現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式概念:
現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式表示它的邏輯主語是現(xiàn)在分詞動(dòng)作的承受者。
兩種現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式:
現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式表示它的邏輯主語是現(xiàn)在分詞動(dòng)作的承受者。根據(jù)現(xiàn)在分詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間,現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式有一般被動(dòng)式(being done)和完成被動(dòng)式(having been done)。
如:The question being discussed is very important. 正在被討論的問題很重要。
Having been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking. 被老師批評以后,他把煙戒了。
注意:在need, want, require, beworth等動(dòng)詞(短語)后,作賓語的現(xiàn)在分詞常用主動(dòng)形式來表示被動(dòng)含義。
如:Your shoes need cleaning.=Your shoes need to be cleaned. 你的鞋需要清洗一下了。
This book is well worth reading. 這本書很值得一看。
現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)式的用法:
當(dāng)要表示一個(gè)被動(dòng)動(dòng)作時(shí),現(xiàn)在分詞就用被動(dòng)形式,F(xiàn)在分詞的一般式和完成式均有被動(dòng)式形式:
(1)現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的被動(dòng)式。
主要表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,也可表示與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作:
如:Who is the woman being operated on? 正在動(dòng)手術(shù)的女人是誰?
I saw him being taken away by the police. 我看見他被警察帶走。
【注】有時(shí)現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的被動(dòng)式所表示的動(dòng)作也可發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前(此時(shí)的現(xiàn)在分詞通常用于表示原因,且多為狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞):
如:Not having a car, he finds it difficult to get around. 由于沒車,她感到行動(dòng)很困難。
(2)現(xiàn)在分詞完成式的被動(dòng)式。
主要表示發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前且已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作:
如:The subject having been opened, he had to go on with it. 話題已經(jīng)開始了,他不得不談下去。
Having been written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 這書因?qū)懙脗}促,所以錯(cuò)誤不少。
比較:Being soill, she can't go to school. 由于病得那么嚴(yán)重,她不能去上學(xué)。
Having been ill for a long time he needed time to recover. 由于病了很長時(shí)間,他需要一段恢復(fù)的時(shí)間。
相關(guān)高中英語知識(shí)點(diǎn):現(xiàn)在分詞
現(xiàn)在分詞的概念:
現(xiàn)在分詞(PresentParticiple)(又稱-ing形式),是分詞的一種,是非限定動(dòng)詞,即在句子里面不能單獨(dú)充當(dāng)謂語,但能充當(dāng)其它的一些成分(定語,表語,補(bǔ)語和狀語)。一般式:doing;一般被動(dòng)式:being done;完成式:having done;完成被動(dòng)式:having been done。所有否定式都是在-ing前面加not。
現(xiàn)在分詞的用法:
1)做表語:
如:He was very amusing.
That book was rather boring.
很多動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞都可以作表語:exciting, interesting, encouraging, disappointing, confusing, touching, puzzling.
2)作定語:
上面所出現(xiàn)的現(xiàn)在分詞都可以用作定語,修飾一個(gè)名詞:
如:That must have been a terrifying experience.
I found him a charming person.
現(xiàn)在分詞短語還可以放在名詞的后面修飾名詞,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句:
如:There are a few boys swimming in the river.
There is a car waiting outside.
3)作狀語:
現(xiàn)在分詞短語可以表示一個(gè)同時(shí)發(fā)生的次要的或伴隨的動(dòng)作:
如:Following Tom, we started to climb the mountain.
Opening the drawer, he took out a box.
Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door.
現(xiàn)在分詞短語還可以表示原因,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語從句:
如:Not knowing her address, we couldn't get in touch with her.
Being unemployed, he hasn't got much money.
現(xiàn)在分詞短語還可以表示時(shí)間,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句:
如:Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.
Returning home, he began to do his homework.
Jim hurt his arm while playing tennis.
Be careful when crossing the road.
Having found a hotel, we looked for some where to have dinner.
Having finished her work, she went home.
4)作賓補(bǔ):
現(xiàn)在分詞在一些動(dòng)詞之后可以做賓語的補(bǔ)語:
例如:see, hear, catch, find, keep, have等。
如:I see him passing my house every day.
