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漢英翻譯八條“戒律”

編輯: 路逍遙 關(guān)鍵詞: 英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)方法 來(lái)源: 逍遙右腦記憶

英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者一般愿做英譯漢題目,怵做漢譯英題目。由于歷史和文化上的差異,漢英詞語(yǔ)之間存在著或顯或隱的翻譯上的陷阱,導(dǎo)致漢譯英(CE)遠(yuǎn)比英譯漢(EC)易于出錯(cuò)。用魯迅的話說(shuō),就是“詞典不離手,冷汗不離身。”這提醒譯者必須對(duì)這些差異心中有數(shù),然后再調(diào)和這些差異,“擺平”這些差異。為此,要邁好下面八道坎兒,時(shí)刻要留心這八條“戒律”——只想為你擦亮滿天星光,以免在熟路上“迷失方向”。

一、戒“從一而終”


漢語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)意賅,句子靈活,往往是一個(gè)漢語(yǔ)詞匯對(duì)應(yīng)N個(gè)英語(yǔ)詞匯,具體到在本句中應(yīng)該采用那個(gè)意項(xiàng),務(wù)必抓住精神實(shí)質(zhì),不可以不變應(yīng)萬(wàn)變。至于怎么應(yīng)變,這就是顯示譯者功力的地方了。

比如:都是“問(wèn)題”,下面的翻譯各不相同,幾乎是打一槍換一個(gè)地方。

共同關(guān)心的問(wèn)題

questions of common interest

解決問(wèn)題

solve a problem

問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵

the heart of the matter

關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題

a key problem

原則問(wèn)題

a question/ matter of principle

懸而未決的問(wèn)題

an outstanding issue

沒(méi)有什么問(wèn)題。

Without any mishap

摩托車有點(diǎn)問(wèn)題。

Something is wrong with the motorcycle.

問(wèn)題不在這里。

That is not the point.

最近揭發(fā)出相當(dāng)嚴(yán)重的貪污、受賄和官僚主義問(wèn)題。

Serious cases of embezzlement, bribery, and bureaucracy have been brought to light recently.

譯者要掌握這種漢英翻譯中的“游擊戰(zhàn)術(shù)”,翻譯家應(yīng)是不同“文化王國(guó)”邊境線上的“游擊戰(zhàn)略家”。

沙博里將《水滸傳》譯為:Outlaws of the Marsh(沼澤地上的亡命之徒)。楊憲益譯將屈原的《國(guó)殤》譯為:For Those Fallen for Their Country,北外出版社將《儒林外史》譯為:The Scholars。這些都是譯者吃透了原文的原意而譯出的佳作。

二、戒望文生義,機(jī)械直譯

 

這多半是初學(xué)者犯的毛病,他們易于被表面現(xiàn)象所迷惑,做出令人啼笑皆非的事情。

下文中的以色列,可不是中東的那個(gè)猶太人國(guó)家,而是以顏色來(lái)排列。文中的顏色,統(tǒng)統(tǒng)譯錯(cuò)。望文生義想當(dāng)然,都是直譯惹的禍。

黃牛(yellow cow——ox前誤后正,下同)與黃鸝(yellow bird ——oriole)從小青梅竹馬(green plum bamboo horse——grew up together),黃牛喜歡青稞(green seedling ——highland barley)、黃瓜( yellow melon——cucumber、紫菜(purple vegetable ——laver)、白菜( white vegetable ——Chinese cabbage),黃鸝喜歡紫薇(purple rose ——crape myrtle)、紅木(red wood——pad auk)、紅豆杉(red fir——Chinese yew)。黑社會(huì)(black society ——sinister gang)的黑猩猩(black orangutan ——chimpanzee)用黑話(black word——argot)給他們作了紅娘(red mother——matchmaker)。二者選了個(gè)猴年馬月的黃道吉日(yellow way——lucky day),在長(zhǎng)滿蘭花(blue flower——orchid)、紫丁香(purple clover——lilac)紫茉莉(purple jasmine ——four-o’clock)的綠洲( green continent ——oasis)上,舉行了別開(kāi)生面的婚禮。雙雙當(dāng)場(chǎng)交換了禮物,黃牛給黃鸝的禮物是藍(lán)寶石(blue gem—— sapphire)、紅寶石(red gem——ruby);黃鸝給黃牛的是白話(white word ——vernacular)《水滸》、白蘭地(white blue land ——brandy)。他們從此紅運(yùn)(red fortune ——good luck)當(dāng)頭,青云直上(blue cloud ——soar higher and higher)。 (選自艾臨《每天幽它一默》)

