不同體裁文章的閱讀方法
不同體裁的文章，作者的寫作手法不同，表達(dá)的方式千差萬別。體裁不同，要求使用的閱讀方法也不一樣。因此，掌握不同體裁的文章的閱讀方法有助于我們提高閱讀效率、加深對文章的理解、提高閱讀速度。下面分別談?wù)動洈⑽摹⒄f明文、議論文、應(yīng)用文的閱讀方法和技巧。
記敘文的閱讀方法
記敘文講述的是發(fā)生在當(dāng)前或過去或?qū)硎虑榈慕?jīng)過。簡而言之，記敘文就是講故事，包括人物或故事情節(jié)。常見的記敘文根據(jù)其用途可分為文學(xué)記敘文和說明記敘文：文學(xué)記敘文以虛構(gòu)為主，如趣聞逸事、傳說、寓言、傳奇故事、短篇小說、科幻小說等；說明記敘文以事實(shí)為依據(jù)，包括歷史、傳記、新聞報(bào)道、日記等。無論哪一種記敘文作者都要交代何人何時(shí)何地為什么、怎么樣、干了何事等等，這也就是我們常說的5Ws and 1H。這是我們在閱讀記敘文時(shí)要首先了解的，接著按照線索弄清事情的來龍去脈，就能理解整個(gè)故事。
特別值得注意的是：記敘文的敘事順序有順敘和倒敘兩種，有時(shí)候作者為了吸引讀者會采用倒敘的方法，即不按照事情發(fā)展的先后順序來敘述，而是從最重要、最能引人入勝的事件開始，然后再回過頭來追敘故事的開端和經(jīng)過。閱讀時(shí)要學(xué)會從事情本身的發(fā)展去理解故事情節(jié)而不要只看事件在文中出現(xiàn)的先后位置。
另外，講故事必定有其目的：或證明某一理論，或闡明某一概念，或贊美某種美德，或譴責(zé)某種罪惡等等。我們在閱讀時(shí)要通過作者的重要細(xì)節(jié)描寫聯(lián)系故事情節(jié)去領(lǐng)會作者的意圖，對作者重墨潑就的細(xì)節(jié)描寫要重點(diǎn)關(guān)注。
概括起來一句話：讀記敘文的關(guān)鍵是抓情節(jié)。 抓住了故事情節(jié)，就理解了文章的脈絡(luò)，其他的就迎刃而解了。
下面請閱讀一篇記敘文，看看你能不能抓住故事的主要情節(jié)。
（05浙江卷 A 篇）
Compassion is a desire within us to help others．With effort, we can translate compassion into action．An experience last weekend showed me this is true．I work part-time in a supermarket across from a building for the elderly．These old people are our main customers, and its not hard to lose patience over their slowness．But last Sunday, one aged gentleman appeared to teach me a valuable lesson．This untidy man walked up to my register(收款機(jī)) with a box of biscuits．He said he was out of cash(現(xiàn)金), had just moved into his room, and had nothing in his cupboards．He asked if we could let him have the food on trust．He promised to repay me the next day．
I couldnt help staring at him．I wondered what kind of person he had been ten or twenty years before, and what he would be like if luck had gone his way．I had a hurt in my heart for this kind of human soul, all alone in the world．I told him that I was sorry, but store rules didnt allow me to do so．I felt stupid and unkind saying this, but I valued my job．
Just then, another man, standing behind the first, spoke up．If anything, he looked more pitiable．Charge it to me, was all he said．
What I had been feeling was pity．Pity is soft and safe and easy．Compassion, on the other hand, is caring in action．I thanked the second man but told him that was not allowed either．Then I reached into my pocket and paid for the biscuits myself．I reached into my pocket because these two men had reached into my heart and taught me compassion.
解析：故事采用順敘的敘事方法，主要情節(jié)發(fā)展如下：One aged gentleman begged me to have the food on trust and promised to repay the next day.---- I told him the store rules didnt allow me to do so.---- Another man wanted me to charge the food to him.----I paid for the biscuits myself. 作者用第一人稱講述自己親身經(jīng)歷的這段故事，讓人覺得親切可信，同時(shí)也增強(qiáng)了文章的感染力。作者說自己通過這段故事學(xué)會了compassion（同情），事實(shí)上也是在號召讀者多伸出同情之手，共建和諧社會。
抓住了故事的情節(jié)，了解了作者的寫作意圖。再來做理解題，就容易多了。請看看下面幾道理解題：
41．The aged gentleman who wanted to buy the biscuits ______.
A．promised to obey the store rules
B．forgot to take any money with him
C．hoped to have the food first and pay later
D．could not afford anything more expensive
42．Which of the following best describes the old gentleman?
A．kind and lucky B．poor and lonely
C．friendly and helpful D．hurt and disappointed
43．The writer acted upon the store rules because ______.
A．he wanted to keep his present job
B．he felt no pity for the old gentleman
C．he considered the old man dishonest
D．he expected someone else to pay for the old man
44．What does the writer learn from his experience?
A．Wealth is more important than anything else.
B．Helping others is easier said than done.
C．Experience is better gained through practice.
D．Obeying the rules means more than compassion.
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