不定代詞概說:
英語的不定代詞有all, each, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no, few, little, both, enough, every等,以及由some,any,no和every構成的合成代詞(即somebody, anyone, nothing等)。在這些不定代詞中,多數(shù)都能作主語、賓語、表語或定語,但是代詞none以及由some, any, no和every構成的合成代詞只能作主語、賓語或表語,不能作定語,而no和every則只用作定語。
不定代詞用法對比:
1、so little與such little的區(qū)別:
用so little還是such little取決于little的意思:若表示數(shù)量方面的“少”,則用so little;若表示形狀體積的“小”,則用such little:
如:He has so little time for reading. 他讀書的時間少得可憐。
I've never seen such little boxes. 我從未見過那樣小的盒子。
2、some與any的用法區(qū)別:
一般說來,some用于肯定句中,any用于否定句和疑問句中。但是,在表示請求、邀請或征求意見的句子中,通常要用some而不用any:
如:Would you like some cake? 吃點蛋糕嗎?
Why not buy some bread? 為什么不買些面包呢?
Shall I get some chalk for you? 要我?guī)湍隳眯┓酃P來嗎?
注:any有時也用于肯定句中,此時表示“任何”:
如:Any colour will do. 任何顏色都行。
Come any day you like. 隨便哪天來都可以。
3、many與much的用法區(qū)別:
兩者都表示“許多”,但many修飾或代替可數(shù)名詞(復數(shù)),與few(少數(shù))相對;
而much用來修飾或代替不可數(shù)名詞(單數(shù)),與little(少量)相對。在口語中兩者主要用于非肯定句中:
如:Did you see many people there? 你在那兒看見許多人了嗎?
We don't have much time. 我們沒有許多時間。
在肯定句中,一般用a lot of, lots of, plenty of 等代之。但在正式文體中有時也用于肯定句中;
另外,若用作主語或主語的定語,或其前有how, too, as, so, a good, a great等修飾,也可用于肯定句中:
如:Many of us left early. 我們有許多人離開得很早。
Much work has been done. 許多工作都已經(jīng)做了。
You've given me too much. 你已給我太多了。
Take as many(much) as you want. 你要多少拿多少。
I asked her a great many questions. 我問了她許多問題。
4、few, a few與little, a little的用法區(qū)別:
(1)few和a few后接可數(shù)名詞的復數(shù)形式。few表示數(shù)量很少或幾乎沒有,強調“少”,含有否定意義;
a few表示數(shù)量雖然少但畢竟還有,強調“有”,含有肯定意義:
如:It is very difficult, and few people understand it. 它很難,沒有幾個人能懂。
It is very difficult, but a few people understand it. 他雖難,但是有些人懂。
(2)little和alittle之后接不可數(shù)名詞,其區(qū)別跟few和a few之間的區(qū)別相似:
如:Unfortunately, I had little money on me. 很不巧,我身上沒帶什么錢。
Fortunately, I had a little money on me. 幸好我身上帶著一點錢。
5、other, the other, another與others的用法區(qū)別:
這些不定代詞不僅在含義上有單復數(shù)之分,而且在用法上有泛指(無the)和特指(有the)之別。其用法區(qū)別可歸納如下:
(1)指單數(shù)時,若泛指用another,若特指用the other:
如:Give me another(one). 另外給我一個。
Shut the other eye, please. 請把另一只眼睛也閉上。
(2)指復數(shù)時,若泛指用other(后接復數(shù)名詞),若特指用the other(后接復數(shù)名詞):
如:There are other ways of doing it. 做這事還有其他的辦法。
Where have the other students gone? 其他學生都到哪里去了?