三、戒“水土不符”,習(xí)慣搭配失當(dāng)


這的確是難度系數(shù)較大的問(wèn)題,它要求譯者既有較高的中文修養(yǎng),又要有較高的英文造詣,一知半解的人常常在此“翻車”,甚至大家也難免有閃失。如:

寫罷,擲筆在桌上。又歌了一回,再飲數(shù)杯酒,不覺(jué)沉醉,力不勝酒,便呼酒保計(jì)算了,取些銀子算還,多的都賞了酒保。

And tossed the pen on the table. He intoned the verses to himself, then downed a few more cups of wine. He was very dunk. Song-Jiang asked for the bill, paid, and told the waiter to keep the change.(沙博里譯《水滸傳·潯陽(yáng)樓宋江吟反詩(shī)》)

目前,《水滸傳》最好的英譯本要數(shù)沙博里先生的本子了。沙博里出生在美國(guó),青年時(shí)來(lái)到中國(guó),一住就是半個(gè)多世紀(jì)。為了譯好《水滸傳》,據(jù)說(shuō)他潛心研究了山東的地方志和舊時(shí)方言,可謂精誠(chéng)所致,譯著既“達(dá)”又“雅”。然歷史告訴我們,中國(guó)古人沒(méi)有用過(guò)鋼筆,宋時(shí)用的還是毛筆,故“the pen ”應(yīng)改為“the writing-brush ”。

白洋淀的導(dǎo)游牌上,“紅菱”被硬硬地翻譯成Red Ling。菱角有對(duì)應(yīng)詞的,應(yīng)改為Red Water Chestnut。這里常常有外國(guó)人參觀,如此翻譯,令人汗顏!

下面的幾段譯文就較好地照顧到了西方人的思維和理解習(xí)慣。

老者道:“西方卻去不得。那山離此有六十里遠(yuǎn),正是西方必由之路。卻有八百里火焰,周圍寸草不生,若過(guò)此山,就是銅腦蓋,鐵身軀,也要化成汁哩。”

“It’s impossible to get to the west,” the old man replied, “The mountains are about twenty miles from here. You have to cross them to get to the west, but they’re over 250 miles of flame. Not a blade of grass can grow anywhere around. Even if you had a skull of bronze and a body of iron, you would melt trying to cross them.”

(詹納爾譯《西游記·孫悟空一調(diào)芭蕉扇》)

美國(guó)把貿(mào)易和人權(quán)扯在一起,只會(huì)損害兩國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。

The US policy of linking trade with human rights can only bring harm to the economic interests of the two countries.

關(guān)起門來(lái)搞建設(shè)是不成的,中國(guó)的發(fā)展離不開(kāi)世界。

China can’t develop in isolation from the rest of the world.

四、戒主語(yǔ)暗淡

 

主語(yǔ)是句子的靈魂, 定住譯文的主語(yǔ)的是關(guān)鍵性一步棋。主語(yǔ)定偏了,整個(gè)句子將顯得松散乏力,甚至誤導(dǎo)讀者。

如果這個(gè)問(wèn)題不解決,勢(shì)必影響兩國(guó)的利益。

Failure to settle this issue is bound impair the relations between the two countries seriously.

If the problem is not solved , it is sure to affect the interests between the two countries

在上面的兩種譯文中,顯然第一種譯文主語(yǔ)選得好,句子流暢。

共同的利益把我們兩個(gè)偉大的國(guó)家連接在一起。

What holds our two great nations together is the cement of common interests.

此句主語(yǔ)部分處理得頗為干練。

操吳戈兮披犀甲,車錯(cuò)轂兮短兵接

we grasp huge shields, clad in Rhinoceros Hide;

the Chariots clash, the Daggers gashing wide.

