英文基本文法  
中國(guó)人寫(xiě)英文句子時(shí)，會(huì)犯獨(dú)特的錯(cuò)誤，比方說(shuō)，我們常將兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞連在一起用，我們也會(huì)將動(dòng)詞用成名詞，對(duì)過(guò)去式和現(xiàn)在式毫無(wú)觀念，更加不要說(shuō)現(xiàn)在完成式了。而天生講英文的人是不可能犯這種錯(cuò)的。
首先我們討論動(dòng)詞，理由很簡(jiǎn)單，這是中國(guó)人最弱的地方。絕大多數(shù)的錯(cuò)誤都與動(dòng)詞有關(guān)。這也難怪，中文里面，根本沒(méi)有動(dòng)詞的規(guī)則。

第一章英語(yǔ)文法的最基本規(guī)則
 英文和中文最大的不同，是在動(dòng)詞，中文的動(dòng)詞很簡(jiǎn)單，沒(méi)有沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)和單數(shù)之分，更沒(méi)有過(guò)去式或進(jìn)行式，英文可不同了，凡是用動(dòng)詞的時(shí)候，必須注意很多很多的規(guī)則，一旦弄錯(cuò)了，常常是犯了大錯(cuò)。
　　規(guī)則（１）：兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞是不能聯(lián)在一起用的。
　　在中文，我們常說(shuō)“我是愛(ài)你的”，翻成英文，這就變成了
＊ I am love you.
　　滑稽的是，這句英文句子犯了大忌，因?yàn)?am?是動(dòng)詞，?love?也是動(dòng)詞，兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞是不能聯(lián)在一起用的。這句話的正確說(shuō)法是：
I love you. 或者  I am in love with you.
　　我們中國(guó)人也會(huì)說(shuō)?我喜歡看電視?，翻成英文，這變成
＊ I love watch television.
這個(gè)句子也犯了同樣的錯(cuò)。
　　以下幾個(gè)句子都是錯(cuò)的，因?yàn)檫@些句子中都有兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞連在一起的情形：
I hate eat fish.
I love play basketball.
I love swim.
如果你一定要講“我愛(ài)游泳”，怎么辦呢？請(qǐng)看以下的規(guī)則。
規(guī)則（２）：如一定要同時(shí)用兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞，后者的前面必須加“to”或者將后者加入“ing”。
“我愛(ài)游泳”，因此有兩種正確的譯法：
I love to swim.
I love swimming.
以下的句子都是正確的：
I hate to eat fish.
I hate eating fish.
I love to play basketball.
I love playing basketball
I  keep  going  to  church.
規(guī)則（３）：主詞如果是第三人稱，現(xiàn)在式及單數(shù)，動(dòng)詞必須加s.
我們中國(guó)人最不容易記得的規(guī)則，恐怕就是這一條了，以下的句子都是錯(cuò)的。
＊ He write very well.
＊ Jack love playing the violin.
＊ Mary swim every day.
正確的句子是：
He writes very well.
Jack loves playing the violin.
Mary swims every day.
規(guī)則（４）：絕大多數(shù)的否定的句子，不能直接加“not”。
我們中文對(duì)否定語(yǔ)氣，規(guī)則極為簡(jiǎn)單，我們可以說(shuō)“我不愛(ài)你”，但是我們不能說(shuō)
＊ I not love you.
我們也不能說(shuō)：
＊ I not saw that movie.
＊ I not like swimming.
＊ He not likes playing violin.
我們必須用一種助動(dòng)詞來(lái)完成否定的句子，以下才是正確的否定句子：
I do not love you.
I did not see that movie.
He does not like playing violin.
       請(qǐng)注意，在以上的句子中，do和did都是助動(dòng)詞，do是現(xiàn)在式，did是過(guò)去式。
    關(guān)于現(xiàn)在式和過(guò)去式，究竟是怎么一回事，以后我們會(huì)解釋清楚的。
助動(dòng)詞不限于“do”和它的變型，can、will、would、shall、may、must等等都是助動(dòng)詞，因此，以下的英文句子又都是對(duì)的：
He can not swim.
They will not go to church tomorrow.
Mary should not go to the party.
I shall not see you.