(3)others永遠表示復數(shù)意義(且其后不能再接名詞)。其用法大致相當于“other+復數(shù)名詞”,同樣地the others大致相當于“the other+復數(shù)名詞”:
如:Other people[Others] may not think that way. 別的人可能不這樣想。
He is cleverer than the others[the other students] in her class. 他比班上其他學生聰明。
(4)another一般只能表單數(shù),且其后接名詞也只能接單數(shù)名詞。但是若其后有數(shù)詞或few修飾時,則也可接復數(shù)名詞:
如:We need another few chairs. 我們還需要幾把椅子。
In another two weeks it'll be finished. 再過兩個星期就可做完了。
(5)與some對比使用時,用others(此時與some同義):
如:Some say yes, and others say no. 有人說對,有人說不對。
不定代詞用法點撥:
1、指兩者和三者的不定代詞:
有些不定代詞用于指兩者(如both, either, neither),有的不定代詞用于指三者(如all, any, none, every),注意不要弄混:
如:Both of my parents are doctors. 我的父母都是醫(yī)生。
All of the students are interested in it. 所有的學生對此都很感興趣。
There are trees on any side of the square. 廣場的每一邊都種有樹。
He has two sons, neither of whom is rich. 他有兩個兒子,都不富有。
He has three sons, none of whom is rich. 他有三個兒子,都不富有。
注:each可用于兩者、三者或三者以上,而every只用于三者或三者以上,因此用于兩者時只能用each,不能用every。
2、復合不定代詞的用法特點:
復合不定代詞包括something, somebody, someone, anything, anybody, anyone, nothing, nobody, noone, everything, everybody, everyone等。它們在句中可用作主語、賓語或表語,但不能用作定語。something, someone等和anything, anyone等的區(qū)別與some和any的區(qū)別一樣,前者一般用于肯定句,后者一般用于否定句、疑問句或條件句。具體使用時應注意以下幾點:
(1)復合不定代詞受定語修飾時,定語應放在它們后面:
如:There is nothing wrong with the radio. 這收音機沒有毛病。
Have you seen anyone[anybody] famous? 你見過名人嗎?
(2)指人的復合不定代詞若用作主語,其謂語動詞一般用單數(shù),相應的人稱代詞和物主代詞也用單數(shù)he, him, his(不一定指男性)。但在非正式文體中常用復數(shù)代詞they, them, their:
如:Everyone knows this, doesn't he[don't they]? 人人都知道這一點,不是嗎?
If anybody[anyone] comes, ask him[them] to wait. 要是有人來,讓他等著。
(3)指事物的復合不定代詞若用作主語,謂語動詞只能用單數(shù),相應的人稱代詞也只能用it,而不用they:
如:Everything is ready, isn't it? 一切都準備好了,是嗎?
(4)anyone, everyone等只能指人,不能指物,且其后一般不接of 短語。若是指物或后接of 短語,可用any one, every one(分開寫):
如:any one of the boys(books) 孩子們(書)當中的任何一個(本)
every one of the students(schools) 每一個學生(一所學校)
3、是any not還是not any:
按英語習慣,any以及含有any的復合不定代詞用于否定句時,它只能出現(xiàn)在否定詞之后,而不能在否定詞之前:
誤:Anyone doesn't know how to do it.
正:No one knows how to do it.任何人都不知道如何做它。
誤:Anybody[Anyone] can not do it.
正:Nobody[Noone] can do it.這事誰也干不了。
誤:Anything can not prevent me from going.
正:Nothing can prevent me from going. 什么也不能阻擋我去。
4、不定代詞與部分否定:
不定代詞all, both, every等與not連用時構成部分否定;若要表示完全否定,則需換用none, neither, no one等。
比較:All of the students like the novel. 所有這些學生都喜歡這本小說。
Not all of the students like the novel. 并不是所有這些學生都喜歡這本小說。
All of the students don't like thenovel. 并不是所有這些學生都喜歡這本小說。
None of the students like the novel. 這些學生當中沒有一個喜歡這本小說。
5、all, both, each等用作同位語:
若用作主語同位語,主語可以是名詞或代詞;若用作賓語等其他成分的同位語,則賓語等成分必須是人稱代詞,而不能是名詞:
如:We have all read it. 我們都讀過他。(all修飾的主語是代詞)
The villages have all been destroyed. 村莊都被毀了。(all修飾的主語是名詞)
They told us all to wait there. 他叫我們都在那兒等。(all修飾的賓語是代詞)
但不能說:They told the men all to wait there. (all修飾的賓語是名詞不是代詞)
不定代詞知識體系:
不定代詞與語境考題:
不定代詞是高考的?伎键c,有的不定代詞考題出得比較靈活,不能死套規(guī)則,要注意結合語境來理解:
例1:?Is____here?