I caught him stealing things in that shop.
I smelt something burning.
She kept him working all day.
現(xiàn)在分詞其他用法解析:
1、現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的用法:
現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作與主語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生:
如:When we arrived, we found him sleeping. 我們到達(dá)時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)他在睡覺。
Living in the 示的動(dòng)作也可略早于或遲于謂語動(dòng)作,但兩者之間沒有時(shí)間間隔:
如:Seeing nobody at home, he decided to leave a note. 發(fā)現(xiàn)沒有在家,他決定留個(gè)字條。
He went home, finding the door locked. 他回到家,發(fā)現(xiàn)門是鎖著的。當(dāng)現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作略遲于謂語動(dòng)作時(shí),現(xiàn)在分詞通常位于句末。
2、現(xiàn)在分詞完成式的用法:
現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式主要表示發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前的動(dòng)作:
如:Having been there once, she knew the place quite well. 由于去過那兒一次,她對那地方很熟悉。
Having failed twice, he didn't want to try again. 他已經(jīng)失敗了兩次,不想再試了。
注:(1)現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式和完成式均可表示已完成或先于謂語的動(dòng)作,但有區(qū)別:現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作雖然可以先于謂語動(dòng)作,但兩者之間沒有時(shí)間間隔,而現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式所表示先于謂語的動(dòng)作則與謂語動(dòng)作有一定的時(shí)間間隔:
如:Locking the door, he went out. 鎖好門之后,他就出去了。
Having invited him here to speak, we'd better go to his lecture. 既然我們請了他來作報(bào)告,我們最好去聽一下。
有時(shí)即使是分詞動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)作幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生,但如果要強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞動(dòng)作的完成性,也應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式:
如:Having bought our tickets, we went into the theatre. 我們買好票后就走進(jìn)劇場。
(2)現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式一般不用作定語:
誤:Do you know anyone having lost a cat? 你知道有誰丟了一只貓嗎?
誤:I want to talk to the person having broken the window. 我想同打破窗戶的人談?wù)劇?BR>若將以上現(xiàn)分詞的完成式改為一般式也不可以(因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在分詞作后置定語時(shí)通常只表示與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,而不能先于謂語動(dòng)作而發(fā)生):
誤:I want to talk to the person breaking the window.
3、現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)式的用法:
當(dāng)要表示一個(gè)被動(dòng)動(dòng)作時(shí),現(xiàn)在分詞就用被動(dòng)形式,F(xiàn)在分詞的一般式和完成式均有被動(dòng)式形式:
(1)現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的被動(dòng)式:主要表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,也可表示與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作:
如:Who is the woman being operated on? 正在動(dòng)手術(shù)的女人是誰?
I saw him being taken away by the police. 我看見他被警察帶走。
注:有時(shí)現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的被動(dòng)式所表示的動(dòng)作也可發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前(此時(shí)的現(xiàn)在分詞通常用于表示原因,且多為狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞):
如:Not having a car, he finds it difficult to get around. 由于沒車,她感到行動(dòng)很困難。
(2)現(xiàn)在分詞完成式的被動(dòng)式:主要表示發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前且已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。
如:The subject having been opened, he had to go on with it. 話題已經(jīng)開始了,他不得不談下去。
Having been written inhaste, the book has many mistakes. 這書因?qū)懙脗}促,所以錯(cuò)誤不少。
比較:Being so ill, she can't go to school. 由于病得那么嚴(yán)重,她不能去上學(xué)。
Having been ill for a long time, he needed time to recover. 由于病了很長時(shí)間,他需要一段恢復(fù)的時(shí)間。
相關(guān)高中英語知識(shí)點(diǎn):不定式的被動(dòng)式
不定式的被動(dòng)式的概念:
如果不定式的邏輯主語是不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者,不定式要用被動(dòng)式。如:The next thing to be done is to get our classroom pained.
