猜測(cè)詞義題解題技巧

　　在閱讀中我們經(jīng)常會(huì)遇到許多生詞。這時(shí)許多同學(xué)立即翻閱詞典，查找詞義。這樣做不但費(fèi)時(shí)費(fèi)力，而且影響閱讀速度、影響對(duì)語(yǔ)篇的整體把握。事實(shí)上，閱讀材料中的每個(gè)詞與它前后的詞語(yǔ)或句子甚至段落都有聯(lián)系。我們可以利用語(yǔ)境（各種已知信息）推測(cè)、判斷某些生詞的詞義。近年來全國(guó)統(tǒng)一高考中加大了對(duì)考生猜詞義能力的考查，因此，掌握一定的猜詞技巧，對(duì)突破高考閱讀理解、提高我們的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言能力都有非常重要的意義。

　　這種題常見的提問方式有：

　　The word “…” in paragraph … can best be replaced by … ….

　　The underlined word “…” most probably means ….

　　By saying “…”, the author means …

　　The expression “…” is closest to …

　　According to the passage, the phrase “…” suggests …

　　The underlined part “… …” (in Para. … ) means …..

　　做這種類型的題，要根據(jù)詞、詞組、句子所在的語(yǔ)境來判斷其意義。因此熟練掌握一些猜詞技巧是做好這類題的關(guān)鍵。命題者在出這類題時(shí)慣用常規(guī)詞義來麻痹考生，我們要特別注意熟詞生義，切不可脫離語(yǔ)境想當(dāng)然。

　　猜測(cè)詞義時(shí)，一般可利用以下三個(gè)方面的線索：

　　一． 針對(duì)性的解釋

　　針對(duì)性解釋是作者為了更好的表達(dá)思想，在文章中對(duì)一些重要的概念、難懂的術(shù)語(yǔ)或高深的詞匯等所做的通俗化的解釋。這些解釋提供的信息明確具體，所使用的語(yǔ)言通俗易懂，利用它們來猜測(cè)詞義就非常簡(jiǎn)單。

　　1． 根據(jù)定義（definition）猜測(cè)詞義

　　如果生詞有一個(gè)句子或段落來定義，那么理解這個(gè)句子或段落本身就是推斷詞義。

　　定義常用的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多為：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, be called, define, represent, refer to, signify 等。

　　例如：（05 湖北卷A段）Do you know what a “territory” is ? A territory is an area that an animal ,usually the male, claims（聲稱）as its own.

　　由定義可推知，這里territory指的是：“動(dòng)物的地盤”。

　�。�04 浙江卷B段）Green building means “reducing the impact (影響) of the building on the land”.

　　由定義我們可以推斷這里 Green building 指的是什么。

　　2．根據(jù)復(fù)述推測(cè)詞義

　　雖然復(fù)述不如定義那樣嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、詳細(xì)，但是它提供的信息可以為閱讀者猜測(cè)詞義提供

　　依據(jù)，至少讀者可以根據(jù)復(fù)述猜測(cè)生詞的大致“義域”（意義范圍）。復(fù)述部分可以是詞、短語(yǔ)、或從句。

　　同位語(yǔ)復(fù)述：在復(fù)述中構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系的兩部分之間常用逗號(hào)連接，有時(shí)也使用破折號(hào)，冒號(hào)，分號(hào)，引號(hào)和括號(hào)等。同位語(yǔ)前常有 or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say, i.e. 等。

　　例如：（05浙江卷B段）In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today．

　　由同位語(yǔ)an endangered wild cat我們很快猜出生詞ocelots的義域：一種瀕臨滅絕野貓。

　　定語(yǔ)從句復(fù)述：

　　例如：（04 福建卷E段）Here is The Pines ,whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou ,wild boar ,and reindeer with surprising sauces .

　　According the passage, The Pines is a .

