現(xiàn)在分詞的概念：

現(xiàn)在分詞（PresentParticiple）(又稱-ing形式)，是分詞的一種，是非限定動(dòng)詞，即在句子里面不能單獨(dú)充當(dāng)謂語，但能充當(dāng)其它的一些成分（定語，表語，補(bǔ)語和狀語）。一般式：doing；一般被動(dòng)式：being done；完成式：having done；完成被動(dòng)式：having been done。所有否定式都是在－ing前面加not。

現(xiàn)在分詞的用法：

1）做表語：
如：He was very amusing.
That book was rather boring.
很多動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞都可以作表語：exciting, interesting, encouraging, disappointing, confusing, touching, puzzling.
2）作定語：
上面所出現(xiàn)的現(xiàn)在分詞都可以用作定語,修飾一個(gè)名詞：
如：That must have been a terrifying experience.
I found him a charming person.
現(xiàn)在分詞短語還可以放在名詞的后面修飾名詞,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句：
如：There are a few boys swimming in the river.
There is a car waiting outside.
3）作狀語：
現(xiàn)在分詞短語可以表示一個(gè)同時(shí)發(fā)生的次要的或伴隨的動(dòng)作：
如：Following Tom, we started to climb the mountain.
Opening the drawer, he took out a box.
Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door.
現(xiàn)在分詞短語還可以表示原因，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語從句：
如：Not knowing her address, we couldn't get in touch with her.
Being unemployed, he hasn't got much money.
現(xiàn)在分詞短語還可以表示時(shí)間，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句：
如：Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.
Returning home, he began to do his homework.
Jim hurt his arm while playing tennis.
Be careful when crossing the road.
Having found a hotel, we looked for some where to have dinner.
Having finished her work, she went home.
4）作賓補(bǔ)：
現(xiàn)在分詞在一些動(dòng)詞之后可以做賓語的補(bǔ)語：
例如：see, hear, catch, find, keep, have等。
如：I see him passing my house every day.
I caught him stealing things in that shop.
I smelt something burning.
She kept him working all day.

現(xiàn)在分詞其他用法解析：

1、現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的用法：
現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作與主語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生：
如：When we arrived, we found him sleeping. 我們到達(dá)時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)他在睡覺。
Living in the 示的動(dòng)作也可略早于或遲于謂語動(dòng)作，但兩者之間沒有時(shí)間間隔：
如：Seeing nobody at home, he decided to leave a note. 發(fā)現(xiàn)沒有在家，他決定留個(gè)字條。
He went home, finding the door locked. 他回到家，發(fā)現(xiàn)門是鎖著的。當(dāng)現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作略遲于謂語動(dòng)作時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞通常位于句末。

2、現(xiàn)在分詞完成式的用法：
現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式主要表示發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前的動(dòng)作：
如：Having been there once, she knew the place quite well. 由于去過那兒一次，她對(duì)那地方很熟悉。
Having failed twice, he didn't want to try again. 他已經(jīng)失敗了兩次，不想再試了。
注：（1）現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式和完成式均可表示已完成或先于謂語的動(dòng)作，但有區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作雖然可以先于謂語動(dòng)作，但兩者之間沒有時(shí)間間隔，而現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式所表示先于謂語的動(dòng)作則與謂語動(dòng)作有一定的時(shí)間間隔：
如：Locking the door, he went out. 鎖好門之后，他就出去了。
Having invited him here to speak, we'd better go to his lecture. 既然我們請(qǐng)了他來作報(bào)告，我們最好去聽一下。
有時(shí)即使是分詞動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)作幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生，但如果要強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞動(dòng)作的完成性，也應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式：
如：Having bought our tickets, we went into the theatre. 我們買好票后就走進(jìn)劇場(chǎng)。
（2）現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式一般不用作定語：
誤：Do you know anyone having lost a cat? 你知道有誰丟了一只貓嗎？
誤：I want to talk to the person having broken the window. 我想同打破窗戶的人談?wù)劇?BR>若將以上現(xiàn)分詞的完成式改為一般式也不可以（因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在分詞作后置定語時(shí)通常只表示與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，而不能先于謂語動(dòng)作而發(fā)生）：
誤：I want to talk to the person breaking the window.

3、現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)式的用法：
當(dāng)要表示一個(gè)被動(dòng)動(dòng)作時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞就用被動(dòng)形式�，F(xiàn)在分詞的一般式和完成式均有被動(dòng)式形式：
（1）現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的被動(dòng)式：主要表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，也可表示與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作：
如：Who is the woman being operated on? 正在動(dòng)手術(shù)的女人是誰?
I saw him being taken away by the police. 我看見他被警察帶走。
注：有時(shí)現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的被動(dòng)式所表示的動(dòng)作也可發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前（此時(shí)的現(xiàn)在分詞通常用于表示原因，且多為狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞）：
如：Not having a car, he finds it difficult to get around. 由于沒車，她感到行動(dòng)很困難。
（2）現(xiàn)在分詞完成式的被動(dòng)式：主要表示發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前且已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。
如：The subject having been opened, he had to go on with it. 話題已經(jīng)開始了，他不得不談下去。
Having been written inhaste, the book has many mistakes. 這書因?qū)懙脗}促，所以錯(cuò)誤不少。
比較：Being so ill, she can't go to school. 由于病得那么嚴(yán)重，她不能去上學(xué)。
Having been ill for a long time, he needed time to recover. 由于病了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，他需要一段恢復(fù)的時(shí)間。

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