引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有that,which,who(賓格whom),所有格whose)和關(guān)系副詞 where when why 等,關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中充當一個成分,關(guān)系代詞that,which,who,whom等在從句中分別作主語或賓語,whose在從句中作定語,而關(guān)系副詞when,where,why等在從句中作狀語。
如:①I will never forget the days when/in which we worked together.
②I will never forget the days which/that we spent together.
解析:在句①中,表示時間的名詞the days在從句中充當?shù)氖菭钫Z,所以用關(guān)系副詞when來代指,引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾先行詞the days;而在句②中,表示時間的名詞the days在從句中充當?shù)氖莿釉~spent的賓語,所以用關(guān)系代詞that或which來代指。
同樣,表示地點或原因的名詞如果在從句中作狀語,則用關(guān)系副詞where 或why來代指;如果在從句中作動詞的賓語,則用which或that來代替。
如:①This is the factory where/in which I worked.(作狀語)
②This is the factory that/which I visited years ago.(作賓語)
注:當先行詞為time,reason, place時,引導(dǎo)詞可以省略。如:
① This was the first (when/what) I had serious trouble with my boss.
② That is the reason (why) I did it.
③ This is the place (where) we met yesterday.
另外,定語從句中謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與先行詞的數(shù)相一致。如:
① Mr. Jackson is the only foreigner that is present at the party.0
② He is one of the students who were praised by the teacher.
解析:在句①中,先行詞foreigner被only修飾,強調(diào)只有一個,所以從句中謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式,而在句②中,who引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾先行詞the students,為復(fù)數(shù),所以從句謂語動詞應(yīng)為復(fù)數(shù)。
感悟:學(xué)生之所以在這一點上經(jīng)常出錯,主要是對定語從句的理解不夠深刻,分辨不出主句和從句,對句子成分的把握也不到位,搞不清關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞在從句中充當何種句子成分。所以要做好這一類題,要首先弄清關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的用法,而且應(yīng)善于分辨和分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)及其相應(yīng)成分,這樣才能對癥下藥,快速準確地找到瓿之所在。
二 名詞性從句中的易錯點
(一) that引導(dǎo)的定語從句與同位語從句
定語從句與前面的的名詞是修飾與被修飾的關(guān)系,“……的名詞”,而同位語從句是用來說明前面名詞的內(nèi)容。與that從句同位的名詞必須是一些表示事實或概念的抽象名詞,如fact,news,belief,truth,reply等。That在定語從句中必須作成分,可用which或who/whom代替,而that在同位語從句中不充當任何句子成分,只起連接作用。如:
①Along with the letter was his promise that he would visit me this coming Christmas. ②Do you still remember the chicken farm that we visited three months ago.
解析:在句①中,that引導(dǎo)同位語從句解釋說明promise的內(nèi)容,that不充當任何句子成分,只起連接作用,而在句②中,that在其引導(dǎo)的定語從句中作動詞visited的賓語,對先行詞the chicken farm起修飾作用。
感悟:學(xué)生之所以在這一點上容易出錯,主要還是因為對定語從句的理解不夠深刻,分辨不出that在從句中是否充當了句子成分,因此,還需在句子分析上下功夫,并且搞清何謂同位語從句。
(二) 名詞性從句中,關(guān)于it作形式主語和形式賓語的易錯點
1. 名詞性從句作主語或賓語時,為保持句子平衡,常用it作形式主語或形式賓語。如:
It’s a pity that he don’t come to give a speech.(形式主語)
We think it possible that you can finish the job today.(形式賓語)
2)謂語動詞 appreciate, dislike, hate, like, love, make等接由if或when 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句時往往在從句前加上形式賓語it.
例如:I would appreciate it if you could come to my birthday party.
3)動詞hare, take, hide, punish, put等,后接由that 引導(dǎo)的病因從句式,往往在從句前加形式賓語it.
例如:① I take it that you will be leaving Shanghai soon.
