閱讀理解猜測(cè)生詞的常見(jiàn)方法

編輯: 逍遙路 關(guān)鍵詞: 高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源: 高中學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng)


高考臨近,以下是一篇閱讀理解猜測(cè)生詞的常見(jiàn)方法,希望對(duì)大家有所幫助!

閱讀理解越來(lái)越注重能力的考查。高考試卷閱讀理解題設(shè)置的一個(gè)重要原則就是必須含有一定量的生詞,而根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)詞義是提高閱讀水平的重要途徑?忌趹(yīng)試中碰到一些不認(rèn)識(shí)的詞,這是正,F(xiàn)象,大可不必驚慌失措,也不要對(duì)某個(gè)詞的詞義糾纏不清,以致影響對(duì)文章的繼續(xù)閱讀、閱讀的速度、閱讀的質(zhì)量,從而影響解題的效果。因此,如何通過(guò)語(yǔ)言環(huán)境和上下文聯(lián)系,再結(jié)合正確的方法快速而準(zhǔn)確地猜測(cè)出生詞,對(duì)閱讀理解和做好考題相當(dāng)重要。有時(shí),必須將生詞撇開(kāi),繼續(xù)閱讀下去,也許等到將全文閱讀完畢,你就會(huì)猜出生詞的詞義。另外,考生也可以通過(guò)派生、分解、轉(zhuǎn)換、加減前后綴等方法來(lái)獲取生詞的詞義。下面將分析一下近幾年高考英語(yǔ)試卷中有關(guān)的題目。

◎ 根據(jù)同義詞猜詞義

He replied quickly. But after he considered the problem more carefully, he regretted having made such a hasty decision.

句中hasty 是生詞,根據(jù)上文所提供的信息所知,hasty是形容詞,與quick 同義。

The old woman had a strange habit. She kept over 100 cats in her house. Her neighbors all called her eccentric lady.

句中eccentric 是生詞,根據(jù)句中所提供的信息,我們可以斷定該詞是形容詞,與strange是同義。

◎ 根據(jù)反義詞猜詞義

We can infer from the text that “computer-literate” means _______.

A. being able to afford a computer

B. being able to write computer programs

C. working with the computer and finding out its value

D. understanding the computer and knowing how to use it

句中的computer-literate 是生詞,根據(jù)下文所提供的信息:David does not see it that way. He says that computertown UK was formed for just the opposite reason, to bring computers to people and make them “people-literate”.考生可以斷定computer-literate與people-literate相反。

Unlike his brother, who is truly handsome man, John is quite homely.

句中unlike是關(guān)鍵詞。它提示了John與他的兄弟情況相反。由此可知handsome與homely是反義詞。故homely應(yīng)是ordinary-looking的意思。

◎ 根據(jù)定義猜詞義

文中常用解釋性詞語(yǔ)引出生詞含義,如that is, mean, stand for, namely, in other words, to be等,有時(shí)用破折號(hào),括弧來(lái)表示,或者用同位語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)從句的形式出現(xiàn)。

Have you ever wondered what a Degree might be worth to you in your job or career ?

這兒or表示job與career同義,所以career譯為職業(yè)較妥。

Decision-thinking is not unlike poker…This card game has often been of considerable interest to people.

從后面句子的解釋不難看出,poker 應(yīng)是一種玩紙牌游戲。This card game 就是poker 的解釋。

The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.

句中herdsman是生詞,但后面的定語(yǔ)從句已對(duì)該詞作了解釋,我們馬上就能理解它的詞義。

◎ 根據(jù)對(duì)比關(guān)系猜詞義

句中常有兩個(gè)意義相對(duì)比的詞,只要把握其中一詞,就不難推出另一詞的含義,這時(shí)句中會(huì)有 unlike, although, but, while 等信息詞?忌梢詰{借信息詞進(jìn)行推測(cè)詞義。

Thousands of people got stuck in lifts. But no one panicked. We passed the time telling stories.

句中panicked為生詞,數(shù)千人困在電梯中,情況應(yīng)該不妙,可but 引出的后半句卻告訴我們“人們還在講故事消磨時(shí)間”,因此panicked 應(yīng)為“慌張”、“恐懼”之意。

One idea about business is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information. Quite the reverse, business, politics, life itself are games which we must normally play with very imperfect information.

