The Dragon Boat Festival, the 5th day of the 5th lunar month, has had a history of more than 2,000 years. It is usually in June in the Gregorian calendar.
There are many legends about the evolution of the festival, the most popular of which is in commemoration of Qu Yuan (340-278 BC). Qu Yuan was minister of the State of Chu and one of China's earliest poets. In face of great pressure from the powerful Qin State, he advocated enriching the country and strengthening its military forces so as to fight against the Qin. However, he was opposed by aristocrats headed by Zi Lan, and later deposed and exiled by King Huai. In his exiled days, he still cared much for his country and people and composed immortal poems including Li Sao (The Lament), Tian Wen (Heavenly Questions) and Jiu Ge (Nine Songs), which had far-reaching influences. In 278 BC, he heard the news that Qin troops had finally conquered Chu's capital, so he finished his last piece Huai Sha (Embracing Sand) and plunged himself into the Miluo River, clasping his arms to a large stone. The day happened to be the 5th of the 5th month in the Chinese lunar calendar. After his death, the people of Chu crowded to the bank of the river to pay their respects to him. The fishermen sailed their boats up and down the river to look for his body. People threw into the water zongzi (pyramid-shaped glutinous rice dumplings wrapped in reed or bamboo leaves) and eggs to divert possible fish or shrimp from attacking his body. An old doctor poured a jug of reaglar wine (Chinese liquor seasoned with realgar) into the water, hoping to turn all aquatic beasts drunk. That's why people later followed the customs such as dragon boat racing, eating zongzi and drinking realgar wine on that day.
Dragon boat racing is an indispensable part of the festival, held all over the country. As the gun is fired, people will see racers in dragon-shaped canoes pulling the oars harmoniously and hurriedly, accompanied by rapid drums, speeding toward their destination. Folk tales say the game originates from the activities of seeking Qu Yuan's body, but experts, after painstaking and meticulous research, conclude that dragon boat racing is a semi-religious, semi-entertaining program from the Warring States Period (475-221 BC). In the following thousands of years, the game spread to Japan, Vietnam and Britain as well as China's Taiwan and Hong Kong. Now dragon boat racing has developed into an aquatic sports item which features both Chinese tradition and modern sporting spirit. In 1980, it was listed into the state sports competition programs and has since been held every year. The award is called "Qu Yuan Cup."
Zongzi is an essential food of the Dragon Boat Festival. It is said that people ate them in the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC). In early times, it was only glutinous rice dumplings wrapped in reed or other plant leaves and tied with colored thread, but now the fillings are more diversified, including jujube and bean paste, fresh meat, and ham and egg yolk. If time permits, people will soak glutinous rice, wash reed leaves and wrap up zongzi themselves. Otherwise, they will go to shops to buy whatever stuff they want. The custom of eating zongzi is now popular in North and South Korea, Japan and Southeast Asian nations.
On Dragon Boat Festival, parents also need to dress their children up with a perfume pouch. They first sew little bags with colorful silk cloth, then fill the bags with perfumes or herbal medicines, and finally string them with silk threads. The perfume pouch will be hung around the neck or tied to the front of a garment as an ornament. They are said to be able to ward off evil.
端午節(jié)是古老的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日，始于中國(guó)的春秋戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期，至今已有2000多年。
據(jù)《史記》“屈原賈生列傳”記載，屈原，是春秋時(shí)期楚懷王的大臣。他倡導(dǎo)舉賢授能，富國(guó)強(qiáng)兵，力主聯(lián)齊抗秦，遭到貴族子蘭等人的強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)，屈原遭饞去職，被趕出都城，流放到沅、湘流域。他在流放中，寫(xiě)下了憂(yōu)國(guó)憂(yōu)民的《離騷》、《天問(wèn)》、《九歌》等不朽詩(shī)篇，獨(dú)具風(fēng)貌，影響深遠(yuǎn)（因而，端午節(jié)也稱(chēng)詩(shī)人節(jié)）。公元前278年，秦軍攻破楚國(guó)京都。屈原眼看自己的祖國(guó)被侵略，心如刀割，但是始終不忍舍棄自己的祖國(guó)，于五月五日，在寫(xiě)下了絕筆作《懷沙》之后，抱石投汨羅江身死，以自己的生命譜寫(xiě)了一曲壯麗的愛(ài)國(guó)主義樂(lè)章。
傳說(shuō)屈原死后，楚國(guó)百姓哀痛異常，紛紛涌到汨羅江邊去憑吊屈原。漁夫們劃起船只，在江上來(lái)回打撈他的真身。有位漁夫拿出為屈原準(zhǔn)備的飯團(tuán)、雞蛋等食物，“撲通、撲通”地丟進(jìn)江里，說(shuō)是讓魚(yú)龍蝦蟹吃飽了，就不會(huì)去咬屈大夫的身體了。人們見(jiàn)后紛紛仿效。一位老醫(yī)師則拿來(lái)一壇雄黃酒倒進(jìn)江里，說(shuō)是要藥暈蛟龍水獸，以免傷害屈大夫。后來(lái)為怕飯團(tuán)為蛟龍所食，人們想出用楝樹(shù)葉包飯，外纏彩絲，發(fā)展成棕子。
?龍舟，是端午節(jié)的主要習(xí)俗。相傳起源于古時(shí)楚國(guó)人因舍不得賢臣屈原投江死去，許多人劃船追趕拯救。他們爭(zhēng)先恐后，追至洞庭湖時(shí)不見(jiàn)蹤跡。之后每年五月五日劃龍舟以紀(jì)念之。借劃龍舟驅(qū)散江中之魚(yú)，以免魚(yú)吃掉屈原的身體。競(jìng)渡之習(xí)，盛行于吳、越、楚。
其實(shí) ，“龍舟競(jìng)渡”早在戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)代就有了。在急鼓聲中劃刻成龍形的獨(dú)木舟，做競(jìng)渡游戲，以?shī)噬衽c樂(lè)人，是祭儀中半宗教性、半娛樂(lè)性的節(jié)目。后來(lái)，賽龍舟除紀(jì)念屈原之外，在各地人們還付予了不同的寓意。此外，劃龍舟也先后傳入鄰國(guó)日本、越南等及英國(guó)。1980年，賽龍舟被列入中國(guó)國(guó)家體育比賽項(xiàng)目，并每年舉行“屈原杯”龍舟賽。
端午節(jié)吃粽子，這是中國(guó)人民的又一傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗。粽子，又叫“角黍”、“筒粽”。其由來(lái)已久，花樣繁多。
據(jù)記載，早在春秋時(shí)期，用菰葉（茭白葉）包黍米成牛角狀，稱(chēng)“角黍”；用竹筒裝米密封烤熟，稱(chēng)“筒粽”。一直到今天，每年五月初，中國(guó)百姓家家都要浸糯米、洗粽葉、包粽子 初中地理，其花色品種更為繁多。從餡料看，北方多包小棗的北京棗粽；南方則有豆沙、鮮肉、火腿、蛋黃等多種餡料，其中以浙江嘉興粽子為代表。吃粽子的風(fēng)俗，千百年來(lái)，在中國(guó)盛行不衰，而且流傳到朝鮮、日本及東南亞諸國(guó)。
端午節(jié)小孩佩香囊，傳說(shuō)有避邪驅(qū)瘟之意，實(shí)際是用于襟頭點(diǎn)綴裝飾。香囊內(nèi)有朱砂、雄黃、香藥，外包以絲布，清香四溢，再以五色絲線弦扣成索，作各種不同形狀，結(jié)成一串，形形色色，玲瓏可愛(ài)。
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