He may not go out tonight.
He must not eat meat any more.
規(guī)則（５）：在不定詞“to”的后面，必須用原形動(dòng)詞
英文中的動(dòng)詞，是會(huì)變化的，以have為例，第一人稱和第三人就不同：
I have a dog.
He has a dog.
如果是過(guò)去式，動(dòng)詞又要變化。have的過(guò)去式是had，不論第幾人稱，一概都要用had。幾乎每一個(gè)英文動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式都有變化，以下是幾個(gè)例子：
go  went  come came eat ate play played swim swam
不論那一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，都有一個(gè)原形動(dòng)詞，一切都是從這個(gè)原形動(dòng)詞變出來(lái)的，像go、drink、have、walk、love、like等等都是原形動(dòng)詞。
如果我們有必要要用不定詞to，就必須用原形動(dòng)詞，例如to go、to drink、to have，都是正確的，＊to went；＊to drank；＊to loved等等都是錯(cuò)的。
         英文中有一個(gè)動(dòng)詞最為麻煩，那就是am、are、is、was、were等等，翻譯成中文，這都是，而這些動(dòng)詞的來(lái)源都是be，所以我們說(shuō)這些動(dòng)詞都是verb to be。
以下的句子都用上了?be?
I want to be a teacher.
He wants to be a good father.
They all love to be rich.
No one likes to be poor.
規(guī)則（６）：英文中有所謂的助動(dòng)詞。必須注意
英文中有很多動(dòng)詞都是助動(dòng)詞，在規(guī)則（４）中，我們說(shuō)在絕大多數(shù)的否定語(yǔ)句中，必須用助動(dòng)詞do或did。Do是原形動(dòng)詞，did 和does都是do的變形。
除了do是助動(dòng)詞以外，can、may、might、will、would、must也都是助動(dòng)詞。
以上所提到的助動(dòng)詞，都有一個(gè)共同的特色，那就是這些助動(dòng)詞后的動(dòng)詞必須是原形動(dòng)詞，以下的句子都是正確的：
He can swim.
He does not swim.
I do not speak English.
You must walk to work every day.
I did not work yesterday.
You may leave now.
I will go to Taipei tomorrow.
以下的句子都是錯(cuò)的：
＊ I did not went.
＊ He does not goes to work.
＊ You must walked to work.
除了以上的助動(dòng)詞以外，還有一個(gè)非常特殊的助動(dòng)詞，那就是have，在這個(gè)助動(dòng)詞的后面，動(dòng)詞絕對(duì)不能用原形動(dòng)詞，以下是用這個(gè)助動(dòng)詞的例子：
I have been to England.
I have slept all day.
I have studied English since I was a child.
been、slept 和studied都是過(guò)去分詞（past participle），以下的句子也都是現(xiàn)在完成式，我們后討論完成式的時(shí)候，會(huì)將這些解釋清楚的。
規(guī)則（７）：英文問(wèn)句要有助動(dòng)詞
我們先看看以下的英文句子，這些都是錯(cuò)的：
＊ How many books you wrote？
＊ How many sons you have？
正確的句子是：
Why do you drink so much water？
How many books did you write？
How many sons do you have？
絕大多數(shù)的英文問(wèn)句子是一定要有助動(dòng)詞，以下全是正確的英文問(wèn)句，你可以看出每一句的助動(dòng)詞嗎？
Do you love me？
Did you go to school yesterday？
How many books do you have？
How much money does he have？
Why don't you go back home？
Do you like to swim？
Can you play violin？
Will you go home tomorrow？
Would you give me a call？
當(dāng)然啦，一旦動(dòng)詞是verb to be，我們又不需要助動(dòng)詞了，以下都是正確的英文問(wèn)句：
Are you a teacher?
Is he a student?
Is Mr. Chang your father?
Were your mother and father in England last year?
