定語(yǔ)從句：在復(fù)合句中,修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句。
先行詞：被定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞。定語(yǔ)從句一般放在先行詞的后面。
關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句詞叫關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。
常見(jiàn)的關(guān)系代詞有that, which, who (賓格whom, 所有格whose)等,關(guān)系代詞在從句中做主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)；關(guān)系副詞有where, when, why等，關(guān)系副詞在從句中做狀語(yǔ)。
關(guān)系詞的作用：1.代替先行詞；2.連接先行詞和從句；3.作定語(yǔ)從句的句子成分。
二、定語(yǔ)從句的分類(lèi)
根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞的關(guān)系,定語(yǔ)從句可分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。
限制性定語(yǔ)從句緊跟先行詞,主句與從句不用逗號(hào)分開(kāi),從句不可省去；
非限制性定語(yǔ)從句主句與從句之間有逗號(hào)分開(kāi),起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。
三、關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的用法
關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞 先行詞 關(guān)系詞在從句中的成分 能否省略
who/that 人 主語(yǔ) 否
who/whom/that/介詞+whom 人 賓語(yǔ) 能
whose/of which 人 定語(yǔ) 否
that/which 物 主語(yǔ) 否
that/which/介詞+which 物 賓語(yǔ) 能
whose/of which 物 定語(yǔ) 否
when/介詞+which 時(shí)間 狀語(yǔ) 否
where/介詞+which 地點(diǎn) 狀語(yǔ) 否
why/for which 原因 狀語(yǔ) 否
注意:(1)當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句中含有介詞,介詞放在句末時(shí),who, that, which可省略,但介詞在關(guān)系代詞前時(shí),只能用“介詞+which/whom”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
This is the house in which we lived last year.
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.
(2)含有介詞的固定動(dòng)詞詞組中,介詞不可前置,只能放在原來(lái)的位置上。例如:
This is the person whom you are looking for.
(3)that 作介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí),介詞不能放它的前面,只能放在從句中動(dòng)詞的后面。例如:
The city that she lives in is very far away.
(4)關(guān)系詞只能用that的情況:
a. 先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾,或本身是序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí),只能用that。
He was the first person that passed the exam.
b.先行詞是all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代詞時(shí),只能用that。
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?
c.先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等詞修飾時(shí),只能用that,而不用which。
This is the same bike that I lost.
d. 先行詞里同時(shí)含有人或物時(shí),只能用that, 而不用which.例如:
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.???
e.以who或which引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問(wèn)句,為避免重復(fù),只能用that.例如:
Who is the girl that is crying?
(5)關(guān)系詞只能用which,而不用that 的情況:
a.先行詞為that, those時(shí),用which, 而不用that.例如:
What’s that which is under the desk?
b.關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時(shí),一般用which,而不用that.例如:
This is the room in which he lives.
c.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,用which, 而不用that.例如:
Tom came back, which made us happy.
4.關(guān)系副詞的用法
(1)when指時(shí)間,其先行詞表示時(shí)間,在句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。when相當(dāng)于“介詞+which”。
I’ll never forget the day when / on which we met for the first time.
(2)where指地點(diǎn),其先行詞表示地點(diǎn),在句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。where相當(dāng)于“介詞+which”。
This is the house where / in which he lived ten years ago.
(3)why 指原因,其先行詞是原因(reason),起原因狀語(yǔ)作用。why相當(dāng)于“for which”。
There was no reason why/for which she was late again.
5.表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)的名詞后關(guān)系詞的選用
當(dāng)先行詞是表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)的名詞時(shí)，有時(shí)用when/?where，有時(shí)用that/?which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。這時(shí)要根據(jù)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是及物的還是不及物的而定。如果是及物動(dòng)詞就用that/?which（作從句的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)）；如果是不及物動(dòng)詞，就用when/?where（作從句的狀語(yǔ)。）
試比較：
This?is?the?house?where?he?lived?last?year.?
This?is?the?house?that/?which?he?visited?last?year.?
I?thought?of?the?happy?days?when I?stayed?in?Beijing.?
I?have?never?forgotten?the?days?that /?which?we?spent?together.?
本文來(lái)自：逍遙右腦記憶 http://www.yy-art.cn/zhongkao/1240714.html
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