【讀者按】動詞可分為及物動詞和不及物動詞兩大類。那我們該怎么用動詞呢？怎么樣用才正確呢？下面看看編輯的“英語知識點”
類 別
意義
例 句
實義動詞
含有實在的意義,表示動作或狀態(tài),在句子中能獨立作謂語。
She has some bananas.
They eat a lot of potatoes.
連系動詞
本身有一定的詞義,但不能獨立作謂語,必須和表語一起構(gòu)成謂語。
His father is a teacher.
Twins usually look the same.
The teacher became very angry.
助動詞
本身沒有詞義,不能獨立作謂語,只能和主要動詞一起構(gòu)成謂語動詞,用來表示否定、疑問、時態(tài)、語態(tài)或其它語法形式,助動詞自身有人稱、單復(fù)數(shù)和時態(tài)的變化。
He doesn’t speak English.
We are playing basketball.
Do you have a brother?
情態(tài)動詞
本身有一定的意義,不能獨立作謂語,只能和主要動詞一起構(gòu)成謂語動詞,表示說話人的語氣和情態(tài)。情態(tài)動詞沒有人稱和單復(fù)數(shù)的變化,有些情態(tài)動詞有過去式。
You can keep the books for two weeks.
May I smoke here?
We must go now.
★重要注解：
(1)關(guān)于實義動詞：
①英語的實義動詞又可分為及物動詞和不及物動詞兩大類：
后面必須跟賓語意義才完整的叫及物動詞；本身意義完整,后面不需跟賓語的叫不及物動詞。
②有些動詞通常只作不及物動詞。如：go,come,happen,lie,listen,rise,arrive等。
有些動詞通常用作及物動詞。如：say,raise,lay,find,buy等。
③大多數(shù)動詞可以兼作及物動詞和不及物動詞。如：study,sing等。
④有些動詞作及物動詞與作不及物動詞時的意義有所不同。如：know,wash等。
⑤有些動詞常和介詞、副詞或其它詞類一起構(gòu)成固定詞組,形成短語動詞。如：listen,reply,wait,look.
(2)關(guān)于連系動詞：
①連系動詞用來連接主語和表語,連系動詞后面常為形容詞。
②常見的連系動詞有：be、become、look、feel、sound、smell、taste、seem、turn、grow、get、go、fall、sit、stand、lie等。
③有些連系動詞來源于實義動詞,意思也跟著變化：look(看→看起來)、feel(感覺、摸→感到)、smell(聞、嗅→聞起來)、taste(嘗→嘗起來)、turn(翻轉(zhuǎn)、轉(zhuǎn)動→變得)、grow(生長→變得)、get(得到、到達(dá)→變得)、go(去→變得),所不同的是,作為實義動詞時,后面不能跟形容詞。
(3)關(guān)于助動詞：
①常見的助動詞有：
用于進行時和被動語態(tài)的be(am,is,are,was,were,been,being);
用于完成時的have(has,had,having);
用于將來時的shall(should);will(would)
用于一般時的do(does,did).
②助動詞必須同主語的人稱和數(shù)一致,也就是說因主語人稱、數(shù)的不同而采用不同的形式,其中有些助動詞也可作情態(tài)動詞。如：shall,will,should,would.