(楊憲益譯《屈原·國(guó)殤》)

屈原一開(kāi)篇就“操吳戈兮披犀甲,車錯(cuò)轂兮短兵接”,顯然需要補(bǔ)充應(yīng)有的主語(yǔ)。在《國(guó)殤》詩(shī)中,后面還有“身既死兮神以靈,子魂魄兮為鬼雄”的句子,可見(jiàn)屈原是以“局外人”的視角來(lái)寫為國(guó)捐軀的將士的,而非把自己混為軍中一員。譯文中的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)改為“They”較妥。

廚房里少了一條魚(yú),主人發(fā)誓要一查到底,揪出偷魚(yú)的賊。

Finding a fish in kitchen was lost, the host swore find out the thief who stole the fish.

盡管漢語(yǔ)中似乎有“廚房”“主人”兩個(gè)主語(yǔ),譯者果斷地選定了“the host”作主語(yǔ)。打點(diǎn)清晰,增強(qiáng)了句子的內(nèi)聚力。

夏威夷的沙灘上,椰影婆娑,海風(fēng)習(xí)習(xí),一妙齡女郎正躺在白色的塑料椅上養(yǎng)神。

On the Hawaiian sandy beach, the coconut palms are whirling, the congenial sea breeze is blowing, and a young lady is lying in the white plastics chair resting to restore energy.

因?yàn)槭禽p松讀本,又是描述性的文字,使用了三個(gè)主語(yǔ)“the coconut palms”“the congenial sea breeze”“a young lady”仍是可取的。

五、戒結(jié)構(gòu)單調(diào),組合生硬 “拉郎配”


由于漢英結(jié)構(gòu)不同,表達(dá)方式迥異,“硬性翻譯”不僅讀起來(lái)別扭,而且會(huì)鬧出笑話。這就譯者在翻譯時(shí)靈活使用整合的技巧,將句子整合,凸顯漢語(yǔ)中所隱含的層次,補(bǔ)充所缺失的成分。有時(shí)將簡(jiǎn)單句譯成并列句,有時(shí)將并列句譯成主從句。

在紀(jì)念大學(xué)畢業(yè)20周年聚會(huì)時(shí),我忽然問(wèn)起原來(lái)的班主任:“我個(gè)子又不矮,怎么把我安排在了第一排呢?”

At the reunion party for 20 anniversary of graduation from university, I suddenly asked my former teacher in charge of our class then:" Since I am not of short stature, how did you arrange me at the first row?"

一個(gè)高度近視的女博士去擦鞋店擦高統(tǒng)靴,禿頭老板親自蹲下來(lái)給她效勞。

When woman doctor who suffers a severe myopic went to shoes-polishing shop for her buskins , the bald boss squatted down to serve her personally.

黑體字部分,正是契合了英語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。

六、戒“愚忠”,不諳增減之道

我們耳熟能詳?shù)臇|西外國(guó)人可能會(huì)感到一頭霧水,譯者需要增加必要的說(shuō)明和補(bǔ)充或者減譯。否則,外國(guó)人會(huì)不知所云。畢竟,漢譯英最終是給外國(guó)人看的。

 

例如:風(fēng)水

fengshui——the location of a house or tomb, supposed to have an influence on the fortune of a family.

例如:(美國(guó)對(duì)臺(tái))“三不政策”

Washington’s “three no’s” policy toward Taiwan——on support for Taiwan independence, no support for a two-China policy, and on support for Taiwan membership in international organizations on the basis of statehood.

忽聞?dòng)腥嗽谀档ねづ祥L(zhǎng)吁短嘆。允潛步窺立,乃府中歌姬貂禪也。

In the silence he heard moans and sighs near the Peony Pavilion. Stealing over, he discovered the singing girl, Diaochan.

(羅慕士譯《三國(guó)演義·王司徒巧施連環(huán)計(jì)》)

會(huì)當(dāng)凌絕頂,一覽眾山小。

One day I shall climb

Clear to the summit,

See how small surrounding

Mountain tops appear as they lie below me

(新西蘭人路易·艾黎譯《杜甫·望岳》)

I can't open my eyes to watch your jumping into the fiery pit, for I will shut my eyes at the time.

我不會(huì)眼睜睜看著你往火坑里跳,到時(shí)候我會(huì)閉上的。

不要嫌我黑,兩眼放光輝;不要嫌我瘦,一身好精肉。

Do not Cold-shoulder me for my swarthy(黝黑的) face, but I have a pair of bright piercing(敏銳的) eyes;

Do not Cold-shoulder me for my slight figure, but I’m lean and healthy.

