本部分將常用易混詞和詞組歸納為127例,進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的辨析,并舉例說明,以便于考生掌握使用。以下這些詞大部分出現(xiàn)在大綱詞表上,考生應(yīng)在學(xué)習(xí)中特別注意加以區(qū)分。
(43)cargo n. /commodity n. /goods n.
cargo一般指“船或飛機(jī)運(yùn)載的貨物”;commodity意為“商品”;goods用來泛指“商品,貨物等”。
例:These planes can carry a cargo of six tons.
這些飛機(jī)能運(yùn)載6噸貨物。
Wine is one of the many commodities that France sells abroad.
葡萄酒是法國向海外銷售的許多商品之一。
The goods were brought round early this morning.
今天一大早,這些貨物就被帶來。
Consumer goods production was to go up by 7 percent.
消費(fèi)品生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃增長7%。
(44)case n. /condition n. /situation n. /occasion n.
case常指事物的特定情況,事情真相和始末,如“病例”、“案件”等;condition指某時某處事情發(fā)展、存在的狀況、狀態(tài)或條件,一個人的“感覺如何”;situation往往指一組情況或一些情況的綜合,常譯為“情況”、“形勢”;occasion指特定的“時機(jī)”、“場合”、“良機(jī)”。
例:All the people involved in this case must be present.
所有與這起案件有關(guān)的人都必須到場。
Conditions in the office made concentration impossible.
辦公室的狀況根本不可能使人專心。
The current international situation is not optimistic.
目前的國際形勢不容樂觀。
It is not very suitable to sing such a song on this formal occasion.
在這種場合唱這樣一首歌是不太合適的。
(45)chance n. /opportunity n. /advantage n. /fortune n.
chance著重指偶然或意外的可能,有時也指“好機(jī)會”,這時可用“opportunity”替代;opportunity著重指“好機(jī)會”,帶有“適逢其時、正好便于行事”之意;advantage指有利的條件或優(yōu)勢;fortune指人“交好運(yùn)氣”,有一定迷信的色彩。
例:There is a chance that I will see him these days.
這幾天我有可能見到他。
The 2008 Olympic Games will bring us many opportunities and challenges.
2008年奧運(yùn)會將給我們帶來許多機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn)。
It is to your advantage to invest wisely.
明智地投資對你很有利。
It is also believed that fireworks will bring good fortune in the coming year.
據(jù)說放鞭炮還能為人們在新的一年里帶來好運(yùn)氣。
(46)contest n. /match n. /game n. /play n. /competition n.
contest指“人與人之間進(jìn)行爭奪以取得優(yōu)勝”之意;match指對手之間進(jìn)行的比賽、競賽等力量或智慧較量,通常指具體的比賽;game指決勝負(fù)的游戲,通常有一套規(guī)則;美國稱比賽為game,英國稱比賽為match;play最一般用語,指通過游戲或運(yùn)動達(dá)到娛樂目的文體活動;competition指對手之間以某種手段或智慧、力量等壓倒對方而取勝。
例:She got the first prize in a recent beauty contest.
她在最近的選美比賽中奪冠。
A critical football match is being transmitted on CCTV 5.
中央五套正在轉(zhuǎn)播一場關(guān)鍵的足球比賽。
The team is preparing for taking part in the coming winter games.
這支隊(duì)伍正在為即將舉行的冬運(yùn)會做準(zhǔn)備。
The school uses some methods which combine language lessens with the play.
這所學(xué)校采用了某些方法,將語言課與玩耍結(jié)合起來。
To get the advantage in the competition, you must have enough preparation in advance.
為了在競爭中取得優(yōu)勢,你必須之前做好充足的準(zhǔn)備。
(47)carry out/perform/realize/come true/come into being
carry out指把預(yù)定的計(jì)劃、規(guī)則等變成現(xiàn)實(shí),其意相當(dāng)于fulfill;perform是do的正規(guī)說法,指“執(zhí)行”、“進(jìn)行”某種任務(wù)或計(jì)劃等;realize指把夢想、理想、雄心等變成現(xiàn)實(shí),為及物動詞;come true不及物用法,指夢想、理想等隨時間前進(jìn)而變成現(xiàn)實(shí);come into being指原來沒有的事物現(xiàn)在“開始存在”或“產(chǎn)生出來”。
例:It is time for us to carry out this plan. 是我們實(shí)施這個計(jì)劃的時候了。
The surgeon performed the operation. 醫(yī)師做了手術(shù)。
He has finally realized his dream as a writer in his childhood.
他終于實(shí)現(xiàn)了他童年時代想成為作家的夢想。
His dream as a writer in his childhood comes true finally.
他童年時代想成為作家的夢想終于變成了現(xiàn)實(shí)。
Recently a new anti-Japan trend has come into being.
