英語閱讀理解專題指導(dǎo)之猜測詞義題

編輯: 逍遙路 關(guān)鍵詞: 高中英語 來源: 高中學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng)

  猜測詞義題
  在閱讀中我們經(jīng)常會遇到許多生詞。這時許多同學(xué)立即翻閱詞典,查找詞義。這樣做不但費時費力,而且影響閱讀速度、影響對語篇的整體把握。事實上,閱讀材料中的每個詞與它前后的詞語或句子甚至段落都有聯(lián)系。我們可以利用語境(各種已知信息)推測、判斷某些生詞的詞義。近年來全國統(tǒng)一高考中加大了對考生猜詞義能力的考查,因此,掌握一定的猜詞技巧,對突破高考閱讀理解、提高我們的英語語言能力都有非常重要的意義。
  常見的題干有:
  1) Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word?
  2) The word... could best be replaced by.
  3) In the... paragraph, the word... means (refers to).
  4) According to the passage,... probably means.
  5) The author uses the word... to mean.
  猜測詞義時,一般可利用以下四個方面的線索:
  一是針對性的解釋
  針對性解釋是作者為了更好的表達(dá)思想,在文章中對一些重要的概念、難懂的術(shù)語或高深的詞匯等所做的通俗化的解釋。這些解釋提供的信息明確具體,所使用的語言通俗易懂,利用它們來猜測詞義就非常簡單。
  1.根據(jù)定義(definition)猜測詞義
  如果生詞有一個句子(定語從句或是同位語<同位語前常有 that="" is="" to="" in="" other="" or="" i.g.="">或是同位語從句)或段落來定義,或使用破折號,冒號,分號后的內(nèi)容和引號括號中的內(nèi)容加以解釋和定義,那么理解這個句子或段落本身就是推斷詞義。定義常用的謂語動詞多為:be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, be called, define, represent, refer to, signify 等。
  例1.Do you know what a territory is ? A territory is an area that an animal ,usually the male, claims(聲稱)as its own.(2005年湖北卷)
  [分析]由定義可推知,這里territory指的是:動物的地盤。
  例2.In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today.(2005年浙江卷)
  [分析]由同位語an endangered wild cat我們很快猜出生詞ocelots的義域:一種瀕臨滅絕野貓。
  例3. Here is The Pines ,whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou ,wild boar ,and reindeer with surprising sauces . (2004年福建卷)
  According to the passage ,The Pines is a         .
  A.place in which you can see many mobile homes
  B.mountain where you can get a good view of the valley
  C.town which happens to be near the Banff National Park
  D.restaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food
  [分析]通過whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句,我們可以推測到:The Pines 是一家餐館的名字,由此不難推出理解題的答案為:D。
  2.根據(jù)舉例猜測詞義
  恰當(dāng)?shù)呐e例能夠提供猜測生詞的重要線索。
  例4. The course gives you chances to know great power polities between nation states. It will provide more space to study particular issues such as relationship among countries in the European Union, third world debt, local and international disagreement, and the work of such international bodies as the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, and the World Bank.(2004年遼寧卷)
  [分析]根據(jù)such as 后面列舉的一系列例子,我們應(yīng)該能推斷出句中的issue 是指議題。
  二是內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系
  根據(jù)內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系推測詞義是指應(yīng)用語言知識分析和判斷相關(guān)信息之間存在的邏輯關(guān)系,然后根據(jù)邏輯聯(lián)系推斷生詞詞義或大致義域。
  1.根據(jù)對比、比較關(guān)系猜測詞義
  在一個句子或段落中,有對兩個事物或現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行對比性的描述,我們可以根據(jù)生詞的反義詞猜測其詞義。表示對比關(guān)系的詞匯和短語主要有:unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 等。表示對比關(guān)系的句子結(jié)構(gòu):while 引導(dǎo)的并列句。同對比關(guān)系相反,比較關(guān)系表示意義上的相似關(guān)系。表示比較關(guān)系的詞和短語主要有:similarly, like, just as, also, as well as 等。
  例5.A childs birthday party doesnt  have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.
  What does the underlined word hassle (paragraph 1) probably mean? (2002年NMET)
  A.a party designed by specialists               B.a plan requiring careful thought
  C.a situation causing difficulty or trouble       D.a demand made by guests
  [分析]根據(jù)對比關(guān)系,這里hassle 和 a basket of fun 是相反的意義,很容易判斷理解題的答案為C。
  例6.Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.
  該句中副詞similarly表明短語loves to talk和loquacious 之間的比較關(guān)系,其意義相近。由此我們可推斷出loquacious的意思是健談的。
  2.根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測詞義