規(guī)則（８）：特殊動(dòng)詞隨主詞的變化
英文中，有些動(dòng)詞因主詞不同而改變，verb to be是其中之一，因此，我們必須記得以下的規(guī)則：
現(xiàn)在時(shí)
單數(shù)
第一人稱  I am
第二人稱You are
第三人稱（He，She，It）is

過(guò)去式
單數(shù)
I was
You were
（He，She，It）was
復(fù)數(shù)
We were
You were
They were
Verb to have也有類似的變化
第一人稱
第二人稱
第三人稱
現(xiàn)在式
單數(shù)
I have
You have
（He，She，It）has
復(fù)數(shù)
We have
You have
They have
過(guò)去式
單數(shù)
I had
You had
（He，She，It）had
復(fù)數(shù)
We had
You had
They had
【練習(xí)一】
以下的句子都有錯(cuò)，請(qǐng)將正確的句子寫(xiě)出來(lái)：
1.＊ I am like my parent.
2.＊ He is loves his teacher.
3.＊ He keeps swim every day.
4.＊ He wants drink a glass of water.
5.＊ He likes play violin.
6.＊ Jack do not love mathematics.
7.＊ Mary hate singing.
8.＊ My mother cook very good food.
9.＊ He want me to see him tomorrow.
10.＊ He not knows my name.
11.＊ I not like you.
12.＊ He not like swimming.
13.＊ You not went home.
14.＊ I not like swimming.
15.＊ I wanted to went to my mother's home.
16.＊ I do not like to swimming.
17.＊ I did not ate dinner.
18.＊ I will not went home.
19.＊ H did not went home.
20.＊ You may leaving now.
21.＊ He can swimming.
22.＊ He does not goes to work.
第二章　現(xiàn)在時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
現(xiàn)在時(shí)
英文中，現(xiàn)在式（present tense）好像是最容易的，其實(shí)現(xiàn)在式都是我們常常用錯(cuò)的時(shí)式。
首先，我們不妨舉一個(gè)例子來(lái)說(shuō)明我們對(duì)現(xiàn)在式慣有的誤解，假設(shè)我們要說(shuō)?我在吃午飯?，這總該用現(xiàn)在式了吧。很多人將這句話翻成
　　　　　　　　　　　　I eat lunch.
這就錯(cuò)了，因?yàn)?I  eat  lunch.?的意思并不是?我在吃午飯?，而是?我有吃午飯的習(xí)慣?，意思是說(shuō)，有人中午不吃午飯（可能是在減肥），我可是每天中午都會(huì)吃午飯的。
我在吃午飯?，應(yīng)該要用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式，這是我們以后會(huì)談的。
現(xiàn)在式不是指任何一個(gè)行為，而是一種狀況。舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，以下幾句話都應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在式：
我是一個(gè)學(xué)生
I am a student.
他是一個(gè)老師
He is a teacher.
他每天游泳
He swims every day.
湯姆勤奮工作
Tom works hard
他早起
He gets up early.
瑪莉喜歡看電影
Mary loves watching movies.
這里常常下雨
It rains often here.
我每天喝一杯牛奶
I drink a glass of milk every day.
我是中國(guó)人
I am a Chinese.
他會(huì)講英文
He speaks English.
他有喝茶的習(xí)慣
He drinks tea.
我騎腳踏車上學(xué)
I ride a bicycle to school.
他搭乘公交車上班
He rides a bus to go to work.
我不喜歡你
I do not like you.
他愛(ài)他的太太
He loves his wife.
他守法
He obeys the law.
我不喜歡莎士比亞
I do not like Shakespeare.
他不抽煙
He does not smoke.
他喝酒
He drinks.
他唱歌唱得很好
He sings well.
他跳舞跳得很好
He dances well.
他不會(huì)游泳
He can not swim.
他不是一個(gè)好學(xué)生
He is not a good student.
他們都很懶
They are all very lazy.
凡是真理，自然界的現(xiàn)象，數(shù)學(xué)里的定理，都要用現(xiàn)在式：
太陽(yáng)從東方升起
The sun rises in the east.
地球是圓的
The earth is round.
月亮是地球的一個(gè)衛(wèi)星
The moon is a satellite of the earth.
美國(guó)是一個(gè)大的國(guó)家
America is a large country.
在北極的夏天，太陽(yáng)永不落下
The sun never sets at the North Pole in summer.
樹(shù)葉吸收二氧化碳
Tree leaves absorb CO2 .
