主旨大意題解題技巧

　　主旨大意題在高考閱讀理解中出現(xiàn)的頻率很高，因?yàn)檫@類題主要考查考生能否通過理解、分析全文，區(qū)分主要信息和次要信息，進(jìn)而總結(jié)歸納文章或段落的大意。測試點(diǎn)主要體現(xiàn)在對(duì)文章的主題、目的、中心思想的把握以及標(biāo)題的選擇。

　　這類題型常見的提問方式有：

　　What’s the main idea of the passage?

　　What does the passage mainly discuss?

　　The topic of Paragraph … is ….

　　Which of the following best states the theme of the passage?

　　A good/suitable title for this passage would be ….

　　我們知道：文章的主旨是通過段落來表達(dá)的，而段落的大意主要由主題句來體現(xiàn)，所以段落的主題句是構(gòu)成文章中心思想的有機(jī)組成部分。因此，識(shí)別各段落的主題句并由此歸納出文章的中心思想是解答該類題的關(guān)鍵。由于文章內(nèi)容和體裁的不同，作者的寫作手法也不盡相同，主題句在段落中出現(xiàn)的位置也不固定。一般說來，采用歸納法的段落，細(xì)節(jié)表述在前，歸納概括在后，主題句在段尾；采用演繹法的段落，先提出觀點(diǎn)，后演繹例證，由一般到特殊，主題句出現(xiàn)在段首；若作者采用由“特殊 — 一般 — 特殊”的方式，主題句可能出現(xiàn)在段落的中間。有時(shí)，作者沒有寫出明顯的主題句，我們要學(xué)會(huì)根據(jù)段落的內(nèi)容去概括出主題句，進(jìn)而歸納出文章的主題。

　　做這類題時(shí)常用略讀法�？焖匍喿x文章找出各個(gè)段落的主題句。把各個(gè)段落的主題句聯(lián)系起來著眼于全文結(jié)構(gòu)安排，了解文章的重心，就能概括出文章的中心。文章的標(biāo)題是中心思想最精煉的表達(dá)形式，選擇的標(biāo)題意義范圍要能涵蓋全文，不能太大也不能太小。命題者在出這類題時(shí)，常常利用生活常識(shí)編造干擾項(xiàng)，把文中的細(xì)節(jié)當(dāng)主旨，利用局部信息編造干擾項(xiàng)，編制超出文章范圍的標(biāo)題或不能涵蓋文章中心意義的標(biāo)題來考查考生的理解程度，考生要特別留意。對(duì)選擇標(biāo)題類題，若遇到拿不太準(zhǔn)的情況時(shí)，可以自己思考一下：“如果是我寫這個(gè)題目，我會(huì)怎樣寫？”。

　　看看下面兩個(gè)例題：

　　(05 廣東卷 B 篇)

　　Being considered a leader in our society is indeed of high praise．Leadership means power,

　　commands respect and, most important, encourages achievement．Unlike vitamin C, leadership

　　skills can't be easily swallowed down．They must be carefully cultivated.

　　Different from popular belief, most good leaders are made, not born．They learn their skills in their everyday lives．But which do they develop? How do they (and how can you) get others to follow?

　　Always give credit．Many leaders note that the most efficient way to get a good performance

　　from others is to treat them like heroes．Giving public credit to someone who has earned it is the best leadership technique in the world．It is also an act of generosity (慷慨) that's never forgotten.

　　Giving credit is more effective than even the most constructive criticism (批評(píng)) , which often

　　hurts rather than helps．Kenneth Blanchard, the author of The One-Minute Manager, agrees.

　　"Catch people doing something right!" he says．Then tell everyone about it.

　　Take informed risks．" The best leaders know that taking a risk is not a thoughtless exercise,"

　　says management adviser Marilyn Machlowitz, "Sky divers don't go up in an airplane without checking the parachutes (降落傘) beforehand．"

　　Because the idea of risk also carries with it the possibility of failure, many of us usually wait

　　for others to take charge．But if you want to be a leader, you must learn to fail - and not die a

　　thousand deaths．Pick yourself up and start all over again.

　　Encourage enthusiasm (熱情)．"When people understand the importance of work, they lend

　　their mental strengths," says Lee Ducat．But when they get excited about the work, all their energy gets poured into the job．That's a great force! Is this the best way to create excitement? Be enthusiastic yourself. You will be followed by everyone.

　　63．Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?

　　A．Leadership Is of Skills and Techniques

　　B．Leadership Is Very Important

　　C．Not Many Can Be Leaders

　　D．How to Be a Leader

　　解析：這一題考查主旨大意，要考生為文章選擇標(biāo)題。文章第一第二兩段提出：‘Leadership skills must be carefully cultivated.’‘Most good leaders are made, not born.’（領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力要精心培養(yǎng)。）接下來文章從三個(gè)方面闡述了培養(yǎng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力的方法：Always give credit/ Take informed risks/ Encourage enthusiasm (熱情)。根據(jù)各個(gè)段落的主題句，結(jié)合文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，我們不難歸納出文章的中心：這篇文章講的是怎樣培養(yǎng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)才能。由此，我們判斷選項(xiàng)D 在意義上涵蓋了文章的中心，是最好的標(biāo)題。

　�。�05 天津卷 A 篇）

　　Everyone’s at it , even my neighbors . I thought I might be the only person left in the world who hadn’t done an eBay deal . So, I decided to try my hand at online auction (網(wǎng)上拍賣) . Buying for beginners: Sign up on www.ebay.co.uk . Most items (e. g. tables, computers, and books) ready for auction will come with a picture and a shart description ; others may be marked with “Buy It Now” and have a fixed price . You can buy these right away.

