高中英語知識(shí)點(diǎn):全部倒裝

編輯: 逍遙路 關(guān)鍵詞: 高中英語 來源: 高中學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng)


全部倒裝的概念:


倒裝英語句子的主語通常位于謂語動(dòng)詞之前,這種語序被稱為正常語序。但有時(shí)出于修辭或某種特殊的語法結(jié)構(gòu)的需要,需要將謂語動(dòng)詞放在主語之前,這種語序則叫倒裝語序。主語和謂語完全倒置叫完全倒裝。



完全倒裝完全倒裝的基本形式是“謂語+主語”,主要見于以下情況:


1、here和there位于句首時(shí)的倒裝:
表示地點(diǎn)的here和there位于句首時(shí),其后用完全倒裝形式。這類倒裝句的謂語通常是動(dòng)詞be和come,go等表示移動(dòng)或動(dòng)態(tài)的不及物動(dòng)詞:
如:Here's Tom. 湯姆在這里。
There's Jim. 吉姆在那兒。
Here comes the bus. 公共汽車來了。
There goes the bell. 鈴響了。
There goes the last train. 最后一班火車開走了。
:(1)以上倒裝句中的謂語動(dòng)詞come和go不能用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),即不能說:Here is coming the bus.
(2)若主語為代詞,則不倒裝:
如:Here I am. 我在這兒。/ 我來了。
Here it comes.它來了。
(3)其中的動(dòng)詞有時(shí)也可能是stand, lie, live等表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞(表示存在):
如:There stood a desk against the wall. 靠墻放著一張書桌。
Once upon a time there lived a man known by the name of Beef. 從前有個(gè)人名叫比夫。

2、away和down等位于句首時(shí)的倒裝:
地點(diǎn)副詞away, down, in, off, out, over, round, up等位于句首時(shí),其后用完全倒裝語序。這類倒裝句的謂語通常表示動(dòng)態(tài)的不及物動(dòng)詞:
如:Away went the runners. 賽跑選手們跑遠(yuǎn)了。
Round and round flew the plane. 飛機(jī)盤旋著。
The door opened and in came Mr Smith. 門開了,史密斯先生進(jìn)了來。
Down came the rain and up went the umbrellas. 下雨了,傘都撐起來了。
:若主語為人稱代詞,則不能用倒裝:
如:Away he went. 他跑遠(yuǎn)了。
Down it came. 它掉了下來。
3、某些狀語或表語位于句首時(shí)的倒裝:
為了保持句子平衡或使上下文銜接緊密,有時(shí)可將狀語或表語置于句首,句中主語和謂語完全倒裝:
如:Among these people was his friend Jim. 他的朋友吉姆就在這些人當(dāng)中。
By the window sat a young man with a magazine in his hand. 窗戶邊坐著一個(gè)年輕人,手里拿著一本雜志。
:在表語置于句首的這類倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中,要注意其中的謂語應(yīng)與其后的主語保持一致,而不是與位于句首的表語保持一致。
比較:In the box was a cat. 箱子里是一只貓。
In the box were some cats. 箱子里是一些貓。
4、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞或不定式置于句首的倒裝:
有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào),可將謂語部分的現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞或不定式置于句首,從而構(gòu)成倒裝:
如:Buried in the sands was an ancient village. 一個(gè)古老的村莊被埋在這沙土之中。
Standing beside the table was his wife. 站在桌旁的是他的妻子。
To be carefully considered are the following questions. 下列問題要仔細(xì)考慮。




相關(guān)高中英語知識(shí)點(diǎn):部分倒裝

部分倒裝的概念:


倒裝英語句子的主語通常位于謂語動(dòng)詞之前,這種語序被稱為正常語序。但有時(shí)出于修辭或某種特殊的語法結(jié)構(gòu)的需要,需要將謂語動(dòng)詞放在主語之前,這種語序則叫倒裝語序。主語和助動(dòng)詞倒置叫部分倒裝。



部分倒裝:

1、含有否定意義的副詞位于句首時(shí)的倒裝:
在正式文體中,never, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely, no sooner, no longer, nowhere等含有否定意義的副詞若位于句首,則其后要用部分倒裝:
如:I shall never forgive him./ Never shall I forgive him. 我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)寬恕他。
He seldom goes out for dinner./Seldom does he go out for dinner. 他很少出去吃飯。
She hardly has time to listen to music./Hardly does she have time to listen to music. 他幾乎沒時(shí)間聽音樂。
He little realize show important this meetingis./Little does he realize how important this meeting is. 他不甚明白這個(gè)會(huì)議的重要性。
We had no sooner reached the airport than the plane took off./No sooner had we reached the airport than the plane took off. 我們剛到機(jī)場,飛機(jī)就起飛了。
:(1)對于not…until句型,當(dāng)not until…位于句首時(shí),其后的主句要用倒裝語序:
如:He didn't leave the room until the rain stopped./Not until the rain stopped did he leave the room. 雨停了之后他才離開這房間。
(2)某些起副詞作用的介詞短語,由于含有否定詞,若位于句首,其后要用部分倒裝:
如:On no accounts must this switch be touched. 這個(gè)開關(guān)是絕不能觸摸的。
In[Under] no circumstances will I lend money to him. 無論如何我也不會(huì)再借錢給他了。但是,in no time(立即,馬上)位于句首時(shí),其后無需用倒裝語序:
如:In no time he worked out the problem. 他馬上就算出了那道題。
2、“only+狀語”位于句首時(shí)的倒裝:
當(dāng)一個(gè)狀語受副詞only的修飾且置于句首時(shí),其后用部分倒裝語序:
如:Only then did he realize that he was wrong. 到那時(shí)他才意識(shí)到他錯(cuò)了。
Only in this way are you able to do it well. 你只有用這種方法才能把它做好。
Only when he returned home did he realize what had happened. 當(dāng)他回到家里時(shí),才知道出了什么事。
3、“so+形容詞或副詞”位于句首時(shí)的倒裝:
副詞so后接形容詞或副詞位于句首時(shí),其后用部分倒裝:
如:So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home. 天氣太冷,我們只好呆在家里。
So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed. 光速很快,我們幾乎沒法像它的速度。
So sudden was the attack that we had no time to escape. 襲擊來得非常突然,我們來不及逃跑。
4、“So+助動(dòng)詞+主語”倒裝:
當(dāng)要表示前面提出的某一肯定的情況也同樣適合于后者,通常就要用“So+助動(dòng)詞+主語”這種倒裝結(jié)構(gòu):
如:You are young and so am I. 你年輕,我也年輕。
She likes music and so do I. 她喜歡音樂,我也喜歡。
If he can do it, so can I. 要是他能做此事,我也能。
:(1)若前面提出某一否定的情況,要表示后者也屬于同樣的否定情況,則應(yīng)將其中的so改為neither或nor:
如:You aren't young and neither am I. 你不年輕,我也不年輕。
She hasn't read it and nor have I. 她沒有讀它,我也沒有讀。
(2)注意該結(jié)構(gòu)與表示強(qiáng)調(diào)或同意的“so+主語+特殊動(dòng)詞”結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別:
如:"It was cold yesterday." "So it was."“昨天很冷!薄暗拇_很冷!
"Father, you promised." "Well, so I did."“爸爸,你答應(yīng)過的。”“嗯,是答應(yīng)過。”
5、由not only…but also引出的倒裝:
當(dāng)not only…but also位于句首引出句子時(shí),not only后的句子通常用部分倒裝形式:
如:Not only is he a teacher, but he is also a poet. 他不僅是一位教師,而且是一位詩人。
Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily. 不僅他講得更正確,也講得更不費(fèi)勁了。
6、虛擬條件句省略if后構(gòu)成的倒裝:
當(dāng)if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件從句中含有had, were, should等時(shí),如將if省略,則要將had, were, should等移到主語前,構(gòu)成倒裝句:
如:Had you come yesterday, you would have seen him. 若你昨天來,你就會(huì)見到他了。
Should you require anything give me a ring. 如果需要什么,可以給我打電話。
Were it not for your help, I would still be homeless. 要不是你幫助,我會(huì)仍然無家可歸。
注:省略if后提前的had不一定是助動(dòng)詞:
如:Had I money, I would buy it. 假若我有錢,我就會(huì)買它。


相關(guān)高中英語知識(shí)點(diǎn):省略句

省略句的概念:


在英語語言中,為了使語言簡潔明了,重點(diǎn)突出或上下文緊密相連,可以省去某些句子成分而保持句子愿意不變,這種語言現(xiàn)象稱之為省略。



簡單句中的省略


1、省略主語:
1)祈使句中的主語通常被省略。
如:(You) Open the door, please. 請開一下門。
2)其它省略主語多限于現(xiàn)成的說法。
如:(I)Thank you for your help. 謝謝你的幫助。
(It)Doesn't matter. 沒關(guān)系。
2、省略主謂語或主謂語的一部分:
如:(There is)No smoking. 禁止抽煙
(Is there)anything else? 還有其他事嗎?
(You come)This way please. 請這邊走。
(Will you)Have a smoke? 抽煙嗎?
3、省略賓語:
如:—Do you know Mr. Li? 你認(rèn)識(shí)李先生嗎?
—I don't know (him.) 我不認(rèn)識(shí)他
4、省略表語:
如:—Are you thirsty? 你30歲了嗎? 
—Yes, I am (thirsty). 是的,我是。
5、同時(shí)省略幾個(gè)成分:
如:—Are you feeling better now? 你覺得好些了嗎?
—(I am feeling) Much better (now) 好多了。
(I wish)Good luck(to you). 祝你好運(yùn)/祝你順利。