計(jì)算機(jī)的基本原理是布爾代數(shù)
The basic principle of computers is Boolean algebra
二點(diǎn)決定一線
Two points define a line.
三點(diǎn)決定一平面
Three points define a plane.
三基本顏色是紅、黃、藍(lán)
Three of the basic colors are red, yellow   and blue.
【練習(xí)二】
將以下中文句子翻成英文，都用現(xiàn)在式。
1.他是一個(gè)好學(xué)生。
2.我的哥哥17歲。
3.我弟弟每天游泳。
4.他們都喜歡音樂(lè)。
5.他們現(xiàn)在在日本。
6.喜瑪拉雅山是全世界最高的山。
7.亞馬孫河是全世界最長(zhǎng)的。
8.他的爸爸是位老師。
9.我們都喜歡中國(guó)菜。
10.他不喜歡冰淇淋。
11.我愛(ài)你。
12.每個(gè)人都怕蛇。
13.每個(gè)人都喜歡狗。
14.今天真冷。
2§2 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式
假如我們正在做一件事，是不能用現(xiàn)在式的，而必須用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式的形態(tài)是：
 verb to be + present participle（現(xiàn)在分詞）
verb to be 大家都懂，什么叫做現(xiàn)在分詞呢？現(xiàn)在分詞就是
　　動(dòng)詞＋ing
　　如果我們說(shuō)
　　　　I am watching a movie.
　　那是指我現(xiàn)在正在看電影，這和　I watch movies.
　　意義上截然不同的，I watch movies是說(shuō)我有看電影的習(xí)慣。
　　因此有些動(dòng)詞是沒(méi)有現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式的，舉例來(lái)說(shuō)
　　I am loving you.是不通的，因?yàn)閲?yán)格說(shuō)起來(lái)，love是一種狀態(tài)，而不是一個(gè)動(dòng)作。現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式，都是指動(dòng)作，很少指狀態(tài)的。
　　以下是現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式的例子：
　　　　I am calling my father.
　　　　He is swimming now.
　　　　He is playing basketball.
　　　　They are all eating now.
　　　　He is walking in the woods now.
　　　　He is reading a detective novel.
　　　　Mr. Brown is driving to work.
　　　　Mrs. Brown is cooking.
　　　　It is raining now.
【練習(xí)三】
將以下句子譯成英文，都用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式：
1.他在看電影。
2.我在游泳。
3.她在和她媽媽打電話。
4.他的哥哥在散步。
5.我現(xiàn)在正在吃飯。
6.我們?cè)诔�歌�?br /> 7.他在彈鋼琴。
8.他在看一本小說(shuō)。
9.我在寫(xiě)一封信。
10.他在跑步。
【練習(xí)四】
將下列句子譯成英文，有的用現(xiàn)在式，有的用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式：
1.我愛(ài)你。
2.我正在吃飯。
3.他不是一個(gè)學(xué)生。
4.我是一個(gè)老師。
5.他正在唱歌。
6.他在游泳。
7.他喜歡游泳。
8.他會(huì)唱歌。
9.他正在唱歌。
10.他的爸爸是一個(gè)醫(yī)生。
11.他的爸爸在美國(guó)。
12.我正在洗澡。
13.他正在睡覺(jué)。
14.你的姊姊在騎腳踏車。
15.你的姊姊每天騎腳踏車上學(xué)。
第三章　過(guò)去式和過(guò)去進(jìn)行式
3§1 過(guò)去式
　　過(guò)去式是指過(guò)去所發(fā)生的事，舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，假如我昨天去看了一場(chǎng)電影，我就可以說(shuō)
       I went to see a movie yesterday.
以下全部是正確的句子：
       I saw your father last night.
       I met your son last month.
       I ate three apples this morning.
       He went to church to pray last night.
　　可是，我們必須非常小心，因?yàn)橐徊恍⌒模�我們就可能犯了大錯(cuò)，我們?nèi)绻�要向情侶表示愛(ài)情，當(dāng)然說(shuō)
I love you.
如果我們說(shuō)
  I loved you.
事情就可能鬧大了，因?yàn)檫@表示我過(guò)去曾經(jīng)愛(ài)過(guò)你，可是現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不愛(ài)了。?I  loved  you?等于是?I  loved  you before.  But  I  do  not  love  you  now.?