?No, Bob and Tim have asked for leave.
A. anybody
B. everybody
C. somebody
D. nobody
解析:
若只是從表面來看,填空句是個疑問句,可能會誤選A。但其實此題最佳答案應選B,因為下文的答句說“只有Bob和Tim請假了”,這說明問句是在查人數(shù),故用Is everybody here? (大家都到齊了嗎?)
例2:I agree with most of what you said, but I don't agree with_____.
A. everything
B. anything
C. something
D. nothing
解析:
此句若從表面看,有可能誤選B,因為填空句為否定句。但實際上最佳答案為A,因為上文說“我同意他說的大部分內容”,這與下文的but I don't agree with everything (但并不是同意他說的所有內容)完全相符。
例3:?Doyouhave_____athomenow,Mary?
?No, we still have to get some fruit and tea.
A. something
B. anything
C. everything
D. nothing
解析:答案:C,句意為“瑪麗,現(xiàn)在家里東西都準備齊了嗎?”“還沒有,我們還要買些水果和茶!
例4:?If you want a necklace, I'll buy one for you at once.
?Oh, no. A necklace is not_____that I need most.
A. anything
B. something
C. nothing
D. everything
解析:
此題容易誤選A,機械地認為:something用于肯定句,anything用于否定句或疑問句。但是,此題的最佳答案是B,something在此的意思不是“某種東西”,而是指“那種東西”或“這種東西”,即心中最想要的那種東西(相當于the thing)。
相關高中英語知識點:人稱代詞
人稱代詞的概念:
人稱代詞是替代我、你、他、她、它、我們、你們、他們、她們、它們等人稱的詞。
人稱代詞分為主格和賓格形式,并有人稱的單復數(shù)形式。按所替代人稱的不同分為第一人稱、第二人稱和第三人稱。
人稱代詞的用法:
人稱代詞在句中可以用作主語(用主格,如:I,you,he,she,we,they,等)和賓語(用賓格,如 me,you,him,her,us,them等)
如:He loves her, but she hates him. 他愛她,但她卻討厭他。
注:(1)在口語中,當人稱代詞用作表語、用于than, as之后或用于強調句中被強調時,可以用語。例如:
"Who is it?" "It's me."“是誰呀?”“是我!
He sings better than me. 他比我唱得好。
He is as tall as her. 他和她一樣高。
It's me who did it. 這是我干的。但是,若than,as后的人稱代詞后跟有動詞,則必須用主格。例如:
He sings better than I do./ He is as tall as she is.
(2)單獨使用的人稱代詞通常用賓格。
"I' m tired.""Me too."“我累了!薄拔乙怖哿!
"Who wants this?" "Me."“誰要這個?”“我要!
(3)有時用主格或賓格會導致意思的變化。
I like you better than he. 我比他更喜歡你。為 I like you better than he likes you. 之略。
I like you better than him. 我喜歡你勝過喜歡他。為 I like you better than he likes him. 之略。
人稱代詞主格、賓格、人稱、單復數(shù)對比:
人稱代詞 | 單數(shù) | 復數(shù) | ||
主格 | 賓格 | 主格 | 賓格 | |
第一人稱 | I | me | we | us |
第二人稱 | you | you | you | you |
第三人稱 | he | him | they | them |
she | her | them | ||
it | it |
人稱代詞的排序:
人稱代詞的排列順序為:單數(shù)人稱代詞通常按“二三一”排列,即you, he and I;復數(shù)人稱代詞通常按“一二三”排列,即we, you and they:
You, he and I are of the same age. 你,他和我都是同一年齡。
We, you and they are all good citizens. 我們,你們和他們都是好公民。
但若是用于承擔責任或錯誤等場合,則可把第一人稱I置于其他人稱代詞之前:
I and Tom are to blame. 我和湯姆該受批評。
比較:Tom and I hope to go there. 湯姆和我想去那兒。
注意:you and I 是固定結構,語序通常不宜顛倒。
人稱代詞知識體系:
人稱代詞用法拓展:
1、在通常情況下,人稱代詞在句子中出現(xiàn)在它所代替的名詞之后,即先出現(xiàn)名詞,再出現(xiàn)相應的代詞。但是,在書面語中,有時也可出現(xiàn)代詞,后出現(xiàn)代詞所代替的名詞。
As soon as it had hopped off, the plane picked up speed.飛機剛一起飛,就加了速。
(比較:As soon as the plane had hopped off, it picked up speed.)