不定式被動(dòng)式的用法:
一、基本形式:
不定式被動(dòng)式的基本形式為to be done;若表示動(dòng)作先于另一動(dòng)作之前,則用完成式,即to have been done。
二、用法歸納:
不定式被動(dòng)式在句中可以用作:
1、主語:
如:It's a great honour to be invited to the banquet. 承蒙邀請赴宴,甚是榮幸。
To be attacked by the enemy is not a bad thing, but a good tiring. 被敵人反對是好事,不是壞事。
It's a pity to be kept in the house in fine weather. 好天氣時(shí)被留在家里是很遺憾的。
2、表語:
如:All this is to be sold. 所有這些都是出售的。
Water must be pure if it is to be drunk. 水如供飲用必須凈化。
The switchboard is to be manned at all times. 任何時(shí)候電話總機(jī)那兒都應(yīng)有專人在崗負(fù)責(zé)。
3、賓語:
如:She doesn't want to be separated from him. 她不愿和他分開。
He begged to be allowed to return to Brazil. 他懇求允許他返回巴西。
I don't wish to be disturbed in my work. 在工作時(shí)我不愿意被人打擾。
They demanded to be shown the authentic documents. 他們要求出示真實(shí)可靠的文件。
4、定語:
如:I made notes of the things to be mended. 我記下了需要修補(bǔ)的東西。
The Blacks are the first to be fired and the last to be hired. 黑人是最先被解雇,最后被雇用。
5、狀語:
如:He asked to be kept in formed about developments. 他要求隨時(shí)向他報(bào)告發(fā)展情況。
As she waited to be served, she became very impatient. 她在等候侍者送飯時(shí),很不耐煩。
She got there only to be told that they had gone on holiday. 她到達(dá)那里,被告知他們度假去了。
6、賓語補(bǔ)足語:
如:He did not like his intention to be laughed at. 他不喜歡自己的意圖受到嘲笑。
He ordered the goods to be sent by air. 他命令把貨物空運(yùn)
7、主語補(bǔ)足語:
如:The court was ordered to be cleared. 有命令要關(guān)閉法庭。
The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room. 不許將書攜出室外。
8、用在“for+名(代)詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中。
如:It's an honour for me to be asked to speak here. 我很榮幸被邀在這里講話。
It is essential for him to be prepared for this. 有必要讓他對此有所準(zhǔn)備。
It's impossible for the job to be finished in time. 這項(xiàng)任務(wù)要按時(shí)完成是不可能的。
The note was a simple request for a porter to be sent to room201. 這個(gè)字條就是請指派一個(gè)搬運(yùn)工到201室去。
Can you arrange for the gold to be delivered on Monday? 你能不能安排一下周一把金子送到?
動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)式之注意點(diǎn):
一、注意形式與功用:
不定式的被動(dòng)式為“to be+過去分詞”,表示其邏輯主語是動(dòng)作的承受者,具有被動(dòng)含義。在句中可用作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)語等。
如:It was impossible for lost time to be made up. 要彌補(bǔ)已失去的時(shí)光是不可能的。
I hope to be invited to the party. 我希望有人請我去參加晚會(huì)。
Have you got ready for the meeting to be held? 你為即將舉行的會(huì)議準(zhǔn)備好了嗎?
In order to be chosen, he sent each of them a present.為 了被選中,他給他們每人都送了禮物。
The problem seems to be solved soon. 問題好像快要解決了。
二、與不定式的主動(dòng)式的比較:
1、表示義務(wù)的概念,句子的主語是要做的動(dòng)作或接受動(dòng)作的人或物時(shí),要用不定式的被動(dòng)式。
如:These sheets are to be washed. 這些床單要洗一洗。
The cleaning is to be finished by mid day. 要在中午前打掃完畢。
2、不定式作定語與被修飾詞是主謂、動(dòng)賓、同位等邏輯關(guān)系時(shí),多用其主動(dòng)式。
如:Where is the boy to speak at tomorrow's meeting?(=who will speak at tomorrow's meeting主謂關(guān)系) 明天要在會(huì)上發(fā)言的那個(gè)男孩在哪里?