  假如我們看過(guò)一個(gè)小男孩然后我們說(shuō)
   He was a good boy.
那就是說(shuō)他現(xiàn)在已不是一個(gè)好男孩了，變成了一個(gè)不乖的孩子，或者他已經(jīng)死了。
英文里的過(guò)去式常常是偵探用來(lái)破案的線索。有一次，有一個(gè)母親，向警察報(bào)案，說(shuō)她的女兒失蹤了，她在記者面前，聲淚俱下地說(shuō)
She was such a nice girl.
       警察馬上覺(jué)得這位母親有問(wèn)題，因?yàn)樗�不該用過(guò)去式的，用了過(guò)去式，表示女兒已經(jīng)死了，可是母親不是說(shuō)她失蹤了嗎？為什么她用過(guò)去式，極有可能因?yàn)樗�知道她女兒已�?jīng)死了，才脫口而出，用了過(guò)去式。警察因此懷疑母親本人就是兇手，事實(shí)也果真如此：這位母親打自己的女兒，出手太重，將女兒打死了，謊報(bào)女兒失蹤，她用了過(guò)去式，使警察知道她有問(wèn)題。整個(gè)案子的偵破，就在于過(guò)去式。
我們因此不能輕易用過(guò)去式，但我們也千萬(wàn)要注意，該用過(guò)去式的時(shí)候，一定要用過(guò)去式，以下句子都是錯(cuò)的：
＊I go to school yesterday.
＊I see a movie last night.
＊My mother comes to see me last month.
＊I eat three apples this morning.
＊He is happy yesterday.
以上句子的正確寫(xiě)法是：
I went to school yesterday.
I saw a movie last night.
My mother came to see me last month.
I ate three apples this morning.
He was happy yesterday.
【練習(xí)五】
將以下中文句子翻成英文，全部用過(guò)去式：
1.我昨天參加了一個(gè)舞會(huì)。
2.他的哥哥昨天打電話給我。
3.我去年到美國(guó)去。
4.昨夜我遇到你的姊姊。
5.我寫(xiě)了一封信給你。
6.我今晨吃了一個(gè)蛋。
7.他昨夜整夜跳舞。
8.我們昨天跑了五千公尺。
9.他昨夜非常疲倦。
10.他昨夜去臺(tái)北探訪他的爸爸。
【練習(xí)六】
將下列的句子譯成英文句子，有的用現(xiàn)在式，有的用過(guò)去式：
1.他是一個(gè)強(qiáng)壯的男孩。
2.他昨天生病了。
3.他每天吃一個(gè)蘋(píng)果。
4.他昨天吃了三個(gè)蘋(píng)果。
5.我喜歡看電影。
6.我是個(gè)快樂(lè)的人。
7.昨天我看了兩場(chǎng)電影。
8.他昨天寄了一封信給你。
9.他常常抽煙。
10.我每天讀圣經(jīng)。
11.他昨天沒(méi)有念圣經(jīng)。
12.他昨天沒(méi)有游泳。
【練習(xí)七】
將以下句子譯成英文，用現(xiàn)在式，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式或過(guò)去式：
1.他在打籃球。
2.他喜歡打籃球。
3.他昨天打籃球。
4.他每天騎腳踏車上學(xué)。
5.他昨天騎腳踏車到鄉(xiāng)下去。
6.我喜歡唱歌。
7.他正在唱歌。
8.你的爸爸昨天來(lái)看我。
9.他的哥哥每天步行二公里。
10.他的弟弟是個(gè)好孩子。
11.他去年非常虛弱。
12.他正在打電話。
13.他每天都努力工作（work hard）。
14.你的弟弟喜歡游泳。
15.他過(guò)去是個(gè)好學(xué)生。
3§2 過(guò)去進(jìn)行式
過(guò)去進(jìn)行式和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式有點(diǎn)類似，只是verb to be要用過(guò)去式的�？墒怯幸稽c(diǎn)不同，過(guò)去進(jìn)行式，很少單獨(dú)用的，而常和另一句子一齊用。舉例來(lái)說(shuō)以下的中文句子：
       我昨天去看你的時(shí)候，你正在打籃球，如譯成中文，就是
You were playing basketball when I went to see you yesterday.
