1. Taking linear notes 無(wú)結(jié)構(gòu)筆記
Linear notes are lecture notes that students take when they attempt to write down every word of a lecture. Linear notes occur when a student tries to write every word a lecturer says in sequence, like writing a rambling essay with no paragraphs. 無(wú)結(jié)構(gòu)的筆記是指學(xué)生在聽(tīng)講座的時(shí)候試圖記下授課者說(shuō)的每個(gè)字。這樣的筆記非常散亂，就像寫文章沒(méi)有段落一樣。 You must revisit your linear notes and make relationships from one section to another. You should draw arrows from one related word or concept to another, and make a lot of notes and examples in the margins. 你必須重新閱讀筆記，并且找到各部分之間的關(guān)系�？梢栽谙嚓P(guān)的概念之間畫箭頭連接，或者在筆記本邊緣做適當(dāng)?shù)臉?biāo)注。 Solution: To reinforce information and to make it sink in, you must also recreate all your class notes in another form. You have to revisit the information and put it all into a chart or shrinking outline.
解決方法：為了牢固記憶知識(shí)，你需要用另外的方式重新構(gòu)建你的課堂筆記。你必須重新梳理信息整理成表格或者框架的形式。[/cn] Right before every new lecture, you should review your notes from days past and predict the next day’s material. You should reflect and make relationships between key concepts before you sit down for a new lecture. [cn]在每堂課開(kāi)始前，你可以回顧上堂課的筆記，回憶重點(diǎn)的概念和概念之間的聯(lián)系，并且預(yù)測(cè)下一天的內(nèi)容。
2. Highlighting the book 標(biāo)記書(shū)本
Reckless highlighting is the root cause for many bad test grades! 魯莽的標(biāo)記書(shū)本可能是取得不滿意成績(jī)的根源。 Highlighting does make important information stand out on a page, but that doesn’t do you much good if you don’t follow up with some meaningful active with that information. Reading highlighted words again and again is not active enough. 標(biāo)記確實(shí)可以突出部分信息。但對(duì)于這些信息，只是一遍遍地閱讀是不夠的。需要進(jìn)行更深入的學(xué)習(xí)。 Solution: Use the information you highlight to create a practice exam. Put highlighted words onto flashcards and practice until you know every term and concept. 解決方法：將標(biāo)記的詞語(yǔ)組成練習(xí)測(cè)試。將標(biāo)記的詞匯寫在抽認(rèn)卡上做練習(xí)，直到你記住每個(gè)詞語(yǔ)和術(shù)語(yǔ)的含義。 You should also develop a color-coded highlighting strategy. Highlight new words in one color and new concepts in another, for example. You could also highlight separate topics according to a color code for more impact. 你應(yīng)該形成一套標(biāo)記使用的顏色排序。比如：新詞使用一種顏色，新的概念使用一種顏色。你可以根據(jù)顏色的編碼來(lái)判斷詞語(yǔ)的歸類。 3. Rewriting notes 重寫筆記
Students rewrite notes under the assumption that repetition is good for memorization. Repetition is valuable as a first step, but it’s not that effective all alone. 一些學(xué)生認(rèn)為重寫筆記有利于記憶。重寫筆記作為第一步是有效的，但是僅僅這樣是不夠的。 You should rewrite your notes in the shrinking outline method, but follow up with self-testing methods. 你可以采用框架的形式重寫筆記，并在重寫之后進(jìn)行自我測(cè)試。 Solution: Switch class notes with a classmate and create a practice exam from his/her notes. Exchange practice exams to test each other. Repeat this process a few times until you are comfortable with the material. 解決方法：與同學(xué)交換課堂筆記，并且通過(guò)筆記設(shè)計(jì)測(cè)試題目。互相交換設(shè)計(jì)的試題來(lái)進(jìn)行測(cè)試。重復(fù)這個(gè)過(guò)程直到你掌握知識(shí)。 4. Rereading the chapter 重新閱讀章節(jié)
Students are often encouraged to re-read a chapter on the night before an exam to reinforce what they’ve learned. Rereading is a good tactic as a last step. 學(xué)生經(jīng)常被鼓勵(lì)在考試前重新閱讀章節(jié)的內(nèi)容來(lái)鞏固所學(xué)的知識(shí)。但重新閱讀章節(jié)作為最后一個(gè)步驟可能更為有效。 Solution: Make sure to use active steps like charts, shrinking outlines, and practice tests and follow up with rereading your chapter. 解決方法：你可以在重新閱讀章節(jié)之前采取其他的學(xué)習(xí)方式：例如圖表學(xué)習(xí)、框架學(xué)習(xí)和測(cè)試訓(xùn)練等。 5. Memorizing definitions 記憶定義
Students spend a lot of time using flashcards to memorize definitions. This is a good study method, as long as it’s a first step in the process of learning. As students progress through the grade levels, they are expected to progress in cognitive skills. 很多學(xué)生常�；ㄙM(fèi)很多時(shí)間來(lái)使用抽認(rèn)卡記憶定義。這是個(gè)不錯(cuò)的學(xué)習(xí)方法，但更適合作為學(xué)習(xí)的第一步，隨著對(duì)知識(shí)的深入理解。學(xué)生更希望提高認(rèn)知技能而不僅僅停留在定義的理解上。 Solution: Once you have memorized the definitions of your terms, give yourself a short essay practice test. Make sure you are able to define a term and explain why it is significant. Be able to compare and contrast your term to something or someone of similar significance. 解決方法：一旦你記住了術(shù)語(yǔ)的定義，給自己做一個(gè)測(cè)試。確定你可以解釋術(shù)語(yǔ)的定義和術(shù)語(yǔ)的定義并且對(duì)相近的術(shù)語(yǔ)（某事或某人）做出對(duì)比比較。
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