高中英語知識點:狀語從句

編輯: 逍遙路 關(guān)鍵詞: 高中英語 來源: 高中學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng)

狀語從句的概念:


狀語從句指句子用作狀語時,起副詞作用的句子。它可以修飾謂語、非謂語動詞、定語、狀語或整個句子。根據(jù)其作用可分為時間、地點、原因、條件、目的、結(jié)果、讓步、方式和比較等從句。狀語從句一般由連詞(從屬連詞)引導(dǎo),也可以由詞組引起。從句位于句首或句中時通常用逗號與主句隔開,位于句尾時可以不用逗號隔開。



比較while/as/when:

1、as/when引導(dǎo)短暫性動作的動詞例句:
如:Just as/Just when/When I stopped my car, a man came up to me.
2、當(dāng)從句的動作發(fā)生于主句動作之前,只能用when引導(dǎo)這個從句,不可用as或while。
如:When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.
3、從句表示“隨時間推移”連詞能用as,不用when或while。
如:As the day went on, the weather got worse.

比較untill/till


兩個連詞意義相同,肯定形式表示的意思是“做某事直至某時”,動詞必須是延續(xù)性的。否定形式表達的意思是“直至某時才做某事”,動詞為延續(xù)性或非延續(xù)性都可以。
正確使用這兩個連詞的關(guān)鍵之一就在于判斷句中的動詞該用肯定式還是否定式。
肯定句例句:I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜時醒了。
Wait till I call you. 等著我叫你。
注意:在肯定句中可用before代替:Let's get in the wheat before the sunsets.
否定句例句:She didn't arrive until 6o'clock.
I didn't manage to do it until you had explained how.
1、Until可用于句首,而till通常不用于句首。
例句:Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.
2、Untilwhen疑問句中,until要放在句首。
例句:Until when are you staying? 你呆到什么時候?
注意:否定句可用另外兩種句式表示。
1)Not until…在句首,主句用倒裝。
例句:Not until the early years of the19th century did man know what heat is.
2)It is not until…that…



狀語從句的用種類:


1、時間狀語從句:
表示時間的狀語從句可由when, as, while, whenever, after, before, till(until), since, once, as soon as(或the moment), by the time, no sooner…than, hardly(scarcely)… when, everytime等引導(dǎo)。   
e.g. When I came into the office, the teachers were having a meeting.   
He started as soon as he received the news.   
Once you see him, you will never forget him.   
No sooner had I gone to bed than I went to sleep.   
2、原因狀語從句:
原因狀語從句是表示原因或理由的,引導(dǎo)這類從句的最常用的連詞是because, since, as, nowthat(既然)等,for表示因果關(guān)系時(它引導(dǎo)的不是從句)為并列連詞,語氣不如because強。   e.g. He is disappointed because he didn't get the position.   
As it is raining, I will not go out.   
Now that you mention it, I do remember.   
3、地點狀語從句:   
引導(dǎo)地點狀語從句的連詞是where和wherever等。   
e.g. Sit wherever you like.   
Make a mark where you have a question.   
4、目的狀語從句:   
引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句最常用的詞(組)是so, so that(從句謂語常有情態(tài)動詞), in order that, in case(以防,以免)等。   
e.g. Speak clearly, so that they may understand you.   
She has bought the book in order that she could follow the TV lessons.   
He left early in case he should miss the train.   
5、結(jié)果狀語從句:   
結(jié)果狀語從句是表示事態(tài)結(jié)果的從句,通常主句是原因,從句是結(jié)果。由so that(從句謂語一般沒有情態(tài)動詞),so…that, such…that等引導(dǎo)。   
e.g. She was ill, so that she didn't attend the meeting.   
He was so excited that he could not say a word.   
She is such a good teacher that everyone admires her.   
6、條件狀語從句:   
條件狀語從句分真實性(有可能實現(xiàn)的事情)與非真實性(條件與事實相反或者在說話者看來不大可能實現(xiàn)的事情)條件句。
引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的詞(組)主要有if, unless, so(as)long as, on condition that, so(as) far as, if only(=if)。
注意:條件從句中的if不能用whether替換。   
e.g. If he is not in the office, he must be out for lunch.   
You may borrow the book so long as you keep it clean.   
So far as I know(據(jù)我所知), he will be away for three months.   
You can go swimming on condition that(=if) you don't go too far away from the river bank.   
If he had come a few minutes earlier, he could have seen her.  
7、讓步狀語從句:   
讓步狀語從句可由although, though, as, even if(though), however, whatever, whether…or, no matter who(when, what,…)等引導(dǎo)。
注意:as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句一般是倒裝的。   
e.g. Though he is a child, he knows a lot.   
Child a she is, he knows a lot.   
Whatever(=No matter what) you say, I'll never change my mind.   
8、方式狀語從句:   
方式狀語從句常由as, as if(though), the way, rather than等引導(dǎo)。   
e.g.You must do the exercise as I show you.   
He acted as if nothing had happened.   
9、比較狀語從句:   
比較狀語從句常用than, so(as)…as, the more…the more等引導(dǎo)。   
e.g. I have made a lot more mistakes than you have.   
He smokes cigarettes as expensive as he can afford.   
The busier he is, the happier he feels.