文中“the location of a house or tomb, supposed to have an influence on the fortune of a family.”

“on support for Taiwan independence, no support for a two-China policy, and on support for Taiwan membership in international organizations on the basis of statehood.”“

In the silence”“One day I” “for” “but ”為增譯,“府中”為減譯,實(shí)并入后句。減譯手法在“七戒語(yǔ)句重復(fù)”中還會(huì)提及。

七、戒語(yǔ)句重復(fù)

漢語(yǔ)多重復(fù),以強(qiáng)化語(yǔ)氣;英語(yǔ)則要盡量避免重復(fù)。

先生曰:“狼負(fù)我,狼負(fù)我!”狼曰:“吾非固欲負(fù)汝。天生汝輩,固需吾輩食也。”

“ You are an ungrateful beast,” complained the man.

“Not at all,” retorted the wolf, “it is not that I’m ungrateful, but you men were created for us to devour.”

(顏惠慶譯《馬中錫·中山狼傳》)

王曰:“此鳥(niǎo)不飛則已,一飛沖天;不鳴則已,一鳴驚人。”

“ The bird may not have flown yet”, replied the King,“Once it does, it will soar to the sky. I may not have cried out yet, but once it does, it will startle everyone.”

(楊憲益譯《史記·滑稽列傳》

阿凡提借了財(cái)主一錠金子,還他時(shí)給了他兩錠。

Afanty borrowed a small ingot of gold from a moneybags, but repaid him two ones.

(選自艾臨《幽默新大陸》)

以上粗體字都是為了避免重復(fù),下面兩句中的粗體字屬于省譯,當(dāng)然也是為了避免重復(fù)。

又斗爭(zhēng),又團(tuán)結(jié),以斗爭(zhēng)的手段,達(dá)團(tuán)結(jié)之目的。

Unity, struggle, unity through struggle.

中國(guó)人也好,外國(guó)人也好,死人也好,活人也好,對(duì)的就是對(duì)的,不對(duì)的就是不對(duì)的。

What is right is right and what is wrong is wrong, no matter what it concerns, the Chinese or foreigners, the dead or the living.

為了避免重復(fù),還可將相同的漢字故意譯成不同的英文,如

在78歲高齡的人的眼里,大多數(shù)人都顯得有點(diǎn)年輕。倘若美利堅(jiān)對(duì)44歲以下的人抱有不信任態(tài)度的話,它必將阻止杰佛遜起草獨(dú)立宣言,阻止華盛頓領(lǐng)導(dǎo)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),阻止麥迪遜制訂憲法,甚至阻止哥倫布發(fā)現(xiàn)新大陸!

In the eyes of a 78-year old person, most people seem to be little young. If the USA embraces mistrustful attitude to those who are under 44, it would clog necessarily Jefferson from drafting the Declaration of Independence, obstruct Washington from leading Independent War, prevent Madison from formulating the Constitution, and even keep Columbus from discovering the New Continent!

從渲染藝術(shù)效果來(lái)講,重復(fù)并非絕對(duì)不允許的,如:

行路難,行路難。

多歧路,今安在?

長(zhǎng)風(fēng)破浪會(huì)有時(shí),

直掛云帆濟(jì)滄海!

Hard is the way, hard is the way.

Don’t go astray! Whither today.

A time will come to ride the wind and cleave the waves,

I’ll set my cloudlike sail to cross the sea which raves.

(許淵沖譯《李白·行路難》)

八、戒另起爐灶,走失精氣神,淪為法國(guó)作家梅納日所批評(píng)的 “不忠的美人”——即語(yǔ)言優(yōu)美但不忠于原文。(參見(jiàn)2005年08月26日《濟(jì)南日?qǐng)?bào)》: 艾臨文章《不忠的美人與忠實(shí)的美人——寫在〈每天幽它一默〉出版后》)嚴(yán)復(fù)在翻譯《天演論》時(shí)偶 有為“雅”而不“信” (見(jiàn)陳廷佑《英文漢譯技巧》)。譯文要力求其“信”,盡可能契合漢語(yǔ)原來(lái)句子的氣勢(shì)、情緒和結(jié)構(gòu)。

例如,元朝人王實(shí)甫寫下了《西廂記》,張雪靜改編后并作了翻譯——

掏出張生那封信,回頭環(huán)視見(jiàn)梳妝臺(tái)上的梳妝盒,眼睛一轉(zhuǎn),心里說(shuō)有了,將信放了進(jìn)去,合上蓋時(shí)故意壓了一角露在外面。

Rose took out Zhang’s letter, she thought, “It would be better to put it in her make-up case, and letter find it herself.” So she put the letter in the case, leaving a corner of it sticking out, so that it would be quickly noticed.

