過去完成時的被動語態(tài)的概念:
過去完成時的被動語態(tài)是過去完成時態(tài)和被動語態(tài)的疊合。表示過去某一時間以前已經(jīng)完成的動作,常與by,before等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語連用。由“had+been+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。
過去完成時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成:
1)過去完成時的被動語態(tài)的肯定式為:had + been + done。
如:The task had been finished before 12:00 yesterday.
2)過去完成時的被動語態(tài)的否定式為:have / has + not + been + done。
如:The task hadn't been finished before 12:00 yesterday.
3)過去完成時的被動語態(tài)的一般疑問句需將had提到主語的前面。
如:Had the task been finished before 12:00 yesterday?
4)過去完成時的被動語態(tài)的特殊疑問句為:疑問詞 + had+ been + done。
如:What time had the task been finished yesterday?
過去完成時被動語態(tài)的用法:
過去完成時由“had+過去分詞”構(gòu)成,表示在過去某一時刻或某一動作之前發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài),句中常用by,before,until,when等詞引導(dǎo)時間狀語。
如:We had built five new buildings by the end of last year. 過去完成時的被動語態(tài)有以下三種形式:
(1)肯定結(jié)構(gòu):主語+had been done+其他成分
(2)否定結(jié)構(gòu):主語+had not been done+其他成分
(3)疑問句結(jié)構(gòu):had+主語+been done+其他成分;
疑問詞+had+主語+been done+其他成分
過去完成時的被動語態(tài)常用于以下情況:
(1)表示過去某一時間以前已經(jīng)完成的動作,常與by, before等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語連用。
如:By the time he got to the school, the first period had been finished.
The classroom hadn't been cleaned before the teacher came.
How many buildings had been destroyed when the hurricane ended?
Had the new plan been discussed before the meeting?
(2)在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞之后的賓語從句中,若表示過去某一被動動作時,用過去完成時。
如:The said the production costs had been reduced.
The boy was reminded that his homework had not been handed in.
The media reported more than 1,000 people had been killed in the earthquake.
(3)根據(jù)語意可以判斷出動作先后的被動語態(tài),用過去完成時。
如:As the assignment had been done, he went on to search the Internet.
He did what he had been told to.
另:當(dāng)從句由after,before,when或assoonas引導(dǎo)時,主句和從句都可以用一般過去時。
如:When he arrived, he called her.
They locked the door before they left.
過去完成時與現(xiàn)在完成時被動語態(tài)用法區(qū)別:
現(xiàn)在完成時被動語態(tài)表示相對于現(xiàn)在來說已被完成的動作,過去完成時被動語態(tài)表示相對于過去某一時刻來說已被完成的動作。
例如:This polluted river has been cleaned. 這條被污染了的河流已被凈化。
析:該句表示到現(xiàn)在為止這條河流已被凈化。
例如:He said this book had been translated into Japanese. 他說這本書已被譯成日語。
析:該句表示到他說話時所體現(xiàn)的時間為止這本書已被譯成日語。
相關(guān)高中英語知識點:過去分詞
過去分詞的概念:
過去分詞一般表示完成和被動的動作,只有一種形式。即:動詞原形加-ed構(gòu)成。
如:fallen leaves 落葉
boiled water 開水
I heard the door closed. 我聽見門被關(guān)上了。
過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞被動式的區(qū)別:
兩者均可表示被動,其區(qū)別主要在于它們所表示的時間概念不同,但有時它們也可表示相同的意思。
如:Written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 這書因?qū)懙脗}促,所以錯誤不少。
Being written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 這書因?qū)懙脗}促,所以錯誤不少。
Having been written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 這書因?qū)懙脗}促,所以錯誤不少。
有時雖然所表示的時間概念相同,但有細(xì)微區(qū)別:
如:Having been show the lab, we left. 被領(lǐng)著看了實驗室后,我們就離開了。
過去分詞的句法功能:
1、作定語:
如:I don't like the book written by Martin.
