第二課時(shí)學(xué)案
Teaching aims and demands :
Some sentence patterns and difficult points of grammar .
Important and difficult points :
Attributive Clauses , the past perfect continuous tense and the present participles .
Teaching Procedures :
Step 1 疑難透析
1. What had he been doing before the earthquake ?
過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示在過去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)以前一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作; 而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)則表示從過去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)開始一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。例如:
I had been doing my homework before you came .
I have been doing my homework since I came back home .
注意 完成進(jìn)行時(shí)都是強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的延續(xù), 故其中的動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性的。
考查方向 現(xiàn)在與過去進(jìn)行完成時(shí)的辨異。
【典型考題】 2004 北京高考
Three months went by before she knew it . 她還沒有意識(shí)到三個(gè)月就過去了。
Now that she is out of a job , Lucy __________ going back to school , but she hasn’t decided yet .
A. had considered B. has been considering
C. considered D. is going to consider
【解析】由 she hasn’t decided yet 可知, Lucy 還在考慮這件事情, 故用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí), 表示動(dòng)作還在繼續(xù)。
【答案】B。
2. Before she could move , she heard a loud noise .
Before she could think twice , the water was upon her .
本句中，before 意為“還未來得及…就…”， 例如：
The telephone was hung up before I could answer it .
我還未來得及接電話, 電話就掛斷了。
before 還可以表示“… 之后才…”, 例如:
He almost knocked me down before he saw me .他幾乎把我撞倒才看到我。
before 還可用于 It was not long before …結(jié)構(gòu), 表示“不久以后”。在此句式中, it 表示時(shí)間, before 引起時(shí)間狀語從句。若從句時(shí)態(tài)為將來時(shí), 應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示。例如:
It was not long before the whole country rose up and drove the enemy out of their homeland . 不久以后, 全國(guó)人民奮起反抗, 把敵人趕出了他們的國(guó)土。
注意 before 用法很多, 在平時(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)中應(yīng)特別注意。它既可用作連詞又可用作介詞, 應(yīng)注意不同詞性需要不同形式。
考查方向 before 與其他連詞的意義辨析以及詞義。
【典型考題】 2003 北京高考
He made a mistake , but then he corrected the situation ___________ it got worse .
A. until B. when C. before D. as
【解析】根據(jù)句意“在形勢(shì)變得糟糕之前糾正錯(cuò)誤”可知, 答案應(yīng)為 before 。
【答案】C。
3. who， whom ， that ，which 或 whose 引起的定語從句以及關(guān)系詞與普通連詞 and，but 等的用法區(qū)別。
who， whom， that， which 或 whose 為引起定語從句的關(guān)系代詞，該使用哪一個(gè)由其在句中做的成分來決定：who， whom ，that ，which 在從句中作主語、賓語，而whose 在從句中作定語。
定語從句應(yīng)為句子的一部分，故從句的前面不需要 and， but，so，or 等連詞。而句中若有了這些連詞，則不使用定語從句。這也就是何時(shí)使用關(guān)系詞，何時(shí)使用普通代詞的問題。例如：
He has three sons，and all of them are doctors .
或: He has three sons , all of whom are doctors .
考查方向 是選擇關(guān)系詞還是選擇普通代詞, 也就是選擇含有定語從句的復(fù)合句還是并列句。
【典型考題】 2004 遼寧高考
The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% __________ are sold abroad.
A. of which B. which of C. of them D. of that
【解析】80% 的前面沒有連詞, 故應(yīng)用定語從句形式, 排除 C 項(xiàng); 而 that 不能直接充當(dāng)介詞的賓語, D 項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤; 用 of which 表示從屬關(guān)系“其中的”, 引導(dǎo)定語從句。
【答案】A。
4. 分詞做狀語
分詞在句中做狀語, 是一個(gè)重要的語法項(xiàng)目, 一定要把握。
若分詞在句中做狀語, 則由句子的主語來決定其形式。若主語與分詞之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系, 則用現(xiàn)在分詞; 為被動(dòng)形式, 則用過去分詞; 沒有主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)關(guān)系, 則用狀語從句或獨(dú)立主格作狀語。例如:
A storm broke out suddenly , sweeping away everything .
（a storm 與sweep away 之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系 ）
Given more time , I will do it better . （I 與give 之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系）
It being a hot day , they went swimming . （獨(dú)立主格）
辨析 分詞做狀語與并列謂語動(dòng)詞
若幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞之間沒有主次之分, 只有時(shí)間先后, 則用作并列謂語, 表示連續(xù)的動(dòng)作, 最后兩個(gè)動(dòng)作之間加連詞; 若動(dòng)詞之間有主次之分, 則次要?jiǎng)釉~用作分詞作狀語, 主要?jiǎng)釉~用作謂語, 且分詞前不能加連詞。
考查方向 在具體的語境中, 過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞的選擇。
【典型考題】 2004 廣東高考
____________ the program, they have to stay there for another two weeks .
A. Not completing B. Not completed
C. Not having completed D. Having not completed
【解析】現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞以前, 其否定形式要在分詞的前面加not 。
【答案】C。
Step 2 Exercises
基礎(chǔ)鞏固
1. Do you still remember the chicken farm __________ we visited three months ago ? （2005 北京高考）
A. where B. when C. that D. what
2. __________ in the queue for half an hour , Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home .（2004北京高考）
A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited
3. Scientists say it may be five or six years _________ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients .（2004 福建高考）
A. since B. after C. before D. when
4. There are two buildings , ___________ stands nearly a hundred feet high .（200 4湖北高考）
A. the larger B. the larger of them C. the larger one that D. the larger of which
5. ----Sorry to have interrupted you .Please go on .
----Where was I ?
----You ________ you didn’t like your father’s job. （2004 北京春招）
A. had said B. said C. were saying D. had been saying
6. It is believed that if a book is __________ it will surely _________ the reader .
A. interested; interest B. interesting; be interested
C. interested; be interesting D. interesting; interest
7. The sunlight came in _________ the windows in the roof and lit up the whole room . （2001上海高考）
A. through B. across C. on D. over
8. The Parkers bought a new house but __________will need a lot of work before they can move in .
A. they B. it C. one D. which
9. Don’t be discouraged . __________ things as they are and you will enjoy every day of your life .（2003 上海春招）
A. Taking B. To take C. Take D. Taken
10. On the way home , a good idea suddenly __________ me --- why not buy Mom a gift for her birthday ?
A. struck B. beat C. knocked D. attacked
高分挑戰(zhàn)
單項(xiàng)填空
1. The forest guards often find campfires that have not been _________ completely .（2004 全國(guó)II）
A. turned down B. put out C. put away D. turned over
2. _________ with a difficult situation , Arnold decided to ask his boss for advice . （2005北京高考）
A. To face B. Having faced C. Faced D. Facing
3. The crazy fans _________ patiently for two hours , and they would wait till the movie star arrived .（2004 重慶高考）
A. were waiting B. had been waiting C. had waited D. would wait
4.“We can’t go out in this weather ,”said Bob , __________out of the window . （NMET 2004II）
A. looking B. to look C. looked D. having looked
5. Having been attacked by terrorists , ___________ .（2004 上海高考）
A. doctors came to their rescue B. the tall building collapsed
C. an emergency measure was taken D. warning was given to tourists
Key ; 基礎(chǔ)鞏固 1-5 CCCDC 6-10 DABCA
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