以下是典型的過(guò)去進(jìn)行式用法
I was taking a bath when you called.
I was watching TV when you came to see me.
They were dancing when the teacher came in.
They were singing in the station when the train arrived.
Mr. Brown was cleaning his house when his son came home.
總而言之，過(guò)去進(jìn)行式通常牽涉到幾件事，這兩件事同時(shí)發(fā)生，其中一件事用過(guò)去式，另一件事用過(guò)去進(jìn)行式
【練習(xí)八】
將以下句子譯成英文，其中一部份使用過(guò)去進(jìn)行式：
1.他昨天到學(xué)校去的時(shí)候，天在下雨。
2.當(dāng)火車停下的時(shí)候，他在看報(bào)（read newspaper）。
3.當(dāng)火車進(jìn)站的時(shí)候，他們?cè)诔�歌�?br /> 4.我昨天去他家的時(shí)候，他在和他爸爸打電話。
5.昨天晚上八點(diǎn)鐘，我在家看電視。
6.當(dāng)我爸爸昨晚打電話給我的時(shí)候，我正在刷牙（brush my teeth）。
7.當(dāng)我昨晚打電話給他時(shí)，他在游泳。
8.當(dāng)這貓走進(jìn)來(lái)的時(shí)候，那只狗在睡覺(jué)。
9.當(dāng)他弟弟回家的時(shí)候，他在拉小提琴。
10.當(dāng)我爸爸回家的時(shí)候，我媽媽在燒飯。
【練習(xí)九】
填充
1. I         （be） a Christian.
2. He         （be） a Catholic when he was a child.
3. I         （go） to see my mother yesterday.
4. I         （like） to lay piano.
5. He         （eat） now.
6. It         （rain） now.
7. He         （walk） to school every day.
8. He         （walk） now.
9. He         （be） a good boy.
10. He         （swim） when I called him.
11. He         （go） to see his mother yesterday.
12. I         （take） a bath when my mother called me.
13. I         （like） to swim.
14. I         （like） to swim when I was young. Now, I don't because I am too old.
15. It         （rain） now.
16. It         （rain） when I drove to work yesterday.
17. It         （rain） last night.
18. It         （rain）very  often  here.
19. He         （read） a book when I went to see him yesterday.
20. I         （be） a student when I was young. Now I am a teacher.
【練習(xí)十】
改正以下句子的錯(cuò)誤
＊They are driving when I went to see them yesterday.
＊It rained here very often in Taipei.
＊He gives his book to his brother last month.
＊He go to work every morning.
＊He likes to told stories.
＊I like to went to church.
＊The sun sets now.
＊They are play the piano now.
＊I am love you.
＊He were a good student before.
＊He goes to church last Sunday.
＊It rains last night.
＊I am playing when you called.
＊It is raining when I drove to work last night.
＊He do not know me.
＊I were swimming when my mother came.
＊They is singing now.
＊He do not like to swim.
＊He always wear a black coat.
＊He is watch TV now.
第四章　完成式（Perfect Tense）
4§1 現(xiàn)在完成式（Present Perfect Tense）
完成式的形式是 verb to have + past participle，每一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，都有過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞，以下的句子都是用了現(xiàn)在完成式：
I have read this book.
I have seen the movie.
I have lived here since 1973.
　    I have studied English for a long time.
　  He has washed his hands.
　  He has left.
　  He has already completed the report.
　  The storm has arrived.
　  I have taken the job.
　  I have written the letters.
　  I have not seen him since 1975.
　  I have never seen this man before.
什么情況之下要用現(xiàn)在完成式呢？
首先假設(shè)我們有一件事，發(fā)生在過(guò)去，而一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，就要用現(xiàn)在完成式，這種句子后面常有since或for。以下是這種情形的例子：
（1）自從1963年，我一直在念英文。
I have studied English since 1963.
（2）自從1975年以后，我就住在這里。
I have lived here since 1975.
（3）自從我是一個(gè)小孩子，我就喜歡搖滾樂(lè)。
I have loved rock and roll music since I was a child.
（4）自從去年，我就從來(lái)沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)他。
Since last year, I have never seen him.