省略句在復(fù)合句中的應(yīng)用:


一、并列復(fù)合句中的省略:
并列句中后邊的分句可以省略與前邊分句中相同的成分。
如:The boy picked up a coin in the road and (the boy) handed it to a policeman.
這個(gè)男孩在馬路上拾起一枚硬幣并把他交給了警察。
Your advice made me happy but(your advice made) Tom angry. 你的建議使我高興但使湯姆生氣。
Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary(must have been) doing her homework.
湯姆肯定一直在打籃球,瑪麗一直在寫作業(yè)。
Gao Xiumin was born in 1959 and Fu Biao(was born) in 1963. 高秀敏出生于1959年,傅彪出生于1963年。

二、主從復(fù)合句中的省略:

1、狀語從句中的省略:一般說來省略現(xiàn)象多出現(xiàn)在下列五種狀語從句中:
1)由when,while,as,before,after,till,until,once等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句;
2)由whether,if,unless等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句;
3)由though,although,evenif,whatever等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句;
4)由as,than等引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句;
5)由as,asif,asthough等引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句。

上述狀語從句在省略時(shí)應(yīng)遵循下面原則:
當(dāng)狀語從句的主語與主句的主語一致時(shí),可以省略狀語從句的主語和系動(dòng)詞be,這時(shí)從句中可出現(xiàn)如下結(jié)構(gòu):
連詞(as,as if, once)+名詞;
連詞(though, whether, when)+形容詞;
連詞(whether, as if, while)+介詞短語;
連詞(when, while, though)+現(xiàn)在分詞;
連詞(when, if, even if, unless, once, until, than, as)+過去分詞;
連詞(as if,as though)+不定式。
如:Once(he was) a worker, Pang Long now becomes a famous singer.
龐龍?jiān)?jīng)是個(gè)工人,現(xiàn)在變成一位著名的歌手。
Work hard when(you are) young, or you'll regret. 趁年輕要努力學(xué)習(xí),要不然你會(huì)后悔的。
He looked everywhere as if(he was) in search of something. 他到處看似乎在找什么東西。
注意
①當(dāng)從句的主語和主句的賓語一致時(shí),間或也有這樣的省略。
如:Her father told her to be careful when(she was) crossing the street. 當(dāng)她過馬路時(shí)父親告訴她要當(dāng)心。
②當(dāng)從句的主語是it,謂語動(dòng)詞中又含有系動(dòng)詞be時(shí),可以把it和系動(dòng)詞be一起省略。此時(shí)構(gòu)成連詞(if, unless, when, whenever)+形容詞的結(jié)構(gòu)。
如:Unless(it is) necessary, you'd better not refer to the dictionary. 如果沒有必要,你最好不要查字典。

2、定語從句中的省略:
1)一般說來,在限制性定語從句中,作賓語的關(guān)系代詞that,which,whom可以省略;
如:Is this reason(that) he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?
這就是他在會(huì)上解釋他工作中粗心的原因嗎?
而在非限制性定語從句中作賓語的關(guān)系代詞which, whom不可以省略。
比較:Tom(whom) you saw yesterday fell ill.(whom可以省) 你昨天見到的湯姆病倒了。
Tom, whom you saw yesterday, fell ill. (whom不可以省) 湯姆病倒了,你昨天見到他了。
2)在口語和非正式用語中,關(guān)系副詞when, where,和why經(jīng)常用that來代替,甚至還可省略。
如:This is the first time(when/that) he had trouble with the boss.
這是他第一次麻煩老板。
He wants to find a good place(where/that) we can have a picnic during the"golden week"holiday.
他想找一個(gè)能在黃金周期間野餐的好地方。
Could you tell us the reason(why/that) hewas so unhappy?
你能告訴我們他為什么如此不高興嗎?
3)當(dāng)先行詞為表示方式的the way時(shí),從句不能用how來引導(dǎo),應(yīng)該用that或in which,或?qū)⑺鼈內(nèi)渴÷浴?BR>如:I don't like the way(that/in which) you laugh at her.
我不喜歡你嘲笑他的行為。