　　A．place in which you can see many mobile homes

　　B．mountain where you can get a good view of the valley

　　C．town which happens to be near the Banff National Park

　　D．restaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food

　　通過whose引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，我們可以推測(cè)到：The Pines 是一家餐館的名字，由此不難推出理解題的答案為：D。

　　2． 根據(jù)舉例猜測(cè)詞義

　　恰當(dāng)?shù)呐e例能夠提供猜測(cè)生詞的重要線索。

　　例如：（04 遼寧卷C段）The course gives you chances to know great power polities between nation states. It will provide more space to study particular issues such as relationship among countries in the European Union, third world debt, local and international disagreement, and the work of such international bodies as the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, and the World Bank.

　　根據(jù)such as 后面列舉的一系列例子，我們應(yīng)該能推斷出句中的issue 是指“議題”。

　　二． 內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系

　　根據(jù)內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系推測(cè)詞義是指應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言知識(shí)分析和判斷相關(guān)信息之間存在的邏輯關(guān)系，然后根據(jù)邏輯聯(lián)系推斷生詞詞義或大致義域。

　　1． 根據(jù)對(duì)比關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義

　　在一個(gè)句子或段落中，有對(duì)兩個(gè)事物或現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行對(duì)比性的描述，我們可以根據(jù)生詞的反義詞猜測(cè)其詞義。表示對(duì)比關(guān)系的詞匯和短語(yǔ)主要有：unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 等。表示對(duì)比關(guān)系的句子結(jié)構(gòu)：while 引導(dǎo)的并列句。

　　例如：（NMET 2002 E篇）A child’s birthday party doesn’t have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.

　　What does the underlined word “hassle” (paragraph 1) probably mean?

　　A. a party designed by specialists

　　B. a plan requiring careful thought

　　C. a situation causing difficulty or trouble

　　D. a demand made by guests

　　根據(jù)對(duì)比關(guān)系，這里hassle 和 a basket of fun 是相反的意義，很容易判斷理解題的答案為C。

　　2． 根據(jù)比較關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義

　　同對(duì)比關(guān)系相反，比較關(guān)系表示意義上的相似關(guān)系。表示比較關(guān)系的詞和短語(yǔ)主要有：similarly, like, just as, also, as well as 等。

　　例如：Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.

　　該句中副詞similarly表明短語(yǔ)loves to talk和loquacious 之間的比較關(guān)系，其意義相近。由此我們可推斷出loquacious的意思是“健談的”。

　　3． 根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義

　　在句子或段落中，若兩個(gè)事物現(xiàn)象之間構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系，我們可以根據(jù)這種邏輯關(guān)系推測(cè)生詞詞義。

　　例如：（05上海卷B段）I feel that since you are my superior , it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .”

　　The word “presumptuous” in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to “ ”.

　　A．full of respect B．too confident and rude

　　C．lacking in experience D．too shy and quiet

　　根據(jù)since 引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句的內(nèi)容（“既然你是我的上司”），我們可以推斷這里presumptuous的意思是：“冒失的，放肆的”意思，后半句的意思是：我告訴你怎么做會(huì)是一種放肆/冒失的行為。對(duì)應(yīng)的理解題答案為：B。

　�。�05江西卷D段）Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots, or young leaves.

　　根據(jù)原因狀語(yǔ)從句的內(nèi)容，我們可以判斷Pruning的意思是：“修剪（樹枝等）”的意思。

　　4． 根據(jù)同義、近義、并列、替代、說明等關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義

　　在句子或段落中，我們可以利用熟悉的詞語(yǔ)，根據(jù)語(yǔ)言環(huán)境所表示的關(guān)系推斷生詞詞義。

　　例如：（05 江蘇卷E段）William Shakespeare said. “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（紗線），good and ill together.”

　　The underlined word “mingled” in the last paragraph most probably means .