(4)關(guān)于情態(tài)動詞：
2、動詞詞形變化一覽表：
(1)規(guī)則動詞變化表：
規(guī) 則變 化
原形動詞結(jié)尾情況
現(xiàn)在時單三人稱
現(xiàn)在分詞/動名詞
過去式和過去分詞
一般情況
+s
+ing
+ed
s,x,ch,sh,o結(jié)尾
+es
+ing
+ed
輔音字母+y結(jié)尾
y→i,+es
+ing
y→i,+ed
重讀閉音節(jié)一元一輔結(jié)尾
+s
雙寫輔音字母,+ing
雙寫輔音字母,+ed
不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾
+s
去掉e,+ing
+d
ie結(jié)尾
+s
ie→y,+ing
+d
不規(guī)則變化
have→has；be→is
(無)
(見不規(guī)則動詞變化表)
(2)不規(guī)則動詞變化表：(原形→過去式→過去分詞)
be(am,is)
was
been
lose
lost
lost
be(are)
were
been
make
made
made
beat
beat
beaten
may
might
become
became
become
mean
meant
meant
begin
began
begun
meet
met
met
blow
blew
blown
mistake
mistook
mistaken
break
broke
broken
must
must
bring
brought
brought
pay
paid
paid
build
built
built
put
put
put
buy
bought
bought
read
read
Read
can
could
ride
rode
ridden
catch
caught
caught
ring
rang
rung
choose
chose
chosen
rise
rose
risen
come
came
come
run
ran
run
cost
cost
cost
say
said
said
cut
cut
cut
see
saw
seen
dig
dug
dug
sell
sold
sold
do
did
done
send
sent
sent
draw
drew
drawn
set
set
set
drink
drank
drunk
shall
should
drive
drove
driven
shine
shone
shone
eat
ate
eaten
show
showed
shown
fall
fell
fallen
shut
shut
shut
feel
felt
felt
sing
sang
sung
find
found
found
sink
sank/sunk
sunk/sunken
fly
flew
flown
sit
set
set
forget
forgot
forgot/forgotten
sleep
slept
slept
freeze
froze
frozen
smell
smelt
smelt
get
got
got
speak
spoke
spoken
give
gave
given
spend
spent
spent
go
went
gone
spill
spilt
spilt
grow
grew
grown
spoil
spoilt
spoilt
hang
hung/hanged
hung/hanged
stand
stood
stood
have(has)
had
had
sweep
swept
swept
hear
heard
heard
swim
swam
swum
hide
hid
hidden
take
took
taken
hit
hit
hit
teach
taught
taught
hold
held
held
tell
told
told
hurt
hurt
hurt
think
thought
thought
keep
kept
kept
throw
threw
thrown
know
knew
known
understand
understood
understood
lay
laid
laid
wake
woke/waked
woken/waked
learn
learnt/learned
learnt/learned
wear
wore
worn
leave
left
left
will
would
lend
lent
lent
win
won
won
let
let
let
write
wrote
witten
lie
lay
lain
3、be(“是/存在”)動詞的各種時態(tài)變化：
一 般 現(xiàn) 在 時
一 般 將 來 時
現(xiàn) 在 完 成 時
I am….
You are.…
He/She/It is….
We/You/They are….
(I等各人稱) will be….
I am
He/She/It is going to be…
We/You/They are
I have been….
You have been….
She/he/It has been….
We/You/They have been….
一 般 過 去 時
過 去 將 來 時
過 去 完 成 時
I was….
You were.…
He/She/It was….
We/You/They were….
(I等各人稱) would be….
I was
He/She/It was going to be…
We/You/They were
I had been….
You had been….
She/he/It had been….
We/You/They had been….
注意：句型變化時,
否定句在am/is/are/will/have/has/was/were/had/would后面加not,而且not都可以縮寫為n’t(am后面not不可以縮寫)；
疑問句將am/is/are/will/have/has/was/were/had/would提前到句首。
4、其它謂語動詞(主動語態(tài))的時態(tài)變化一覽表：
現(xiàn)在 時態(tài)
一 般 現(xiàn) 在 時
現(xiàn) 在 進 行 時
一 般 將 來 時
現(xiàn) 在 完 成 時
謂語動詞構(gòu)成
動詞用原形(單三加s / es)
(問句和否定句借用助詞do / does)
am
is +動詞-ing
are
will + 動詞原形
am
is +going to+動詞原形
are
have +過去分詞
has
過去 時態(tài)
一 般 過 去 時
過 去 進 行 時
過 去 將 來 時
過 去 完 成 時
謂語動詞構(gòu)成
動詞用過去式
(問句和否定句借用助詞did)
was
+動詞-ing
were
would + 動詞原形
was
+going to+動詞原形
were
注：動詞的非謂語形式及用法見非謂語動詞專項講解。
誤區(qū)提醒
動詞的種類和形式要結(jié)合動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)等來學(xué)習(xí)，掌握好動詞的分類和形式，是學(xué)好時態(tài)和語態(tài)的基礎(chǔ)，撇開動詞分類及基礎(chǔ)知識去學(xué)其他內(nèi)容，是舍本求末的做法，只有基礎(chǔ)扎實了，才能高屋建瓴，徹底弄清楚跟動詞有關(guān)的其他內(nèi)容，打贏當(dāng)中的攻堅戰(zhàn)！
數(shù)學(xué)）
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