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我們班開展了一次有組織的旅行。
注意:當(dāng)過去分詞是單詞時,一般用于名詞前,如果是過去分詞短語,就放在名詞的后面。過去分詞做定語相當(dāng)于一個被動語態(tài)的定語從句。
2、過去分詞作表語:
如:They were very excited at the news. 聽到這個消息,他們非常激動。
The window is broken. 窗戶破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他們對眼前悲慘的景象感到很害怕。
注意:be+過去分詞,如果表示狀態(tài)是系表結(jié)構(gòu),如果表示被動的動作是被動語態(tài)。
區(qū)別:The window is broken.(系表)
The window was broken by the boy.(被動)
有些過去分詞是不及物動詞構(gòu)成的,不表示被動,只表示完成。
如:boiled water(開水) fallen leaves(落葉) newly arrived goods(新到的貨) the risen sun(升起的太陽) the changed world(變了的世界)
這類過去分詞有:gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
3、過去分詞作賓語補足語:
如:I heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我聽見這首歌被唱了好幾次。
有時過去分詞做with短語中的賓語補足語:
如:With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了,他們出去玩去了。
4、過去分詞作狀語:
如:Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents. 受到鄰居們的表揚,他成為父母的驕傲。(表示原因)
Onceseen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看見,人們就忘不了。(表示時間)
Given more time, I'll be able to do it better. 如果給予更多的時間,我能做得更好。(表示條件)
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy. 雖然被告之危險,他仍然冒生命危險去救那個孩子。(表示讓步)
Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充滿了希望與恐懼,他走進(jìn)山洞。
5、過去分詞與邏輯主語構(gòu)成獨立主格:
如:All books returned at the end of the term, the library assistant was satisfied. 所有的書期末時都還了,圖書管理員很高興。
The field ploughed, he began to spread seed. 地耕好了,他開始撒種子。
現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別:
1、分詞作表語:
分詞做表語有兩種情況,一種是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語,一種是過去分詞做表語,這兩者區(qū)別是考試中經(jīng)?嫉降牡胤。一般來說,表示心理狀態(tài)的動詞如excite,interest等都是及物動詞,漢語意思不是“激動”,“高興”,而是“使激動”、“使高興”,因而現(xiàn)在分詞應(yīng)該是“令人激動的”、“令人高興的”,過去分詞則是“感到激動的”和“感到高興的”。所以,凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式,凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。換句話說,若人對……感興趣,就是somebody is in terestedi n...,若人/物本身有興趣時,就是說sb./sth. is interesting。這類詞常見的有:
interesting 使人感到高興—interested感到高興的
exciting令人激動的—excited感到激動的
delighting令人高興的—delighted感到高興的
disappointing令人失望的—disappointed感到失望的
encouraging令人鼓舞的—encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的—pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人費解的—puzzled感到費解的
satisfying令人滿意的—satisfied感到滿意的
surprising令人驚異的—surprised感到驚異的
worrying令人擔(dān)心的—worried感到擔(dān)心的
如:Travelling is interesting but tiring. 旅行是有趣的,但是使人疲勞。
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much. 如果要學(xué)生學(xué)得太多,他們會感到糊涂的。
The game is exciting. (現(xiàn)在分詞作表語)
We were excited at the news. (過去分詞作表語)
2、分詞作定語:
分詞作定語時有下面幾個特點:
1)現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動意義,過去分詞一般表示被動含意。
2)現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行,過去分詞表示狀態(tài)或做完(完成)的事。
如:He rushed into the burning house. 他沖進(jìn)了正在燃燒著的房子。
The child standing over there is my brother. 站在那兒的男孩子是我弟弟。
The room facing south is our classroom. 朝南的房間是我們的教室。
He is an advanced teacher. 他是個先進(jìn)教師。
3)下列不及物動詞也以過去分詞形式做定語或表語,但不具有被動意義,這點要注意:
departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come
3、分詞作狀語:
現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語與過去分詞做狀語的最主要區(qū)別在于兩者與所修飾的主語的主動與被動關(guān)系的區(qū)別。
1)現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時,現(xiàn)在分詞的動作就是句子主語的動作,它們之間的關(guān)系是主動關(guān)系。
如:He went out shutting the door behind him. 他出去后將門隨手關(guān)上。
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help. 由于不知如何辦是好,他去找父母幫忙。
Smiling, they came in.
2)過去分詞作狀語時,過去分詞表示的動作是句子主語承受的動作,它們之間的關(guān)系是被動關(guān)系。
如:Cleaned, the room looks nice.
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better. 如果對這些樹多關(guān)心一些,它們本來會長得更好。
Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them. 在遇到困難的時候,我們必須設(shè)法克服。
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