　　A．simple B．mixed C．sad D．happy

　　句中g(shù)ood and ill together 更具體地說明了 a mingled yarn的意義，據(jù)此我們不難推測(cè)mingled的意思是：“混合的，交織的”，答案是：B。

　�。�04 湖北卷C段）Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs ? The answer is “yes”, according to the researchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers.

　　根據(jù)and three other medical centers 這種并列關(guān)系，我們很容易推斷出：Johns Hopkins 是一家醫(yī)療中心。

　　三． 通過構(gòu)詞法

　　在猜測(cè)詞義過程中，我們還可以依靠構(gòu)詞法方面的知識(shí)，從生詞本身猜測(cè)詞義。

　　1． 根據(jù)前綴猜測(cè)詞義

　　例如：（05江西卷E段）Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools?

　　根據(jù)詞根educational （教育的），結(jié)合前綴co-（共同，一起），我們便可以猜出co-educational的意思是：“男女同校教育的”意思。

　　2． 根據(jù)后綴猜測(cè)詞義

　　例如：（05 廣東卷E段）It's a quiet, comfortable hotel overlooking (俯瞰) the bay in an uncommercialized Cornish fishing village on England's most southerly point．

　　后綴 -ise/ize意思是“使成為…；使…化”，結(jié)合詞根commercial（商業(yè)的），不難猜出 uncommercialized 的意思是：“未被商業(yè)化的”。

　　3． 根據(jù)復(fù)合詞的各部分猜測(cè)詞義

　　例如：（05 北京卷B段）Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. Well – designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward（別扭的）hand positions.

　　Well-designed 或許是個(gè)生詞，但我們分析該詞的結(jié)構(gòu)后，就能推測(cè)出其含義。它由well （好，優(yōu)秀）和design （設(shè)計(jì)）兩部分組成，合在一起便是“設(shè)計(jì)精巧的”意思。

　�。�04浙江卷D 段）We live in a technological society where most goods are mass-produced by unskilled labor. Because of this, most people that craft (手藝) no longer exists.

　　根據(jù)合成詞中的mass （大量的）和produce （生產(chǎn)），我們可以推測(cè) mass-produce的意思是：“大批量生產(chǎn)；規(guī)模生產(chǎn)”的意思。

　　綜上所述，利用各種已知的信息推測(cè)判斷生詞詞義是一項(xiàng)重要的閱讀技能。在閱讀中我們可以根據(jù)實(shí)際靈活應(yīng)用上面提到的幾種猜詞技巧，排除生詞的干擾，理解文章的思想，提高閱讀速度，同時(shí)，提高我們?cè)诟呖奸喿x理解中的得分率。

　　【實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練練習(xí)四】（04廣東卷 B 篇）

　　One-third of the people in the village are children, and only 60 are over the age of 65． Just under half of the married women in the village have access to modem equipments.

　　62． The underlined part “have access to” (in Para. 4) means_____.

　　A. use B. buy C. produce D. try

　　【實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練練習(xí)五】（04湖北卷 D篇）

　　Who is there among us who hasn’t dreamed of having his or her own small (maybe , several years later , even big ) business , and having wonderful freedom , both from a boss and from the time clock ; the freedom to make up our own rules for our work , and our own plans —arranging our own hours of work ? That way work would be both painless and fun . Or , so we imagine .

　　Well, in fact it isn’t quite as simple as that . Yes , it is true that being the boss has its satisfactions and that you can arrange your working hours freely if you own your own small business . But in those early years of starting your own business, you shouldn’t think of a free day , not to mention flying off for a month’s vacation . It is not unusual for new business owners to work seventy or eighty hours a week , and if there is a day off , that day might need to be devoted to accounting (算賬).

　　But this negative picture doesn’t destroy the beautiful hopes. The possibility of getting something wonderful in return—both material and mental—continues to drive that large number of people who start up small businesses each year in the United States .

　　70．The expression “negative picture” most probably means “ ”.

　　A．a(chǎn) terrible experience B．a(chǎn) poor picture

　　C．limited freedom D．unpleasant situations
 

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