I have got a letter to write.(=that I will write動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,尤其謂語動(dòng)詞為have, give, bring等時(shí)) 我有封信要寫。
Give me a pen to write with.(=that I can write with不及物動(dòng)詞加上相應(yīng)的介詞)給我一枝筆寫。
注意:如果動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者在主語或賓語中沒有出現(xiàn),應(yīng)用不定式的被動(dòng)式。
如:I'm going to the post office. Do you have any letters to be posted? 我要去郵局。你有信要寄嗎?(動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者不是you)
3、在there be結(jié)構(gòu)中,用不定式的主動(dòng)式和被動(dòng)式意義一般差別不大,但有些還是有差別的。
如:There's a lot to be said (或to say) about this book. 關(guān)于這本書大有可說。
There is nothing to see. 沒有什么可看的了。
There is nothing to be seen. 看不見有什么。(即“什么也沒看見”)
4、修飾作表語或賓補(bǔ)的形容詞的不定式,常用主動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)含義。
如:I don't think English hard to learn. 我認(rèn)為英語不太難學(xué)。
三、雙重被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)有些被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)后接不定式作賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語等時(shí),仍然含有被動(dòng)含義,就得用雙重被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu):
如:The work is thought to be finished soon. 大家認(rèn)為工作很快就完成了。
四、動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間不定式多表示未來動(dòng)作或情況,其被動(dòng)式也不例外,上述各例皆有體現(xiàn),尤其是改為定語從句時(shí)多為將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。另外我們還要注意以下兩點(diǎn):
1、表示被動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí),當(dāng)不定式的動(dòng)作先于謂語時(shí),可用不定式的被動(dòng)式的完成時(shí):to have been done;
與謂語同時(shí)進(jìn)行時(shí),要用不定式的被動(dòng)式的進(jìn)行時(shí):to be being done。
如:The dead woman is said to have been badly treated. 據(jù)說死去的婦女受虐待。
Rain forests are reported to be being cut down rapidly. 據(jù)報(bào)道雨林正被迅速地砍伐。
2、不定式的主動(dòng)式作含序數(shù)詞的被修飾詞語的定語時(shí),可表示已完成的動(dòng)作。
如:He was the first man to taste the tomato. 他是第一位品嘗西紅柿的人。
They were the last to leave the countryside.他們是最后一批離開農(nóng)村的。
相關(guān)高中英語知識(shí)點(diǎn):過去分詞
過去分詞的概念:
過去分詞一般表示完成和被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作,只有一種形式。即:動(dòng)詞原形加-ed構(gòu)成。
如:fallen leaves 落葉
boiled water 開水
I heard the door closed. 我聽見門被關(guān)上了。
過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)式的區(qū)別:
兩者均可表示被動(dòng),其區(qū)別主要在于它們所表示的時(shí)間概念不同,但有時(shí)它們也可表示相同的意思。
如:Written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 這書因?qū)懙脗}促,所以錯(cuò)誤不少。
Being written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 這書因?qū)懙脗}促,所以錯(cuò)誤不少。
Having been written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 這書因?qū)懙脗}促,所以錯(cuò)誤不少。
有時(shí)雖然所表示的時(shí)間概念相同,但有細(xì)微區(qū)別:
如:Having been show the lab, we left. 被領(lǐng)著看了實(shí)驗(yàn)室后,我們就離開了。
過去分詞的句法功能:
1、作定語:
如:I don't like the book written by Martin.