最近產(chǎn)生了一股新的反日傾向。
(48)compose v. /compile v. /create v. /produce v. /conceive v.
compose指把各種材料和構(gòu)思編排成文章、樂曲等;compile著重指匯集資料而后加工成書籍、詞典等;create著重指從無到有地進(jìn)行“創(chuàng)造”、“創(chuàng)作”等;produce最一般用詞,指通過一切方法“提出”或“生產(chǎn)”、“制造”出產(chǎn)品或思想成果;conceive指頭腦經(jīng)過思考、想像“想出”主意、辦法、假設(shè)等。
例:The great musician composed a wonderful musical piece during a night.
這名偉大的音樂家在一夜之間就創(chuàng)作出了一首精美絕倫的音樂作品。
It will take a long time and energy to compile a dictionary.
編撰一本字典要耗費(fèi)很多的時間和精力。
create a poem 創(chuàng)作一首詩;create a new life 創(chuàng)造一個新的生命
produce a videotape 制作一個錄影帶;produce a car 生產(chǎn)汽車
The sales manager has been conceiving a plan to increase profits all the night.
銷售經(jīng)理整晚都在構(gòu)想一個增加利潤的計(jì)劃。
(49)companion n. /fellow n.
companion意為“同胞,伙伴,志趣相投的人”;fellow意為“同伴,同伙,家伙,一起共事的人”。
例:My fellow travelers made good companions.
我的旅伴是不錯的搭檔。
The boy went to join his fellows on the playing field.
這孩了到操場上和其他小朋友玩起來。
(50)competent a. /capable a. /qualified a.
這三個詞都有可以做某事的意思,competent主要指“能勝任,稱職,具有某種技能”;capable指“能干,有能力”,常用詞組be capable of;qualified主要指“合格,有資格做某事”。
例:Be sure to get a competent electrician for the job.
一定要找一位稱職的電氣工程師來做這個工作。
John is a very capable and very intelligent boy.
約翰是一個非常有能力、非常聰明的孩子。
I don’t believe she is capable of winning the game.
我不相信她有能力贏得這項(xiàng)比賽。
I am a qualified doctor, who will not hurt you.
我是位合格的醫(yī)生,不會傷害你的。
(51)component n. /element n.
component意為“部件,元件,成分”,強(qiáng)調(diào)每部分是獨(dú)立的、與其他不同的個體;element意為“元素,成分,要素”,強(qiáng)調(diào)每部分為最小的、不可再分的元素或單元。
例:The engine has more than 300 components, made of a number of different materials.
這部引擎有300多個不同材料制成的零件。
Carbon is an element, while carbon dioxide is a compound.
碳是一種元素,二氧化碳是一種化合物。
Honesty, industry, and kindness are elements of a good life.
誠實(shí)、勤勞和善良是美好生活的要素。
(52)conserve v. /reserve v. /preserve v.
conserve意為“保存,保護(hù),節(jié)約”;reserve意為“保留,預(yù)定”;preserve意為“保存,保持,腌制,防腐”。
例:We must conserve our woodlands for future generations.
我們必須為子孫后代保護(hù)好我們的林地。
I reserve the right to make my own decisions.
我保留自己做決定的權(quán)利。
I reserved a table for four at Newland restaurant.
我在新大陸餐館定了一張四人桌。
A commission was set up to preserve historical houses in the city.
成立了一個委員會來保護(hù)城里的那些歷史建筑。
Policemen preserve order in the streets.
警察在街上維持秩序。
Fish are preserved in ice and salt until they are sold.
魚在出售前一直存放在冰和鹽當(dāng)中。
(53)convert v. /transform v.
convert意為“改變,轉(zhuǎn)變(信仰等)”,主要指把事物從一種狀態(tài)改變?yōu)榱硪环N狀態(tài),使其有了新的用途或特征;transform意為“變形,改變”,主要指外形,外表上的改變。
例:These machines convert cotton into cloth.
這些機(jī)器將棉花變成布。
Many Africans were converted to Christianity.
許多非洲人皈依了基督教。
He transformed the old kitchen into a beautiful sitting room.
他把一間舊廚房改造成一間美麗的客廳。
(54)convince v. /persuade v.
convince意為“說服,使相信”;persuade意為“勸人做,使同意做,使相信”。
例:I am not quite convinced by what he has said.
他的話還不足以讓我信服。
He convinced me that Howard was innocent.
他使我相信霍華德是無辜的。
She persuaded Shelley to adopt a new job.
她勸告雪莉接受新的工作。
She persuaded him that she was telling the truth.
她使他確信她說的是實(shí)情。
(55)crash v. /crush v. /smash v.
crash指“車輛、飛機(jī)等的碰撞”;crush指“軋碎,輾碎”;smash指“打碎,摔碎”。
例:I dropped the plate and it smashed.
我失手將盤子掉在地上摔碎了。
One of his legs was crushed in an accident.
他的一條腿在車禍中軋斷了。
The airplane crashed into a house.
那架飛機(jī)撞到了一所民宅上。
(56)danger n. /risk n. /hazard n.
這三個詞都可以用來表示危險。danger意為“面臨危險的可能性或?qū)嶋H存在的危險,災(zāi)害”;risk與danger相比,意味著更多的遭受損失或失敗的可能性,常用來指“有風(fēng)險,冒著風(fēng)險做某事”;hazard較danger更正式,多指“無法預(yù)見,無法控制的危險”。
例:They held a discussion to reduce the danger of military confrontation between the two nations.