3、賓語從句中的省略:
1)在及物動(dòng)詞后面所接的賓語從句中,連詞that一般可以省略;但如果及物動(dòng)詞后面是由that引導(dǎo)的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的并列的賓語從句,那么只有第一個(gè)that可以省略。
如:I think(that) the reform of the renminbi's exchangerate is necessary. 我認(rèn)為人民幣兌換率的改革是必要的。
He said(that) the Anti-secession law had been passed and that President Hu Jintao had signed a presidential order.
他說《反分裂國家法》已被通過,而且胡錦濤主席已簽署了主席令。
2)由which, when, where, how, 和why引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,可以全部或部分省略。
如:I know that NBA star YaoMing will come to our city but I don't know when (he will come to our city).
我知道NBA明星要到我們城市來但我不知道他什么時(shí)候來。
He wants to move abroad but his parents wonders why(he wants to move abroad)
他想搬遷到國外但他的父母想知道為什么。

4、在與suggest, request, order, advise等詞相關(guān)的名詞性從句中,須用虛擬語氣形式“should+動(dòng)詞原形”,should可以省略:
如:Chirac, President of the Republic of France suggested that the China-France Culture Year(should) last long in various forms.
法國總統(tǒng)希拉克建議中法文化年以各種各樣的形式長期持續(xù)。

5、主句省略多用于句首:
如:(It is a) Pity that I didn't go to Mary's birthday party yesterday.
很遺憾,我昨天沒有去參加瑪麗的生日聚會(huì)。

6、在答語中,主句可全部省略。
如:—Why were you absent from school last Friday?
—(I was absent from school) Because my mother was ill.
—上周五你為什么沒有上學(xué)?
—因?yàn)槲覌寢尣×恕?



動(dòng)詞不定式省略:


1、保留to的場合:
(1)不定式作某些動(dòng)詞的賓語時(shí),這些動(dòng)詞常見的有:
love, like, care, wish, hope, expect, prefer, refuse, mean, try, oblige, advise, persuade, agree, want, afford, forget, remember, try, manage等。
如:—You should have thanked her before you left.
—I meant to, but when I was leaving I couldn't find her anywhere.
—你本該在離開前謝謝她。
—我本打算這么做,但當(dāng)我就要離開的時(shí)候我卻找不到她了。
You can do it this way if you like to. 如果你想做,你可以這么做。
(2)不定式作某些動(dòng)詞的賓語補(bǔ)足語或主語補(bǔ)足語時(shí),這些動(dòng)詞常見的有:
ask, tell, advise, force, persuade, wish, allow, permit, forbid, expect, order, warn 等。
如:The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him not to. 男孩想在街上騎他的自行車,但他母親不讓。
She wants to come but her parents won't allow her to(come). 她想來,可是她父母不讓。
(3)不定式在句中作某些形容詞的狀語時(shí),常見的形容詞有:
happy, glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready 等。
如:—I will be away on a business trip. Could you mind looking after my cat? 
—Not at all. I would be happy to (look after your cat). 
—我要出差,你能幫我照顧一下我的貓嗎?
—沒關(guān)系,我很愿意。
(4)不定式作某些復(fù)合謂語時(shí),常見結(jié)構(gòu)如:be able to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to 等。
如:He doesn't like fish but he used to. 他現(xiàn)在不喜歡吃魚,但過去喜歡。

2、省略to的場合:

(1)主語部分有to do,系動(dòng)詞is或was時(shí),作表語的不定式通常省去to。
如:The only thing you have to do is press the button. 你必須做的惟一事情是按按鈕。
(2)作介詞but, expect, besides的賓語,前面又有實(shí)意動(dòng)詞do時(shí),不定式通常省去to。
如:He said that Chen Shuibian had nothing to do except push a pro-"independence"timetable.
他說陳水扁除了推進(jìn)支持“獨(dú)立”的時(shí)間表外,什么也沒有做。
(3)主語部分暗含todo,表語中的不定式通常省去to。
如:All I want(to do) is go to school and study hard. 我想要(做)的就是上學(xué),努力學(xué)習(xí)。
(4)當(dāng)兩個(gè)或多個(gè)不定式并列時(shí),其后的不定式符號(hào)可以省略,但有對比關(guān)系時(shí)不可省略。
如:It is easier to say than to do. 說起來容易,做起來難。
(5)在would rather...than...等結(jié)構(gòu)中,不定式符號(hào)常常要省略。
如:I would rather stay at home than go to see a film. 我寧愿呆在家也不愿去看電影。
(6)在see, watch, notice, hear, listen to, look at, feel, have, make, let, observe等詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)省略不定式符號(hào)to;why(not)do結(jié)構(gòu)中,不定式不帶to。
如:I saw her enter the room. 我看見她進(jìn)入了房間!
Why not join us? 為什么不加入到我們的行列里來呢?



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