為震驚的卻是博物館里展出的那么多來自不同文化的奇妙寶物。當(dāng)萍玉看到那么多參觀者用欣賞的目光注視著古老漂亮的中國(guó)陶瓷和其他展品時(shí)，心里充滿了對(duì)祖國(guó)的自豪感。
再過一天，萍玉就要離開倫敦去溫莎城堡了。她邊睡覺邊想：“也許我能見到女王呢？”
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