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我們班開展了一次有組織的旅行。
注意:當(dāng)過去分詞是單詞時(shí),一般用于名詞前,如果是過去分詞短語,就放在名詞的后面。過去分詞做定語相當(dāng)于一個(gè)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的定語從句。
2、過去分詞作表語:
如:They were very excited at the news. 聽到這個(gè)消息,他們非常激動(dòng)。
The window is broken. 窗戶破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他們對眼前悲慘的景象感到很害怕。
注意:be+過去分詞,如果表示狀態(tài)是系表結(jié)構(gòu),如果表示被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作是被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
區(qū)別:The window is broken.(系表)
The window was broken by the boy.(被動(dòng))
有些過去分詞是不及物動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的,不表示被動(dòng),只表示完成。
如:boiled water(開水) fallen leaves(落葉) newly arrived goods(新到的貨) the risen sun(升起的太陽) the changed world(變了的世界)
這類過去分詞有:gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
3、過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語:
如:I heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我聽見這首歌被唱了好幾次。
有時(shí)過去分詞做with短語中的賓語補(bǔ)足語:
如:With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了,他們出去玩去了。
4、過去分詞作狀語:
如:Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents. 受到鄰居們的表揚(yáng),他成為父母的驕傲。(表示原因)
Onceseen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看見,人們就忘不了。(表示時(shí)間)
Given more time, I'll be able to do it better. 如果給予更多的時(shí)間,我能做得更好。(表示條件)
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy. 雖然被告之危險(xiǎn),他仍然冒生命危險(xiǎn)去救那個(gè)孩子。(表示讓步)
Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充滿了希望與恐懼,他走進(jìn)山洞。
5、過去分詞與邏輯主語構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格:
如:All books returned at the end of the term, the library assistant was satisfied. 所有的書期末時(shí)都還了,圖書管理員很高興。
The field ploughed, he began to spread seed. 地耕好了,他開始撒種子。
現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別:
1、分詞作表語:
分詞做表語有兩種情況,一種是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語,一種是過去分詞做表語,這兩者區(qū)別是考試中經(jīng)?嫉降牡胤。一般來說,表示心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞如excite,interest等都是及物動(dòng)詞,漢語意思不是“激動(dòng)”,“高興”,而是“使激動(dòng)”、“使高興”,因而現(xiàn)在分詞應(yīng)該是“令人激動(dòng)的”、“令人高興的”,過去分詞則是“感到激動(dòng)的”和“感到高興的”。所以,凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式,凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。換句話說,若人對……感興趣,就是somebody is in terestedi n...,若人/物本身有興趣時(shí),就是說sb./sth. is interesting。這類詞常見的有:
interesting 使人感到高興?interested感到高興的
exciting令人激動(dòng)的?excited感到激動(dòng)的
delighting令人高興的?delighted感到高興的
disappointing令人失望的?disappointed感到失望的
encouraging令人鼓舞的?encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的?pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人費(fèi)解的?puzzled感到費(fèi)解的
satisfying令人滿意的?satisfied感到滿意的
surprising令人驚異的?surprised感到驚異的
worrying令人擔(dān)心的?worried感到擔(dān)心的
如:Travelling is interesting but tiring. 旅行是有趣的,但是使人疲勞。
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much. 如果要學(xué)生學(xué)得太多,他們會(huì)感到糊涂的。
The game is exciting. (現(xiàn)在分詞作表語)
We were excited at the news. (過去分詞作表語)
2、分詞作定語:
分詞作定語時(shí)有下面幾個(gè)特點(diǎn):
1)現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)意義,過去分詞一般表示被動(dòng)含意。
2)現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行,過去分詞表示狀態(tài)或做完(完成)的事。
如:He rushed into the burning house. 他沖進(jìn)了正在燃燒著的房子。
The child standing over there is my brother. 站在那兒的男孩子是我弟弟。
The room facing south is our classroom. 朝南的房間是我們的教室。
He is an advanced teacher. 他是個(gè)先進(jìn)教師。
3)下列不及物動(dòng)詞也以過去分詞形式做定語或表語,但不具有被動(dòng)意義,這點(diǎn)要注意:
departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come
3、分詞作狀語:
現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語與過去分詞做狀語的最主要區(qū)別在于兩者與所修飾的主語的主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)關(guān)系的區(qū)別。
1)現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時(shí),現(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)作就是句子主語的動(dòng)作,它們之間的關(guān)系是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。
如:He went out shutting the door behind him. 他出去后將門隨手關(guān)上。
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help. 由于不知如何辦是好,他去找父母幫忙。
Smiling, they came in.
2)過去分詞作狀語時(shí),過去分詞表示的動(dòng)作是句子主語承受的動(dòng)作,它們之間的關(guān)系是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
如:Cleaned, the room looks nice.
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better. 如果對這些樹多關(guān)心一些,它們本來會(huì)長得更好。
Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them. 在遇到困難的時(shí)候,我們必須設(shè)法克服。
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