2、人稱代詞后跟名詞同位語。有些人稱代詞后有時可跟同位語。
These small desks are forus students.這些小課桌是給我們學生的。
We girls often go to the movies together.我們女孩子常一起去看電影。
He asked you boys to be quiet.他要你們男孩子安靜些。
相關高中英語知識點:相互代詞
相互代詞的概念:
相互代詞是表示相互關系的代詞。英語的相互代詞只有eachother和oneanother,它們在句中通常只用作賓語。
在現(xiàn)代英語中,each other 和one another在用法上沒有什么區(qū)別。一般認為each other多用于非正式文體,而one another 則多用于正式文體。在句中,相互代詞可用作賓語、定語等。例如:Don't talk to each other (one another). We must help one another.
相互代詞用法:
(1)相互代詞在句中通常只用作賓語,不可用作主語,所以相互代詞為賓語的句子不能變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)。
(2)不要將相互代詞誤認為是副詞,將其用作狀語,如可說 talk to each other,但不能說talk each other。
(3)相互代詞可以有所有格形式:
如:The students borrowed each other's notes. 學生們互相借筆記。
They looked into each other's eyes for a silent moment. 他們默默地對視了一會兒。
(4)有時可分開用:
如:We each know what the other thinks. 我們都知道對方的想法。
Each tried to persuade the other to stay at home. 每個人都設法想說服對方留在家里。
(5)有人認為,each other用于兩者,one another用于三者,但在現(xiàn)代英語中兩者?蓳Q用(即均可用于兩者或三者)。
相互代詞知識體系:
相互代詞的形式與用法:
英語的相互代詞只有eachother和oneanother,它們在句中通常只用作賓語。
1、each other:
如:We don't see much of each other. 我們不常見面。
We should help each other. 我們應該互相幫助。
We may never see each other again. 我們可能永遠不會再見。
They soon fell in love with each other. 他們不久就互相愛上了。
The sea and the sky seem to melt into each other. 大海和藍天似乎融為一體。
2、one another:
如:They respect one another. 他們互相尊重(對方)。
You look as though you know one another. 你們看起來像是互相認識。
They were very pleased with one another. 他們相互很喜歡。
相關高中英語知識點:疑問代詞
疑問代詞的概念:
疑問代詞用來引導特殊疑問句,放在句首,句子一般讀降調。疑問代詞還可以引導從句,疑問代詞全部屬于第三人稱,一般為單數(shù),有時也代表復數(shù)。
疑問代詞有who,whom,whose,what 和 which。
疑問代詞的用法:
疑問代詞(who, whom, whose, which, what 等)在句中可用作主語、表語、賓語、定語等。
如:Who is your English teacher? 你們的英語老師是誰?
Whose is this umbrella? 這傘是誰的?
Whose umbrella is this? 這是誰的傘?
What question did heask? 他問了什么問題?
Which do you prefer, tea or coffee? 茶和咖啡,你喜歡那樣?
注:who和whom只用作主語、賓語和表語,不用作定語,what, which, whose則既可用作主語、賓語和表語,也可用作定語。
兩組疑問代詞的用法比較:
1、who與whom:
前者為主格,用作主語,后者為賓格,用作賓格。
如:Who spoke at the meeting? 誰在會上發(fā)言了?
Whomareyoutalkingabout? 你們在談論誰?但是,當用作賓語的whom位于句首時,通?捎脀ho代之。
Who(m) is the letter from? 這信是誰寄來的?若是緊跟在介詞之后用作賓語,則只能用whom。
2、what,which與who:
①若后接名詞(即用作限定詞),只用which和what,不能用who。
如:Which/What train did you come on? 你是坐哪次火車來的?