不難看出,譯文與原文相去甚遠(yuǎn),互不吻合,成了“兩張皮”。

我們不希望這件事影響中美關(guān)系。

China hates to see Sino-US relations damaged by this incident.

用China hates to比“We don’t hope”貼切。

吾十五有志于學(xué),三十而立,四十而不惑,五十而知天命,六十而耳順,七十而從心所欲不愈矩。

At fifteen, I had my mind bent on learning truth; at thirty, my words deeds were appropriate; at forty, I perceived truth and doubts ceased; at fifty, I understood what heaven had mandated for mankind; at sixty, I could comply with the appointments of heaven; at seventy, I could do as my heart desired, and never swerved from the path of right.

(金沛霖譯《論語(yǔ)》)

你已經(jīng)死在過(guò)深的怨憤里了嗎?

死?不,不,我還活著——

請(qǐng)給我以火,給我以火!

Have you perished in this deep rancor and bitterness?

Death? No, no. I’m still alive.

Please give me a light, give me a light!

(歐陽(yáng)楨等譯《艾青·煤的對(duì)話》)

結(jié)語(yǔ)一:別以為有本詞典就可動(dòng)手翻譯了,再好的詞典也不能解決所有的問(wèn)題。詞典是死的,人是活的,現(xiàn)實(shí)生活是千百萬(wàn)化的,詞典易得,翻譯家難覓。“翻譯可能是宇宙進(jìn)化迄今所產(chǎn)生的最復(fù)雜類型的事情。”這成了翻譯界的一句名言。翻譯不僅要求譯者有較高的英文水準(zhǔn),對(duì)各種句式成竹在胸,脫口而出,還要精通漢語(yǔ),吃透中文的精神內(nèi)涵。后者往往是被人們忽視的,相對(duì)反倒是更重要的,很多人英語(yǔ)寫得洋洋灑灑,漢語(yǔ)譯得艱澀拗口,問(wèn)題多出在這里。只有知難而進(jìn),學(xué)貫中西,才能筆筆如刀,游刃有余。光懂英語(yǔ),或只懂漢語(yǔ),都是做不好英漢翻譯工作的。

結(jié)語(yǔ)二:由于對(duì)翻譯歸屬的認(rèn)知有分歧,導(dǎo)致了譯文風(fēng)格上的明顯的反差。南京大學(xué)的許鈞認(rèn)為翻譯是科學(xué),1+1=2;北京大學(xué)的許淵沖認(rèn)為翻譯是藝術(shù),1+1〉2。爭(zhēng)論仍在繼續(xù)。我不想、也無(wú)力充當(dāng)“二許之辯”的和事佬,不光因?yàn)樗麄兪敲、是大家,我只想保留自己的?jiàn)解。竊以為筆者系調(diào)和論者,在翻譯上科學(xué)性和藝術(shù)性兼而有之,就不同的體裁各有倚重。因?yàn)樵谠?shī)歌翻譯方面,我傾向是藝術(shù),1+1〉2,賦予張力,收放有據(jù);在論文、科技翻譯方面,我主張是科學(xué),1+1=2,信守嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),毫厘不爽。我記起傅雷1951年在《高老頭》重譯序言里講過(guò)的話,“即使最優(yōu)秀的譯文,其韻味較之原文仍不免過(guò)或不及”?梢(jiàn),“度”的控制是何等的困難;谶@一理念,我對(duì)文中例句未作太多點(diǎn)評(píng),僅僅以加粗的傾斜字體簡(jiǎn)單地提醒和強(qiáng)調(diào),把裁判權(quán)交給讀者。畢竟,譯作無(wú)定本,眾人即圣人,讀者才是真正的上帝。(編輯:趙露)

(艾臨,山東工會(huì)干部學(xué)院英語(yǔ)副教授,著有《每天幽它一默》(英漢)等)

 


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