他們開會討論了如何降低兩國間發(fā)生軍事沖突的危險。
There is a risk of you catching cold.
你有患感冒的危險。
The disease is spreading and all children under 5 are at risk.
這種病正在蔓延,5歲以下的兒童都有染上該病的危險。
Icy road is a hazard to all the drivers, especially the green hand.
結(jié)冰的公路對所有的司機(jī)來說都是一種危險,對新手來說尤其如此。
(57)decline v. /reduce v. /decrease v.
decline指“數(shù)量、質(zhì)量、重要性等慢慢減弱,下降,衰退的過程”;reduce多指“范圍、強(qiáng)度、數(shù)量的減少,降低”,強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果,主語往往是人;decrease意為“減少,降低”,強(qiáng)調(diào)減少,衰退的過程。
例:During the crisis years the production of coal declined 41.6 percent.
經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)期間煤產(chǎn)量降低了41.6%。
We have reduced the price of the coat from $100 to $50.
我們將這款外套的價格從100美元降到了50美元。
Water consumption decreased during the winter.
冬天耗水量下降了。
(58)defect n. /fault n. /mistake n. /error n.
這四個詞容易弄混,實(shí)際上可分為兩組:defect, fault指毛病、缺點(diǎn);mistake和error指錯誤。defect指表面上的缺陷或人或物本質(zhì)上的缺點(diǎn),尤指生產(chǎn)品所存在的缺陷,著重指由于某種欠缺而影響到產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量,以致完全妨礙了某種功能的發(fā)揮。fault側(cè)重于造成錯誤的個人責(zé)任,還可指人或物的缺點(diǎn)。fault指物時,特指缺乏某種要素而不完善,有毛病,過失。mistake指錯誤,由于有缺陷的判斷,知識不足或粗心造成的失誤或錯誤。error指錯誤,比較正式,常用于表現(xiàn)無意識地偏離正確的行為、主張或信念。
例:The machine is unsafe because of the defects in it. 這臺機(jī)器因?yàn)橛忻,不安全?/p>
He suffers from a hearing defect. 他聽覺有毛病。
例:There is a small electrical fault in the motor. 馬達(dá)里的電路上有個小毛病。
He could never accept the fact that he had been at fault. 他無法接受自己有錯這個事實(shí)。
例:This mistake was made entirely through your fault. 這個錯誤完全歸咎于你。
The waiter made a mistake over the bill. 服務(wù)員把賬算錯了。
Your paper is full of spelling mistakes. 你的拼寫錯誤很多。
It is a mistake to leave my camera at home.
把攝像機(jī)留在家里真是失策。
Professor Zhang found a technical error in your paper.
張教授在你的論文中發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個技術(shù)性的錯誤。
The accident was the result of human error.
這事故是人為的錯誤造成的。
(59)despair n.&v. /desperate a.
despair是名詞和動詞,意為“沮喪,絕望,灰心喪氣等”,常與in一起搭配;desperate是形容詞,意為“絕望的,迫切的,不顧后果的”。
例:Susan cried loudly in despair.
蘇珊絕望地失聲痛哭。
Don’t despair, things will get better soon.
別灰心,情況很快就會好轉(zhuǎn)的。
He was desperate after the failure of his last attempt.
最后一次嘗試失敗后,他絕望了。
The prisoners became desperate in their attempts to escape.
囚犯們不顧一切地企圖越獄逃跑。
(60)deserve v. /justified a. /reasonable a.
deserve是動詞,意為“應(yīng)當(dāng)享受……,值得……,應(yīng)當(dāng)(受到)……”;justified為“有道理的,正當(dāng)?shù)?rdquo;;reasonable意為“合情合理的,公道的,公平的”。
例:Mary really deserves a long holiday after two weeks’ work on end.
瑪麗連續(xù)工作了兩個星期,她的確應(yīng)享受一次長假。
I’m perfectly willing to pay reasonable price.
我非常愿意為一個合理的價格付款。
The editor is justified in refusing your lousy report.
你這份報導(dǎo)寫得真糟糕,編輯當(dāng)然要拒發(fā)了。
(61)distinguish v. /identify v.
distinguish意為“區(qū)分,識別”,多與from,between等介詞連用;identify意為“認(rèn)出,識別出”。前者強(qiáng)調(diào)區(qū)分兩個事物的差異,而后者多指從中認(rèn)出,證明(是誰,是什么)。
例:It was difficult to distinguish anything in the dark.
黑暗中很難辨清物體。
Can you distinguish cotton cloth from nylon?
你能分清棉布和尼龍制品嗎?
Could you identify your bicycle among a hundred others?
你能從100輛車中認(rèn)出自己的自行車嗎?
Fred identified the bag as his by telling what it contained.
弗雷德講出了包內(nèi)存放物,從而認(rèn)領(lǐng)了自己的包。
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