由前句中perfect information 到后面imperfect information 這一組對(duì)比關(guān)系的詞,我們不難推斷“Quite the reverse”應(yīng)表示“對(duì)比、相反”的意思。

◎ 根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜詞義

上下文中有連詞because, as, since, so, therefore, so…that, such…that 連接,由已知的“原因”推出“結(jié)果”,反之亦然。

The biggest power failure happened yesterday. All of our ice cream and frozen foods melted.

考生可以從停電的原因上猜出冰淇淋、冷凍食品化冰的必然結(jié)果,因此“melted”是“溶化”之意。

There, his sister and brother, taking short and quick breaths and coughing, collapsed on the lawn.

文中的兄妹二人呼吸忽急忽緩,且咳個(gè)不停,最終的結(jié)果只能是“癱倒”在草坪上了。上半句是出現(xiàn)的現(xiàn)象,導(dǎo)致結(jié)果是“癱倒”在地。

◎ 根據(jù)上下文猜詞義

高考試題中,還有一些要求考生用上下文提供的情景和線索猜測(cè)詞義的題目。這已成了近年高考考查的熱點(diǎn)。

What did Cory Luxmoore mean when he said “I’m on high”?

A. I’m rich. B. I’m famous. C. I’m excited. D. Lucky

此題要求考生根據(jù)語(yǔ)篇情境猜測(cè)詞語(yǔ)的意義?忌鷱奈闹锌梢钥闯 Cory Luxmoore 丟失日記后,深感難過(guò),后來(lái)日記失而復(fù)得,他對(duì)記者說(shuō)“It’s wonderful, I’m on high.”。由此可以推斷出“I’m on high”應(yīng)是“快樂(lè),激動(dòng)”的意思。

The words “deluxe sedans”, “minivans” and “station wagons” used in the text refer to _______.

A. cars in the making B. car rental firms

C. cars for rent D. car makers

通過(guò)上下文,考生應(yīng)該非常輕松地判斷出這些詞應(yīng)指cars for rent。

◎ 根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法猜詞義

在閱讀過(guò)程中,考生還會(huì)碰到一些熟詞的派生詞和合成詞,這就要看考生詞匯功底是否扎實(shí)。如果考生平時(shí)注意詞綴的用法,有意識(shí)地進(jìn)行歸納記憶,考試時(shí)就會(huì)駕輕就熟,排除攔路虎,順利抓住文章大意。

有一年的高考英語(yǔ)閱讀英語(yǔ)題中,僅recycle一詞,下文就出現(xiàn)了4個(gè)派生詞:recyclables, unrecyclables, nonrecyclables, recycled。分別譯為“可回收利用的材料”,“不可回收利用的材料”,“無(wú)法回收利用的材料”,“被回收利用的材料”。

利用構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)猜測(cè)詞義,關(guān)鍵應(yīng)在理解詞根的基礎(chǔ)上,掌握前后綴規(guī)律,如re-,non-,un-, im-, in-, dis- 等前綴和-able, -an, -ive, -ist, -ise, -ty, -ness, -less 等,要懂得這些詞綴與詞干結(jié)合起來(lái)可組成新的單詞,即派生詞。近年高考試卷中出現(xiàn)的派生詞還真不少,如imperfect, yellowish, popularity, inexpensive, rethink, unmistakable 等。

◎ 根據(jù)同類關(guān)系猜詞義

請(qǐng)看下題:I like many musical instruments such as piano, violin and guitar.

Guitar 與鋼琴、小提琴同屬樂(lè)器, 結(jié)合發(fā)音可知其含義為“吉他”。 同類關(guān)系常由such as, like, for example, for instance等詞列舉同類詞匯。

猜詞是應(yīng)用英語(yǔ)的重要能力, 它不但需要運(yùn)用前面提到的一些技巧準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤地理解上下文,而且要有較大的閱讀量, 掌握或認(rèn)識(shí)比較多的課外詞匯。 這就需要平時(shí)長(zhǎng)期不懈的努力,僅靠考前突擊是不能解決問(wèn)題的, 應(yīng)養(yǎng)成良好的閱讀習(xí)慣,盡可能擴(kuò)大詞匯量, 注意積累,這樣才能在高考中應(yīng)付自如,考出水平。


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