What和which的區(qū)別是:
當選擇的范圍較小或比較明確時,多用which;當選擇的范圍較較大或不明確時,多用what:
Which color do you like, red, black or white? 紅色、黑色和白色,你喜歡哪種?
What color is your car?你的汽車是什么顏色的?
但是,若指人,即使選擇的范圍不明確,也多which:
Which [What] writers do you like? 你喜歡哪些作家?
②若其后不接名詞(即用作代詞),三者均可用,which和what的用法區(qū)別可參見上面的分析。
至于who,它一般只用來指人(用作代詞的which不用于指人),不管選擇范圍大還是小、明確還是不明確均可用。 如:
Who won? Tom or Mike? 誰贏了,是湯姆還是邁克?
Who is your favorite poet? 你最喜歡的詩人是誰?
當選擇范圍比較明確且用作賓語時,who也可用which或whichone代之。如:
Who[Which/Whichone]do you like better, your father or your mother? 你更喜歡誰,父親還是母親?
③由于what和who的選擇范圍可以很大或不明確,所以其后可以跟else,表示其他的人(或事物),但卻通常不跟表示特定范圍的of短語;
而which的選擇范圍相對比較小或明確,所以其后一般不接else,卻常與表特定范圍的of短語連用:
Who(What)elsedidyouseethere?你在那兒還看到了別人的什么人(什么東西)?
Which of the three girls is the oldest? 這三個女孩中哪個年紀最大?
④另外,比較以下兩句:
"Who is he?" 他是誰?(who指姓名、關系等)
What is he? 他是干什么的?(what指職業(yè)、地位等)
兩個疑問詞同用的情況:
1、Where and when were you born? 你出生在何時何地?
2、When and how did he go there? 他是什么時候、怎么去那兒的?
3、"Where is it?" "Where is what?"“它在哪兒?”“什么在哪兒?”
疑問代詞知識體系:
兩類易混句型的區(qū)別:
What do you think he wants? 你認為他想要什么?
Do you know what he wants? 你知道他想要什么嗎?
上面第一句為特殊疑問句,第二句為一般疑問句,它們不能倒過來說成 Do you think what he wants? What do you know he wants?其原則區(qū)別是:
可以用yes或no回答者,用一般疑問句的形式(疑問詞放在句中,即主句之后),適合這類句型的主句動詞通常有know, hear, ask, tell 等;
不能用yes或no回答者,用特殊疑問句的形式(疑問詞放在句首),適合這類句型的主句動詞通常有think, believe, suppose, guess 等。
如:Where do you suppose he has gone? 你認為他去什么地方了?
Did you ask why he had left so soon? 你問過他為什么那么快就離開了嗎?
相關高中英語知識點:關系代詞
關系代詞的概念:
英語中的關系代詞有who, whom, whose, that, which, 它們是用來引導定語從句的。關系代詞既代表定語從句所修飾的詞,又在其所引導的從句中承擔一個成分,如主語、賓語、表語、或定語。
如:This is the man who saved your son. (who在從句中作主語,先行詞是man)
The man whom I met yesterday is Jim.
A child whose parents are dead is an orphan.
He wants a room whose window looks out over the sea.
關系代詞用法:
1、that與which的用法區(qū)別:
兩者都可指物,?苫Q。其區(qū)別主要在于:
(1)引導非限制性定語從句時,通常要用which:
如:She received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise. 她收到了老板的邀請,這是她意想不到的。
(2)直接放在介詞后作賓語時,通常要用which:
如:The tool with which he is working is called a hammer. 他干活用的那個工具叫做錘子。
(3)當先行詞是下列不定代詞或被它們修飾時much, little, none, all, few, every(thing), any(thing), no(thing)等時,通常用that:
如:There was little that the enemy could do but surrender. 敵人無法,只有投降了。
All[Everything] that can be done must be done. 凡能做的事都必須做。
(4)當先行詞有the very, the only, the same等修飾時,通常用that:
如:This is the only example that I know. 我知道的例子只有這一個。
Those are the very words that he used. 那是他的原話。
(5)當先行詞有形容詞最高級或序數(shù)詞(包括last, next等)等修飾時,通常用that:
如:This is the best dictionary that I've ever used. 這是我用過的最好的詞典。
The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan. 你應該做的第一件事是訂個計劃。
(6)當關系代詞在定語從句中用作表語時,通常用that:
如:China is not the country(that) it was. 中國已不是過去的中國了。
(7)當先行詞是一個既指人又指物的并列詞組時,通常用that:
如:They talked about the persons and things that most impressed them. 他們談論了使他們印象最深的人和事。
(8)當要避免重復時:
如:Which is the course that we are to take? 我們選哪門課程?