  在句子或段落中,若兩個事物現(xiàn)象之間構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系,我們可以根據(jù)這種邏輯關(guān)系推測生詞詞義。
  例7.feel that since you are my superior , it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .
  (2005年上海卷)
  The word presumptuous in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to       .
  A.full of respect     B.too confident and rude  C.lacking in experience  D.too shy and quiet
  [分析]根據(jù)since 引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句的內(nèi)容(既然你是我的上司),我們可以推斷這里presumptuous的意思是:冒失的,放肆的意思,后半句的意思是:我告訴你怎么做會是一種放肆/冒失的行為。對應(yīng)的理解題答案為:B。
  例8.Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots,or young leaves.(2005年江西卷)
  根據(jù)原因狀語從句的內(nèi)容,我們可以判斷Pruning的意思是:修剪(樹枝等)的意思。
  3.根據(jù)說明、并列、同等同義近義、、反義等關(guān)系猜測詞義
  在句子或段落中,我們可以利用熟悉的詞語,根據(jù)語言環(huán)境所表面的關(guān)系猜測詞義。
  例9.William Shakespeare said. The web of our life is of a mingled yarn(紗線),good and ill together. (2005年江蘇卷)
  The underlined word mingled in the last paragraph most probably means     .
  A.simple     B.mixed         C.sad           D.happy
  [分析]句中g(shù)ood and ill together 更具體地說明了a mingled yarn的意義,據(jù)此我們不難推測mingled的意思是:混合的,交織的。
  例10.Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs ? The answer is yes, according to the researchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers. (2004年湖北卷)
  [分析]根據(jù)and three other medical centers 這種并列關(guān)系,我們很容易推斷出:Johns Hopkins是一家醫(yī)療中心。
  例11.There is no reason to insult and defame the man simply because you do not agree  with him.
  [分析]根據(jù)與insult侮辱的同等關(guān)系猜測defame為詆毀 ,中傷或誹謗
  例12.The game Americans call soccer is known around the world as football.
  [分析]運用與football的同義關(guān)系推斷為足球。
  例13.The house stood at the end of a quiet neat street. The little dwelling,however,looked neglected and cheerless.
  [分析]運用與The house近義關(guān)系可以推斷dwelling與住所有關(guān)
  例14.Most women in China ---educated and illiterated, urban and rural, the young and old-----work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mothers.
  [分析]后面的urban and rural, the young and old之間都有反義關(guān)系,運用這個關(guān)系可以推斷illiterated為未接受過教育的,即文盲
  三是通過構(gòu)詞法
  在猜測詞義過程中,我們還可以依靠構(gòu)詞法方面的知識,從生詞本身猜測詞義。
  1.根據(jù)前綴猜測詞義
  例15.Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools?
  根據(jù)詞根educational (教育的),結(jié)合前綴co-(共同,一起),我們便可以猜出co-educational的意思是:男女同校教育的意思。(2005年江西卷)
  2.根據(jù)后綴猜測詞義
  例16. It's a quiet, comfortable hotel overlooking (俯瞰) the bay in an uncommercialized Cornish fishing village on England's most southerly point.(2005年廣東卷)
  后綴 -ise/ize意思是使成為;使化,結(jié)合詞根commercial(商業(yè)的),不難猜出 uncommercialized 的意思是:未被商業(yè)化的。
  3.根據(jù)復(fù)合詞的各部分猜測詞義
  例17.Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. Well ? designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward(別扭的)hand positions.(2005年北京卷)
  Well-designed 或許是個生詞,但我們分析該詞的結(jié)構(gòu)后,就能推測出其含義。它由well (好,優(yōu)秀)和design (設(shè)計)兩部分組成,合在一起便是設(shè)計精巧的意思。
  例18. We live in a technological society where most goods are mass-produced by unskilled labor. Because of this, most people that craft (手藝) no longer exists. (2004年浙江卷)
  根據(jù)合成詞中的mass (大量的)和produce (生產(chǎn)),我們可以推測 mass-produce的意思是:大批量生產(chǎn);規(guī)模生產(chǎn)的意思。
  4.猜測詞性變換新詞含義
  例19.The other teams, disappointed, were on the bus heading home. (2004年山東卷)
  head本為名詞,表頭。由the bus和home的語境邏輯可以推斷,該句head為動詞,表方向,結(jié)合全句可譯為開往、駛向。
  例20.I had first known she was wrong, that her anxiety had clouded her judgment. (2004全國卷Ⅱ)
  cloud本為名詞,表云。分析語境邏輯可知,憂慮會影響一個人的判斷,因此該句clouded應(yīng)譯為使難以。

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