there be結(jié)構(gòu)在英語里是一種常見的特殊句子結(jié)構(gòu)。它以引詞there(由副詞there變來)開首,后常接動詞be的各種形式,再后才是主語,主語之后又常有表地點(diǎn)和時(shí)間的狀語。它像是一種倒裝句,但又非倒裝句,因?yàn)檫@種“倒裝”已成為一種自然的詞序。這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的there本身無詞義,其后的動詞be具有“存在”之意,所以是一實(shí)義動詞。
基本用例:
There is a garden behind the house. 房子后面有一座花園。
There is nothing but clothing in this cupboard. 這個(gè)柜子里只有衣服。
There is a telephone box on the comer. 在拐彎處有一個(gè)電話間。
If there is any problem, let me know. 如果有什么問題可以通知我。
There is only one person I could approach. 只有一個(gè)人我可以去找。
There is little difference between the two words. 這兩個(gè)字沒有什么差別。
注意下面一句:
There was a dog there. 那里有一條狗。
There is a bus-stop just there. 那里就有公共汽車站。
句中第一個(gè)there是引詞,無詞義;第二個(gè)there是副詞,有詞義。
there be結(jié)構(gòu)表“存在”,have表“所有”,試比較:
There are several oak trees in the garden. 花園里有好幾株橡樹。(主語是oak trees)
They have several oak trees in the garden. 他們在花園里種有好幾株橡樹。(主語是they)
There’s a telephone in every room. 每一個(gè)房間都有一部電話。(強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀存在)
Every room has a telephone. 每一個(gè)房間有電話。(強(qiáng)調(diào)電話是每個(gè)房間的一固有部分)
句首的there如重讀,則非引詞,而是副詞,試比較:
There is the book 1 want. 那兒就是我所要的書。(there是副詞,有詞義)
There are some books 1 want. 有一些我所要的書。(there是引詞,無詞義)
在there be結(jié)構(gòu)中,be之后加上not或no, 即變成否定句,如:
There is no great difficulty. 沒有大的困難。
There is no need to worry. 沒有必要發(fā)愁。
There is not much doubt about his guilt. 對他的罪行沒有多少懷疑。
There is not much life in a small country village. 一座小村莊沒有多少生氣。
變?yōu)橐蓡柧鋾r(shí),須把be移至there之前,如:
Are there any children in the room? 房間里有小孩嗎?
Are there any boys in your group? 你們小組中有男生嗎?
Is there anything for me to do? 有什么事需要我做?
Is there a doctor available? 能請到醫(yī)生嗎?
there be結(jié)構(gòu)中的動詞be與主語的數(shù)必須一致,但主語如是一系列事物,第一個(gè)事物為單形可數(shù)名詞,謂語動詞則可用單數(shù)形式,如:
There is a textbook, a dictionary and some notebooks on the desk. 桌上有一本教科書、一本字典和幾本筆記。
有時(shí)說話人先說出了there is(was),然后才想到要用復(fù)形名詞,如:
There’s some things I can’t resist. 有些事物我是不抗拒的。
There’s hundreds of people on the waiting list. 登記排隊(duì)的人有好幾百。
強(qiáng)調(diào)主語時(shí),亦可將主語移至句首,如:
Men there are yet living who have seen him. 見過他的人有的還活著哩。
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