【題型特點(diǎn)】這類(lèi)試題旨在考查考生對(duì)事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)的確定。這類(lèi)試題一般只針對(duì)文章中某一特定的細(xì)節(jié)，也可能涉及若干個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)，或者針對(duì)文章的主要事實(shí)，或利用圖形圖表或地圖來(lái)表示信息等。此類(lèi)試題一般又可分為兩類(lèi)：一是直接理解題，答案可在原文中直接找到;二是詞義轉(zhuǎn)換題，答案是原文中有關(guān)詞語(yǔ)和句子的轉(zhuǎn)換，而不能在原文中直接找到。
【命題形式】這類(lèi)題主要是針對(duì)who, what, which, why, how, when, where等來(lái)提問(wèn)的。如：等來(lái)提問(wèn)的。如(1)Which of the following statements is true / NOT true / false, according to the passage?
(2)Which of the following statements is (not) correct?
(3)In the passage, which of the following is mentioned / not mentioned?
(4)All the following statements are not true except ______.
(5)All the statements are true except______.
(6)Choose the right order of the events given in the passage?
(7)When/Where did the story happen?
了解這些題目的設(shè)計(jì)特點(diǎn)對(duì)正確解題有一定幫助。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，設(shè)計(jì)這些題目時(shí)，編題者常常會(huì)換用不同的詞、詞組、短語(yǔ)、句型、或其它不同的表達(dá)方式來(lái)表達(dá)文段中某一相應(yīng)的詞、詞組、短語(yǔ)、句型或表達(dá)方式所表達(dá)的同一意思，以此來(lái)考察讀者對(duì)文段中某一信息的理解。解答這類(lèi)閱讀理解題尤其要求我們熟練掌握所學(xué)范圍內(nèi)的詞匯、短語(yǔ)、句型及其意義和用法。
【實(shí)例分析】下面是選自全國(guó)的一篇高考閱讀題。短文后面的閱讀理解題的設(shè)計(jì)采用了替換詞匯(單詞、詞組或短語(yǔ))、替換句型、轉(zhuǎn)換表達(dá)形式等命題方式。我們通過(guò)對(duì)這些例題的分析，具體了解一些閱讀理解題的設(shè)計(jì)特點(diǎn)和解題的基本方法。
The basenji is a central African hunting dog. It comes from a country called Chad, which is north of the Central African Republic. The basenji was well-known as the “silent dog” because for centuries no basenjis had ever been known to bark (吠). Then at a dog show in London in 1953, a basenji actually barked.As well as being clever, basenjis are known for their natural courage and are still popular hunting dogs in Africa. But in America people keep them mainly because they are gentle and full of fun. The basenji has an unusual habit; it washes itself all over like a cat. It is a middle-sized dog, 16 or 17 inches higher from the shoulder. It weighs about 20 pounds. A basenji’s coat is short and silky. It may be brown, white, or gold, or a mixture of these three colours.
1. Basenjis were first found ______.
A. in Africa, Europe and America
B. in both Africa and America
C. in central Africa D. in North Africa
2. What made basenjis so special?
A. They were funny enough to make people laugh.
B. One of them barked at a dog show in London.
C. They were a true friend of man.
D. They were born quiet dogs.
3. Americans like basenjis because they are ______.
A. pleasant
B. pretty
C. clean
D. quiet
4. In what way are basenjis like cats?
A. They make gentle sounds instead of barking.
B. They are fond of people and look like cats.
C. They clean themselves all over.
D. They have short, silky fur.
5. Basenjis are good hunters because they are ______.
A. strong
B. fearless
C. the right colour
D. the right weight
【答案解析】
1. 該題題干的意思可以理解成 Basenjis’ native country is…，其信息聯(lián)系點(diǎn)在第一自然段的第1句。根據(jù)這一句所傳達(dá)的信息，我們可以排除1A、B兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)，因?yàn)樗鼈兙笥谖亩沃兴o的信息的范圍 (The basenji is a central African hunting dog)。D選項(xiàng)與第一段的第2 north 這個(gè)詞，但 North Africa 是“北非”，在“非洲”北部;而 north of the Central African Republic 是“中非共和國(guó)的北部”，在“中非”北部，它們表示的范圍(或概念)不一致，也可以排除，因此，可以確定C選項(xiàng)是正確的。該題題干的設(shè)計(jì)采用了換句型的方法，即用 Basenjis were first found in central Africa 表達(dá) The Basenji is a central African hunting dog 的意思。
2. 該題可以理解為 Why were Basenjis so special，其信息聯(lián)系點(diǎn)在第一自然段的第3句。根據(jù)這一句所提供的信息，我們基本可以確定D句。根據(jù)這一句所提供的信息，我們基本可以確定選項(xiàng)是正確的，因?yàn)?…because… 表達(dá)了主從句之間的因果關(guān)系，而A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)與文段中的信息聯(lián)系點(diǎn)沒(méi)有什么關(guān)系，因此，都可以排除。該題的設(shè)計(jì)同時(shí)用了換詞和換表達(dá)形式兩種方法，即，用 special 取代 was well-known，用 quiet 取代 silent;用 was born quiet 取代 had never been known to bark。
3. 該題與文段的信息連接點(diǎn)在第二段的第2句，題目的設(shè)計(jì)采用了換詞的手法,because表示主從句之間的因果關(guān)系，但題干用 Americans like Basenjis 替代了文段中的 In America people keep Basenjis，即用 Americans 取代了(In America)people，用 like 取代了 keep，用 pleasant 取代了 gentle and full of fun。在四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，B、C兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)與文段中的信息點(diǎn) gentle and full of fun 的意思無(wú)關(guān);D選項(xiàng)只與信息點(diǎn)的部分意思D(gentle)相關(guān)，因此，這三個(gè)選項(xiàng)都可以排除。A選項(xiàng)可以完整地概括 gentle and full of fun 全部意思，因此，正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是A。
4. 該題問(wèn)的是“Basenjis在那一方面象貓”，其信息連接點(diǎn)在第二段的第3句。該題的設(shè)計(jì)采用了換詞的方法，即C選項(xiàng) They clean themselves all over 中的 clean 取代了文段中 It washes itself all over”中的“washes”，符合題意，而A、B、D三個(gè)選項(xiàng)的意思均與該信息點(diǎn)的意思無(wú)關(guān)，因此均可以排除。
5.該題的信息連接點(diǎn)在第二段的第1句。題目的設(shè)計(jì)采用了換詞、換表達(dá)形式的方法。文段中的“…Basenjis are known for their natural courage and are still popular ”句。題目的設(shè)計(jì)采用了換詞、換表達(dá)形式的方法。文段中的“”實(shí)際上可以理解為“Basenjis are still popular hunting dogs because they are known for their natural courage”，即文段中用“and”表示前后兩個(gè)并列句之間的因果關(guān)系，而題干用“because”表示主從句之間的因果關(guān)系;此外，題干中的“good hunters”取代了文段中的“popular hunting dogs”，B選項(xiàng)中的“fearless”取代了文段中的“courage”，符合文意，因此正確，而A、C、D三個(gè)選項(xiàng)均與文中相關(guān)信息點(diǎn)的意思無(wú)關(guān)，可以排除。
閱讀理解題的設(shè)計(jì)千變?nèi)f化，但只要我們加強(qiáng)閱讀實(shí)踐，不斷總結(jié)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，同時(shí)注意題目設(shè)計(jì)的基本規(guī)律，就一定能提高我們的閱讀理解水平和能力。
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