　　If the item is being auctioned , you offer the highest price you are prepared to pay and eBay bids (出價(jià)) for you . The bid will be increased little by little until it goes beyond your highest bid, then you are emailed and asked if you would like to bid again. Auctions last up to 10 days and when they finish you get an email telling you whether you have won the item.

　　How to pay : Sellers decide how they would like to be paid and you need to check this before placing a bid as you might not want to post a cheque or postal orders . The easiest way is through PayPal, an online payment system that takes the money away from your credit card (信用卡).

　　Selling made simple: If you plan to sell on eBay, it helps to include a picture of the item . I followed my friends’ advice and put up the items I wanted to sell for a 10-day auction, starting on a Thursday. This way buyers had two weekends to bid.

　　The big things in life: It’s easy to post a small item , but furniture is a big part of eBay and this has to be collected or sent by deliverymen . Check the ways of delivery before you bid.

　　36．What is the passage mainly about?

　　A．How to make payment online.

　　B．Ways of making delivery online.

　　C．Advantages of an online-auction system.

　　D．How to use an online-auction system.

　　解析：這是一篇說明文，文章結(jié)構(gòu)清晰明了，第一段介紹注冊網(wǎng)址、網(wǎng)上的拍賣品；第二段介紹怎樣競價(jià)；第三段介紹怎樣付款。把三段的大意聯(lián)系起來我們就可以概括出文章的中心：網(wǎng)絡(luò)拍賣系統(tǒng)的使用方法。由此，我們很容易得出答案：D。

　　【實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練練習(xí)六】（05 福建卷 C 篇）

　　Walk through the Amazon rainforest today and you will find it is steamy, warm, damp and thick. But if you had been around 15,000 years ago, during the last ice age ,would it have been the same? For more than 30 years, scientists have been arguing about how rainforests like the Amazon might have reacted（反應(yīng)）to the cold, dry climates of the ice ages, but until now, no one has reached a satisfying answer.

　　Rainforests like the Amazon are important for mopping up CO2 from the atmosphere and helping to slow global warming. Currently the trees in the Amazon take in around 500 million tones of CO2 each year; equal to the total amount of CO2 giving off in the UK each year. But how will the Amazon react to future climate change? If it gets drier, will it still survive and continue to draw down CO2? Scientists hope that they will be able to learn in advance how the rainforest will manage in the future by understanding how rainforests reacted to climate change in the past.

　　Unfortunately, getting into the Amazon rainforest and collecting information are very difficult. To study past climate, scientists need to look at fossilized pollen, kept in lake muds. Going back to the last ice age means drilling deep down into lake sediments（沉淀物）, which requires specialized equipment and heavy machinery. There are very few roads and paths, or places to land helicopters and aeroplanes. Rivers tend to be the easiest way to enter the forest ,but this still leaves vast areas between the rivers completely unsampled（未取樣）. So far, only a handful of cores have been drilled that go back to the last ice age and none of them provide enough information to prove how the Amazon rainforest reacts to climate change.

　　67．The best title for this passage may probably be .

　　A．Studies of the Amazon B．Climates of the Amazon

　　C．Secrets of the Rainforests D．Changes of the Rainforests

　　【實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練練習(xí)七】（05 上海卷 D 篇）

　　Equipped only with a pair of binoculars(雙筒望遠(yuǎn)鏡) and ready to spend long hours waiting in all weathers for a precious glance of a rare bullfinch(紅腹灰雀). Britain’s birdwatchers had long been supposed to be lovers of a minority sport. But new figures show birdwatching is fast becoming a popular pastime, with almost three million of us absorbed in our fluttering feathered friends.

　　Devoted birdwatchers, those prepared to travel thousands of miles for a sighting of a rare Siberian bird are fast being joined by a new breed of follower whose interest is satiated by watching a few finches(雀科鳴鳥) on a Sunday walk or putting up a bird-box in the back garden.

　　“Almost three million UK birdwatchers is certainly possible if you include everyone with only a casual interest.” Stephen Moss said in his newly published book－A Bird in the Bush a Social History of Birdwatching－which records the pursuit from the rich Victorian Englishman’s love of shooting rare birds to the less offensive observational tendencies of birdwatchers today.

　　Television wildlife programmes have helped to fuel the new trend. Last summer, BBC 2’s Britain Goes Wild was a surprise success .It pulled in three million viewers and led to bird-houses selling out across the UK as 45,000 people promised to put up a box.

　　Birdwatchers’ networking system first came to the attention of the nation in 1989, when a birdwatcher caught sight of the first Vermivora chrysoptera --- a golden–winged songbird from North America－to be seen in Britain. He put a message our on the network service Birdline, and the next day 3,000 birdwatchers proved the fell pull of a truly rare bird as they visited the Tesco car park in Kent, where it had settled. Today, birdwatchers can log on to www.birdline.co.uk or have news of the latest sightings texted to their phones.

　　“Multimillion-pound spending on, binoculars, bird food and boxes point to the increasing numbers of birdwatchers,” said David Cromack, the editor of Bird Watching magazine “The number of people involved is so big that they have great potential to influence government decisions affecting the environment.”

　　79．The passage mainly tells us about ___________ in UK.

　　A．the history of birdwatchig B．a(chǎn) growing passion for birdwatching

　　C．the impact of media on birdwatching D．birdwatcing as a popular expensive sport
 

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