② we punished it that we had finished the project ahead of time.
4)短語動詞answer for, count on depend on, insist on, see to等后接有that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句時,必須冠以形式賓語it.
例如:① I’m counting on it that you will come.
② She’ll see to it that he goes ahead.
注:作形式主語和形式賓語時只能用it.
三、代詞it、one、that的用法與區(qū)別.
One泛指,指代前面提到的那類人或物,用于指代可數(shù)
名詞,相當于a+名詞單數(shù),其復(fù)數(shù)形式ones前一般要有定語,否則就要用some.
That(those復(fù)數(shù))即可指代不可數(shù)名詞,表特指,相當于the+名詞,后面經(jīng)常與介詞修飾語連用。
It指代上文出現(xiàn)的名詞,表示同類同物,另外還可表示時間、距離、天氣、還可指代人稱代詞,表示性別身份不明,可作形式主語,形式賓語,引導(dǎo)強調(diào)句式以及一些固定搭配,如:get it, catch it, make it.
例如:① I have lost my watch. I think I must buy one.我丟了只表,我想我必須再買一只。(代指上文指到的同類事物,但不指同一個)
② Where is my pen? Have you seen it? 我的鋼筆不知弄到哪去了,你見了嗎?(代指上文提到的同一事物)
③ The land of China is larger than that of America.
④ Tome has a red pen and a blue one (或two blue ones)
⑤ He has no child, and he wants to adopt one (或 some)
四、虛擬語氣
I 虛擬語氣在if 引導(dǎo)的條件句中的易錯點。
① if my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going.
② if you had studied hard at school, you would be a college student now.
句子①②都是虛擬語氣在條件句中的使用,從句中都是假設(shè)過去的情況,所以用過去完成時,但在主句中,句①依然指代過去的情況,謂語動詞是would have done,而②中含有一個表示現(xiàn)在的時間狀語now, 這樣就必須將其理解為假設(shè)現(xiàn)在的情況,所以謂語動詞必須為would/should/might+動詞原形,學(xué)生在這一點上經(jīng)常會忽略now的存在,從而按句①的形式填寫答案。
Ⅱ虛擬語氣在名詞性從句中的用法
1.在it is important (strange, natural, necessary……)+that 句子或者It is decided (ordered, suggested, demanded, advised……)+that句子中,主語從句中的謂語動詞常用(should)+動詞原形結(jié)構(gòu),表示某事“重要”、“必要”、“被決定”等
例如:① it is important that everyone (should ) obey the rules all day and all night.
② it is decided that the meeting (should) be held tomorrow afternoon.
2. suggest, insist 后面指賓語從句時需注意的地方
1)①suggest 當“建議”“提出”講時,其后賓語從句的謂語動詞常用“should+動詞原形”
例如:He suggested that the work (should) be started at once 他建議立即動工。
類似的動詞還有insist堅持,demand要求,desire要求、請求,request請求,require要求、需要,order命令,propose建議,command命令,ask要求,advise建議,prefer寧愿等。
這些動詞變被動語態(tài)(如:It is suggested + that主語從句)形式后,主語從句謂語動詞仍用“(should)+動詞原形”
這些動詞變名詞(如suggestion)后,其后的表語從句和同位語從句中的謂語部分仍用“(should)+動詞原形”
②suggest 當“提出(某看法),暗示,啟發(fā)”講時,其后賓語從句的動詞不用虛擬語氣。
例如:(1)The police suggested that the thief might be one of the family member
警察局提出竊賊可能是一名家庭成員。
(2)Her yawns suggests that she is sleepy. 她打哈欠表明她困了。
(3)Although he didn’t suggest that we __ the decision to swim across the river, but his look suggested that our decision __wrong.雖然他沒提出我們應(yīng)該終止游過這條河的決定,但他的表情表明我們的決定是錯誤的。
A:stop; was B: should stop; be C: stopped ;was D: stopped; should be
在這個句子中,前一個suggest當“建議”“提出”講,而后一個作“表明”講,所以答案為“A”
2)①insist作“堅決要求…該…;堅持認為…定要…”講時,其后賓語從句的謂語動詞用“(should)+動詞原形”
例如:I insisted that you (should) be there on time.我堅持認為你應(yīng)該準時到那里去
②insist 作“堅持(意見,看法);堅持說,確信”講時,其后從句不用虛擬語氣。
例如:He suggested (that) he heard someone in the next room. 他堅持說他聽到隔壁屋子里有人。
五.反意疑問句中的易錯點
1.在一般疑問句中,無論肯定的問或是否定的問,如果回答為肯定則用yes,反之則用no.特別注意如果出現(xiàn)省略則看下文所暗示的意義。
①—Are you a new comer?
