Have you ever finished reading a piece of writing and then felt totally baffled about the intended meaning? Sometimes this is a sign that you are reading an advanced textbook, but sometimes this is a sign you're just reading unclear writing!
你是否有這樣的經(jīng)歷，閱讀完成一些作品后對(duì)其想要表達(dá)的含義摸不著頭腦？遇到這種情況，可能是提示你正在閱讀一本深?yuàn)W的書籍，也有可能是這些作品的思路本身是不清晰的。
Bad writing is unkempt. It is disorganized and inappropriatelydecorated. It includes a lot of flashy words that just don’t fit.
質(zhì)量差的寫作是不整潔的。文章的修飾是無組織或不恰當(dāng)?shù)�。文章中包含很多華麗的詞匯卻使用不得當(dāng)。
The seven rules below will help you identify and create organized, clear writing that leaves the reader informed and satisfied.
這七條規(guī)則可以幫助你鑒別和創(chuàng)作有組織的結(jié)構(gòu)清晰的文章，使讀者更容易理解。
1. Say what you mean 說出你想表達(dá)的含義
Overly fancy words are not necessarily direct words, and they often fail to state your point clearly.
使用過多奇幻的詞匯是不必要的，并且這些詞匯可能會(huì)干擾你清晰地表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)。
You should certainly be willing to improve your vocabulary, but there is an art to doing this without sounding like you’re trying a bit too hard. If you find that your writing sounds too vague or elementary, you must avoid going overboard with fancy-sounding words and, instead, try to find more precise words.
對(duì)于這種情況，你當(dāng)然應(yīng)該提高詞匯量,這里有一種聽起來不太費(fèi)力的方法可以改善這個(gè)問題。如果你發(fā)現(xiàn)你的寫作聽起來太過含糊或基礎(chǔ)，你必須避免過量使用聽起來不切實(shí)際的詞語,相反,試著使用更精確的詞語。
2. Give your readers a road map 為讀者提供引導(dǎo)圖
Our brains like to receive messages in a tidy order. They don’t like to be surprised by a big point ? which is why introductory statements are important. When writing, it is generally a good idea to start broad and provide an overview of the information to come. But don’t worry so much about this on your first draft.
我們的大腦喜歡接受有次序的信息，而不是無序雜亂的信息，因此引言是非常重要的。在寫作時(shí)，從整體的角度對(duì)全文的信息做一個(gè)概述是個(gè)不錯(cuò)的想法。但在寫初稿時(shí)可以先不考慮概述。
You should never expect to write all of your messages in the correct order on the very first try ? no matter what type of messages you are writing. You can reorder paragraphs and sentences for your final draft.
在寫初稿時(shí)，不論是哪種文章，我們都不能保證第一次寫作就將文章順序一次調(diào)整好�？梢栽谥蟮男薷漠�(dāng)中重新調(diào)整段落和句子的順序。
3. Get to the point 適時(shí)切入主題
As mentioned above, every paragraph should have an introductory statement. This is important to establish a context or a background for the main point of a paragraph. But you should avoid overdoing it with the intro. Don’t surroundyour point ? just introduce it and then go for it!
像之前提到的，每一段落都應(yīng)該有一句引言引出段落內(nèi)容。這對(duì)于建立段落的上下文背景是非常重要的。但應(yīng)該避免引言過多。不要一直圍繞主題敘述，引出主題然后直接展開論述。
4. Cut the fat 去掉不需要的部分
Every single writer who ever published a paper or a book has had to chop off some paragraph, page, or chapter that they loved. But if it doesn’t serve a purpose, it should go. But cutting the fat is healthy.
每個(gè)曾經(jīng)發(fā)表過文章的人都有這樣的經(jīng)歷，文章中作者喜歡的段落，頁面，章節(jié)可能會(huì)被刪除。但如果這些內(nèi)容沒有為文章的主題服務(wù)，那么這些內(nèi)容應(yīng)該被刪除。但剪切掉這些內(nèi)容可以使文章更精簡。
5. Don’t jolt the reader’s brain 避免與讀者的思路沖突
You may have some excellent paragraphs, but they are not going to be very pleasing to read if they jump awkwardlyfrom topic to topic. As you revise your paper, be sure to order your paragraphs in a sensible fashion and create smooth transitions between them. It just takes a few minutes extra, but it’s worth your time.
你可能會(huì)有一些很好的段落，但是這些內(nèi)容從一個(gè)主題生硬地跳轉(zhuǎn)到另一個(gè)主題，不符合讀者的閱讀思路。在你修訂自己的文章時(shí)，確保你的段落采用一種合適的組織順序，且段落之間轉(zhuǎn)換流暢。這些工作可能只花費(fèi)幾分鐘的時(shí)間，但收獲卻是值得的。
6. Use meaningful examples 使用有意義的舉例
If you are attempting to explain something complicated to your reader, it is a good idea to provide examples that will clarify the subject. But make sure your examples are meaningful.
如果你嘗試向讀者解釋一些復(fù)雜的事務(wù)，提供一些切合主題且闡明主題的例子。確信你的舉例是有意義的。
Imagery is a good tool for showing examples. Graphs and tables will work, but whatever you decide to use to clarify your point, try it out on a friend. Have a friend, parent, or teacher read the segment with the example and see if it makes sense to them.
圖像是展示例證的得力工具。圖表同樣起作用，但不論你決定使用什么例子來闡明你的主題，試著讓朋友，父母或老師來讀這些例證材料來看看這些舉例是否對(duì)他們同樣有效。
7. Punctuate properly 合理添加標(biāo)點(diǎn)
Observe the difference between these statements:
觀察下面的句子有哪些不同：
I once saw a man-eating frog.
我曾看到過可供人食用的青蛙。
I once saw a man eating frog.
我曾看到過吃青蛙的人。
You can change the meaning of a sentence pretty drastically when you leave out some punctuationmarks. What about this:
遺漏一些標(biāo)點(diǎn)可以徹底地改變句子的意思，比如下面這句：
That that that that teacher wrote was incorrect.
It’s a little better when you punctuate with:
添加標(biāo)點(diǎn)后句子會(huì)更易懂：
That “that” that that teacher wrote was incorrect.
那個(gè)老師寫的“that”是不正確的。
Even if those examples are a little goofy, they do demonstrate the importance of punctuating.
盡管這些例子有一些夸張，它們卻表明了標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的重要性。
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