使用狀語從句時要注意的幾個問題:  


1、在時間和條件(有時也在方式、讓步等)從句中,主句是一般將來時,從句通常用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來! 
e.g. We'll go outing if it doesn't rain tomorrow.   
I'll write to you as soon as I get to Shanghai.   
2、有些時間、地點、條件、方式或讓步從句,如果從句的主語與主句主語一致(或雖不一致,是it),從句的謂語又包含動詞be,就可省略從句中的“主語+be”部分! 
e.g. When(hewas) still a boy of ten, he had to work day and night.   
If(you are) asked you may come in.   
If(it is) necessary I'll explain to you again.   
3、注意區(qū)分不同從句:引導(dǎo)的是什么從句,不僅要根據(jù)連詞,還要根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)和句意來判別。以where為例,能引導(dǎo)多種從句! 
e.g. You are to find it where you left it.(地點狀語從句)  
Tell me the address where he lives.(定語從句,句中有先行詞)  
I don't know where he came from.(賓語從句)  
Where he has gone is not known yet.(主語從句)  
This place is where they once hid.(表語從句)
注意:表示“一…就…”的結(jié)構(gòu) hardly/scarcely…when/before/no sooner…than和as soon as都可以表示“一…就…”的意思。
例句:I had hardly/scarcely got home when it began to rain.
I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.
As soon as I got home, it began to rain.
注意:如果hardly/scarcely或nosooner置于句首,句子必須用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu):
例句:Hardly/Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.
No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.




相關(guān)高中英語知識點:限制性定語從句

限制性定語從句的概念:


限制性定語是指對被修飾名詞或代詞的必需修飾,是被修飾名詞或代詞不可缺少的修飾語,如果去掉它句子意思往往會不明確或會發(fā)生變化。
如:The travellers knowing about the floods took another road. 知道發(fā)大水的那些游客改道走了。
The boys wanting to play football were disappointed when it rained. 想踢足球的那些男孩子因為下雨而感到失望。



關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句:


關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,并在句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時,從句謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。
1)who, whom, that 這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中所起作用如下:
例:Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想見的人嗎?(who/that在從句中作主語)
He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天見的那個人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語)
2)Whose用來指人或物,(只用作定語,若指物,它還可以同ofwhich互換)
例:They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人車壞了,大家都跑過去幫忙。
Please pass me the book whose(of which) coverisgreen. 請遞給我那本綠皮的書。
3)which, that 它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語、賓語等。
例如:A prosperity which/that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。(which/that在句中作賓語)
The package(which/that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。(which/that在句中作賓語)


關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句:

關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語。
1)when, where, why 關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含義相當(dāng)于“介詞+which”結(jié)構(gòu),因此常常和“介詞+which”結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用。
例如:There are occasions when(on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的時候。
Beijing is the place where(inwhich) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why(for which) he refused our offer? 這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?
2)that代替關(guān)系副詞 that可以用于表示時間、地點、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和“介詞+which”引導(dǎo)的定語從句,在口語中that常被省略,
例如:His father died the year(that/when/in which) he was born. 他父親在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place(that/where/in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方。



限定性定語與非限定性定語的區(qū)別:


1、形式不同:
限定性定語從句主句和從句之間不用逗號隔開,口語中使用時也不停頓;而非限定性定語從句與主句之間通常有逗號隔開,口語中使用時有停頓。
2、功能不同:
限定性定語從句用于對先行詞的意義進行修飾、限制和識別,如果去掉,就會造成句意不完整或概念不清;而非限定性定語從句用于對先行詞起補充說明作用,如果省略,句意仍然清楚、完整:
如:People who take physical exercise live longer. 進行體育鍛煉的人活得長些。(若把從句去掉句子就失去意義)
His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 他女兒現(xiàn)在在波士頓,下星期回來。(若把從句去句子意義仍然完整)
3、翻譯不同:
在翻譯定語從句時,一般把限定性定語從句翻譯在它所修飾的先行詞之前,而把非限定性定語從句與主句分開:
如:He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽車被竊的那個人。
I've invited Jim, who lives in the next flat. 我邀請了吉姆,他就住在隔壁。
4、含義不同:
如:I have a sister who is a doctor. 我有一個醫(yī)生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一個)
I have a sister, who is a doctor. 我有一個姐姐,她是當(dāng)醫(yī)生的。(只有一個姐姐)
5、先行詞不同限定性定語從句的先行詞只能是名詞或代詞,而非限定性定語從句的先行詞則可以是名詞或代詞,也可以是短語或句子;
另外,當(dāng)先行詞為專有名詞或其他具有獨一無二性的普通名詞時,通常要用非限制性定語從句,而不用限制性定語從句:
如:Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼得開車很快,這是很危險的。(which指drive too fast)
He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改變了主意,這使我很生氣。(which指整個主句)
Mr.Smith, who is our boss, will leave for Japan next week. 我們的老板史密斯先生下周要去日本。(先行詞為專有名詞,要用非限制性定語從句修飾)
Her father, who has a lot of money, wishes her to study abroad. 她父親很有錢,希望她出國學(xué)習(xí)。(先行詞為表獨一無二意義的普通名詞,要用非限制性定語從句修飾)
6、關(guān)系詞不同:
關(guān)系詞that和why可用于限制性定語從句中,通常不用于非限制性定語從句;另外,在限制性定語從句中,關(guān)系詞有時可以省略,而在非限制性定語從句中關(guān)系詞一律不省略。



判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞方法:


一:用關(guān)系代詞,還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動詞。及物動詞后面無賓語,就必須要求用關(guān)系代詞;而不及物動詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞。
例如:This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判斷改錯
(錯)This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
(錯)I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
(對)This is the mountain village(which) I visited last year.
(對)I'll never forget the days(which) I spent in the countryside.
注:習(xí)慣上總把表地點或時間的名詞與關(guān)系副詞where, when聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題錯在關(guān)系詞的誤用上。
二:準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀),也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where
B. that
C. on which
D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where
B. that
C.on which
D. the one
答案:例1:D,例2:A
例1變?yōu)榭隙ň洌篢his museum is___ you visited a few days ago.
例2變?yōu)榭隙ň洌篢his is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
注:在句1中,所缺部分為賓語,而where, that, on which都不能起到賓語的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表語,又可做從句的賓語,可以省略關(guān)系代詞,所以應(yīng)選D。
而句2中,主、謂、賓俱全,從句部分為句子的狀語表地點,既可用副詞where,又因in the museum詞組,可用介詞in+which引導(dǎo)地點狀語。
而此題中,介詞on用的不對,所以選A。關(guān)系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分,先行詞在從句中作主、定、賓語時,選擇關(guān)系代詞(who,whom,that,which,whose);
先行詞在從句中做狀語時,應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系副詞(where地點狀語,when時間狀語,why原因狀語)。



定語從句知識體系:




關(guān)系代詞that的用法:


1)不用that的情況:
a)在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時。
如:(錯)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b)介詞后不能用:
如:We depend on the land from which we get our food.
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
2)只能用that作為定語從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況
a)在there be句型中,只用that,不用which。
b)在不定代詞,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時,只用that,不用which。
c)先行詞有the only, the very修飾時,只用that。
d)先行詞為序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級時,只用that。.
e)先行詞既有人,又有物時。
例:All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油問題。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那賊最終把偷的全部東西交給了警察。




相關(guān)高中英語知識點:主語從句

主語從句的概念:


如果一個句子在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)一個主語,那么這個句子就是主語從句。主語從句通常由從屬連詞that,whether,if和連接代詞what,who,whichwhatever,whoever以及連接副詞how,when,where,why等詞引導(dǎo)。that在句中無詞義,只起連接作用。



主語從句用法:


1、主語從句的引導(dǎo)詞:
主語從句通常由連詞that和whether、連接代詞或連接副詞以及關(guān)系代詞型what引導(dǎo):
如:That he is still alive is a wonder. 他還活著,真是奇跡。
When we arrive doesn't matter. 什么時候到?jīng)]有關(guān)系。
What we need is money. 我們需要的是錢。
What I want to know is this. 我想知道的就是這一點。
Whether they would support us was a problem. 他們是否會支持我們還是一個問題。

2、主語從句與形式主語it:
有時為了考慮句子平衡,通常在主語從句處使用形式主語it,而將真正的主語從句移至句末。這分三種情況:
(1)對于以連詞that引導(dǎo)的主語從句,通常用形式主語代主語從句:
如:It's a pity that he didn't come. 很遺憾他沒來。
(2)對于以連接代詞(副詞)引導(dǎo)的主語從句,可以使用形式主語代主語從句,也可直接在句首使用主語從句:
如:Whether they would support us was a problem. 他們是否會支持我們還是一個問題。
It was a problem whether they would support us. 他們是否會支持我們還是一個問題。
(3)對關(guān)系代詞型what引導(dǎo)的主語從句,通常不用形式主語,總是主語從句放在句首:
如:What we need is money. 我們需要的是錢。
What I want to know is this. 我想知道的就是這一點。
(4)如果句子是疑問句,則必須用帶形式主語it的結(jié)構(gòu):
如:Is it true that he is the girl's father? 他是那女孩的父親,是真的嗎?
How is it that you are late again? 你怎么又遲到了?

3、連詞that的省略問題:
引導(dǎo)主語從句的連詞that有時可省,有時不能省,其原則是:
若that引導(dǎo)的主語從句直接位于句首,則that不能省略;
若that引導(dǎo)的主語從句位于句末,而在句首使用了形式主語it,則that則可以省略:
如:That you didn't go to the talk was a pity. 很遺憾你沒去聽報告。(that不可省)
It was a pity(that) you didn't go to the talk. 很遺憾你沒去聽報告。(that可省)



主語從句應(yīng)注意的幾個問題:


1、that引導(dǎo)的主語從句既可放在句首,也可放在句尾,但在下列情況下that從句不可提前。
(1)在It is said/reported...that結(jié)構(gòu)中:
如:It is reported that a bank was robbed yesterday.
(2)在Ithappened/occurred...結(jié)構(gòu)中:
Ithappenedthattheteacherwasnotintheofficethatday.
(3)含主語從句的復(fù)合句是疑問句時:
如:Is it ture that you will give up the job?
2、下面這種情況常用it作形式主語。在It doesn't matter+what/whatever…結(jié)構(gòu)中。
如:It doesn't matter what you say.
3、由what引導(dǎo)的主語從句謂語動詞單復(fù)數(shù)問題 what引導(dǎo)的主語從句一般按單數(shù)對待,但是,在實際使用中究竟按單數(shù)還是按復(fù)數(shù)對取決于其成分的含義。
如:What we need is more time.
What were left behind were five empty bottles.




相關(guān)高中英語知識點:同位語從句

同位語從句的概念:


在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)同位語的名詞性從句稱為同位語從句。同位語從句是名詞性從句(主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句)中的主要從句之一,從句作同位語表示與之同位的名詞(短語)的實際內(nèi)容,它的作用相當(dāng)于名詞,對前面的名詞(短語)加以補充說明或進一步解釋,相當(dāng)于一個表語從句,它們之間的關(guān)系是同位關(guān)系,即主表關(guān)系。



同位語從句的用法:


1、同位語從句的引導(dǎo):
詞引導(dǎo)同位語從句的詞語通常有連詞that,whether,連接代詞和連接副詞等:
如:We heard the news that our team had won. 我們聽到消息說我們隊贏了。
They were worried over the fact that you were sick. 他們?yōu)槟闵“l(fā)愁。
I have no idea when he will come back. 我不知道他什么時候回來。
There is some doubt whether he will come. 他是否會來還不一定。
The question whether it is right or wrong depends on the result. 這個是對還是錯要看結(jié)果。
:whether可引導(dǎo)同位語從句,但if不能引導(dǎo)同位語從句。