—Yes, I came here only yesterday.
②—Isn’t Tom a good student?
—Yes, he is excellent.
③—Don’t you think the composition good?
—No, It can’t be any worse.
注意:在②③句中,當回答的意思與問句相一致時,則用No,譯為“是的”,當回答的意思與問句相反時,則用Yes,譯為“不”
2.情態(tài)動詞must
① I must leave now, mustn’t I ?
② He must be in the classroom, isn’t ?(表推測)
③ He must have finished his homework, hasn’t he ? (表現(xiàn)在的結(jié)果)
④ He must have finished his homework yesterday afternoon,didn’t he? (表過去)
當句子中有表示猜測的情態(tài)動詞時,其反意疑問句的構(gòu)成不能再用原句中的情態(tài)動詞,而應(yīng)根據(jù)原句在去掉情態(tài)動詞的情況下的主謂關(guān)系來確定其反問形式。
六、非謂語動詞中的易錯點
非謂語與其邏輯主語(即動作的執(zhí)行者或承受者)之間有三種關(guān)系,如為主謂關(guān)系,則用現(xiàn)在分詞或不定式的主動式;如為被動關(guān)系則用過去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(強調(diào)動作正在進行)或不定式的被動式(動作將進行);如既無主動也無被動關(guān)系則只能用狀語從句或獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)(即非謂語加上自己的邏輯主語)。
Judging/considering/genrally speaking/supposing 指說話者的動作,故只用主動式。如:
Having been ill in bed for nearly a month , he had a hard time passing the exam.
解析:從這個句子可以看出,句詞的邏輯主語與句子的主語he一致,并且是主謂關(guān)系,所以用了現(xiàn)在的分詞作狀語,同時,分詞的動作明顯地發(fā)生在句子的謂語動詞動作之前,故采用了現(xiàn)代分詞的完成式。
In order to improve English , ________.
A. Jenny’s father bought her a lot of tapes.
B. Jenny’s father bought a lot of tapes for herself.
C. A lot of tapes were bought by Jenny.
D. A lot of tapes were bought by Jenny father.
解析:根據(jù)不定式短語我們可以推知,句子的邏輯主語應(yīng)該是人而不是物,所以,應(yīng)該排除CD,再就是應(yīng)該是Jenny提高自己的英語,而不是她爸爸,故答案先B.
———,we decided to go out for a walk.
A. It is fine B. It fine C. Being fine D.It being fine
解析:主句主語we與動詞短語be fine之間既無主動關(guān)系與無被動關(guān)系,所以要加上自己的邏輯主語It,由于不存在主、被動關(guān)系,故不能選C項,而應(yīng)該選D 項。
————more attention, the trees could have grown better.
A. Given B.To give C.Giving D. Having giving
解析:give與主句的主語之間是被動關(guān)系,故選A.如為主動關(guān)系則選C.
易出錯的問題一般都是學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)中對知識理解不深刻或能力欠缺的地方,應(yīng)及時糾錯和建立“錯題檔案”,還應(yīng)“借題發(fā)揮”,有意地把一些易錯題予以歸類,找出錯誤根源,總結(jié)規(guī)律。
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