2、that與who的用法區(qū)別:
(1)兩者均可指人,有時可互換:
如:All that[who] heard him were delighted. 所有聽了他講話的人都很高興。
Have you met anybody that[who] has been to Paris? 你遇見過到過巴黎的人嗎?
He is the only one among us that[who] knows Russian. 他是我們中間唯一懂俄語的人。
(2)但是在下列情況,通常要用that:
①當先行詞是一個既指人又指物的并列詞組時:
如:I made a speech on the men and things that I had seen abroad. 我就我在國外所見到的人和事作了報告。
②當先行詞是who時(為避免重復):
如:Who was it that won the World Cup in1982? 誰贏得了1982年的世界杯?
③當關系代詞在定語從句中作表語時(可省略):
如:Tom is not the boy(that) he was. 湯姆這孩子已不是以前那個樣子了。
關系代詞知識體系:
關系代詞用法拓展:
1、as與which的用法區(qū)別:
(1)引導限制性定語從句時,在such,as,thesame后只能用as,其他情況用which:
如:I never heard such stories as he tells. 我從未聽過他講那樣的故事。
It's the same story as I heard yesterday. 這故事跟我昨天聽到的一樣。
This is the photo which shows my house. 這張照片拍的是我的住宅。
(2)引導非限制性定語從句時,有時兩者可互換:
如:I live a long way from work, as [which] you know. 我住得離工作單位很遠,這你是知道的。
(3)但在,在以下情況引導非限制性定語從句時,兩者不可換用:
①當從句位于主句前面時,只用as:
如:As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. 月球每月繞地球轉一周,這是每個人都清楚的。
②as引導的非限制性定語從句應與主句在意義上和諧一致,which無此限制:
如:He went abroad, as[which] was expected. 他出國了,這是大家預料到的。
He went abroad, which was unexpected. 他出國了,這讓大家感到很意外。(不用as)
③as引導非限制性定語從句時,先行詞通常不能是主句中某個具體的詞,而應是整個句子、整個短語或某個短語推斷出來的概念,而which則無此限制:
如:The river, which flows through London, is called the Thames. 這條流經(jīng)倫敦的河叫泰晤士河。(不用as)
④當as引導非限制性定語從句作主語時,其謂語通常應是連系動詞,而不宜是其他動詞,而which則無此限制:
如:She has married again, as[which] seemed natural. 她又結婚了,這似乎很自常。
She has married again, which delighted us.她又結婚了,這使我們很高興。(不用as)
2、who與whom的用法區(qū)別:
兩者均只用于人,從理論上說,who為主格,whom為賓格:
如:Where's the girl who sells the tickets? 賣票的女孩在哪里?
The author whom you criticized in your view has written a letter in reply. 你在評論中批評的那個作者已寫了一封回信。
但實際上,除非在正式文體中,賓格關系代詞whom往往省略不用,或用who或that代之:
如:The man(that, who, whom) you met just now is called Jim. 你剛遇見的那個人叫吉姆。
不過,在以下幾種情況值得注意:
(1)直接跟在介詞后面作賓語時,只能用whom,而且不能省略:
如:She brought with her three friends, none of whom I had ever met before. 她帶了3個朋友來,我以前都沒見過。
(2)引導非限制性定語從句且作賓語時,who和whom均可用,但以用whom為佳,此時也不能省略:
如:This is Jack, who[whom] you haven't met before. 這是杰克,你以前沒見過。
本文來自:逍遙右腦記憶 http://yy-art.cn/gaozhong/284803.html
相關閱讀:如何進行高三英語第一輪復習