2、同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別:
(1)意義的不同:
同位語從句是用于說明所修飾名詞的具體內(nèi)容的,它與被修飾詞語通?梢詣澋忍;而定語從句是限制所修飾名詞的,它的作用是將所修飾的名詞與其他類似的東西區(qū)別開來:
如:We are glad at the news that he will come. 聽到他要來這個消息我們很高興。
(news的內(nèi)容就是that he will come,故that引導(dǎo)的是同位語從句)
We are glad at the news that he told us. 聽到他告訴我們的這個消息我們很高興。
(that從句是限制thenews的內(nèi)容的,即我們高興只是因為他告訴的這個news而不是其他的news,故that從句為定語從句)
(2)引導(dǎo)詞的不同:
what, how, if, whatever等可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,但不引導(dǎo)定語從句。
(3)引導(dǎo)詞的功能上的不同:
that引導(dǎo)同位語從句時,它不充當(dāng)句子成分,而引導(dǎo)定語從句時,它作為關(guān)系代詞,要么充當(dāng)定語從句的主語,要么充當(dāng)定語從句的賓語。
如上例that he told us中的that就充當(dāng)told的賓語。
(4)被修飾詞語的區(qū)別:
同位語從句所修飾的名詞比較有限,通常有hope, wish, idea, news, fact, promise, opinion, suggestion, truth等,而定語從句所修飾的名詞則非常廣泛。
另外,when和where引導(dǎo)定語從句時,通常只修飾表示時間和地點的名詞,而它們引導(dǎo)同位語從句時卻不一定;又如why引導(dǎo)定語從句,它通常只修飾名詞thereason,而它引導(dǎo)同位語從句時則不一定:
如:I have no idea when they will come. 我不知道他們什么時候來。(同位語從句)
I'll never forget the days when I lived there. 我永遠不會忘記我住在那兒的日子。(定語從句)
We don't understand the problem why this is the best choice. 我們不明白這個問題,為什么這是最好的選擇。(同位語從句)
There a son why he didn't come to the meeting is that he is ill. 他未能來開會,原因是他生病了。(定語從句)



同位語從句用法解析:


一、理解同位語從句的含義,把握同位語從句的實質(zhì):  
在主從復(fù)合句中作同位語的從句稱為同位語從句。同位語從句一般用that, whether, what, which, who, when, where, why, how等詞引導(dǎo),常放在fact, news, idea, truth, hope, problem, information, wish, promise, answer, evidence, report, explanation, suggestion, conclusion, word, possibility等抽象名詞后面,說明該名詞的具體內(nèi)容。換言之,同位語從句和所修飾的名詞在內(nèi)容上為同一關(guān)系,對其內(nèi)容作進一步說明。
例:The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school. 他們比賽獲勝的消息很快傳遍了整個學(xué)校。
析:they had won the game說明the news的全部內(nèi)容,因此該句為同位語從句。

二、正確運用同位語從句的引導(dǎo)詞,準(zhǔn)確把握同位語從句:
1、如同位語從句意義完整,應(yīng)用that引導(dǎo)同位語從句。(即that不充當(dāng)任何成分,只起連接作用,不可省略) 
例:The general gave the order that the soldiers should cross the river at once. 將軍下達了戰(zhàn)士們立即過河的命令!
析:the soldiers should cross the river at once是the order的全部內(nèi)容,且意義完整,因此應(yīng)用that引導(dǎo)同位語從句。
2、如同位語從句意義不完整,需增加"是否"的含義,應(yīng)用whether引導(dǎo)同位語從句。(if不能引導(dǎo)同位語從句)
例:We'll discuss the problem whether the sports meeting will be held on time. 我們將討論運動會是否會如期舉行的問題。
析:the sports meeting will be held on time 意義不完整,應(yīng)加“是否”的含義才能表達the problem的全部內(nèi)容,因此應(yīng)用whether引導(dǎo)同位語從句。
3、如同位語從句意義不完整,需增加"什么時候"、"什么地點"、"什么方式"等含義,應(yīng)用when, where, how等詞引導(dǎo)同位語從句!
例1:I have no idea when he will be back.  
析:he will be back 意義不完整,應(yīng)加"什么時候"的含義才能表達idea的全部內(nèi)容,因此應(yīng)用when引導(dǎo)同位語從句。 
例2:I have no impression how he went home, perhaps by bike.
析:he went home 意義不完整,應(yīng)加"如何"的含義才能表達impression的全部內(nèi)容,因此應(yīng)用how引導(dǎo)同位語從句。
4、當(dāng)主句的謂語較短,而同位語從句較長時,同位語從句常后置。
如:The thought came to him that may be the enemy had fled the city.



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