（5）自從1950年以后，他就一直在此工作。
He has worked here since 1950.
（6）我認(rèn)識(shí)他已經(jīng)很久了。
I have known him for a long time.
（7）他練習(xí)網(wǎng)球已經(jīng)四年了。
He has already practiced tennis for （the past） four years.
（8）我穿這件夾克很久了。
I have worn this jacket for a very long time.
（9）我開(kāi)這輛汽車很久了。
I have driven this car for a long time.
（10）好久沒(méi)有下雨了。
It has not rained for a long time.
2.使用現(xiàn)在完成式的另一情況是強(qiáng)調(diào)已經(jīng)完成的事，比方說(shuō)，你說(shuō)?我已經(jīng)寫(xiě)了那封信?，就可以用現(xiàn)在完成式，或者，你說(shuō)?他已經(jīng)完成了工作?。以下是這類的例子：
（1）我已經(jīng)寫(xiě)了這封信。
 I have already written the letter.
（2）他已經(jīng)完成了工作。
He has already completed the work.
（3）我已經(jīng)測(cè)試了這個(gè)程序。
I have already tested the program.
（4）我已經(jīng)收到了你的信。
I have already received your letter.
（5）他已搬到了一個(gè)較大的房子。
He has already moved to a bigger house.
（6）雖然他很年輕，但他已寫(xiě)了三本小說(shuō)。
lthough he is young, he has already written three novels.
（7）我打了二次電話給他，他都沒(méi)有回答。
I called him twice, he has never answered.
3.現(xiàn)在完成式用來(lái)表示一種經(jīng)驗(yàn)，舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，?我曾經(jīng)到過(guò)美國(guó)?、?我曾見(jiàn)過(guò)李總統(tǒng)?、?我有生以來(lái)沒(méi)有跳過(guò)舞?，這些都應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成式，例如：
我曾經(jīng)到過(guò)美國(guó)。
I have been to America.
我曾見(jiàn)過(guò)李總統(tǒng)。
I have seen President Lee.
我有生以來(lái)沒(méi)有跳過(guò)舞。
I have never danced in my life.
我看過(guò)?雙城記?。
I have read The Tale of Two Cities.
他曾吃過(guò)這種冰淇淋。
He has tasted this kind of ice cream.
我未曾見(jiàn)過(guò)雪。
I have never seen snow.
你曾見(jiàn)過(guò)雪嗎？
Have you ever seen snow?
你登過(guò)玉山嗎？
Have you ever climbed Jade Mountain？
4.現(xiàn)在完成式可以用來(lái)表示一件過(guò)去常發(fā)生的事：
今年我國(guó)已有二次臺(tái)風(fēng)。
We have already had two typhoons so far this year.
他今年已發(fā)表了三篇論文。
He has already published three papers this year.
過(guò)去一年，我看了三次?鐵達(dá)尼號(hào)?。
In the past year, I have seen The Titanic three times.
對(duì)讀者而言，最重要的是?現(xiàn)在完成式?和?過(guò)去式?不同究竟在那里？最重要的不同在于，一旦在句子中講一件過(guò)去發(fā)生的事，而且指定特定的時(shí)間，就一定要用?過(guò)去式?，而不能用?現(xiàn)在完成式?。比方說(shuō)，?我曾經(jīng)看過(guò)「鐵達(dá)尼號(hào)」?，可以用現(xiàn)在完成式，因?yàn)檫@句話沒(méi)有指明任何特定的時(shí)間，假如說(shuō)，?我昨天晚上去看「鐵達(dá)尼號(hào)」?，就一定用過(guò)去式，讀者不妨看看以下的比較：
（a）I went to America last year.
I have been to America.
（b）I saw The Titanic last year.
I have seen The Titanic twice.
（c）I finished my homework late last night.
I have finally finished my homework.
（d）I studied English when I was a small child.
I have studied English since I was a child.
（e）I went to church yesterday.
I have never been to church.
　　以下的句子是錯(cuò)的，請(qǐng)?zhí)貏e注意：
＊（1）I have seen the movie last year.
＊（2）I have never been to America last year.
＊（3）He has never finished his work last night.
　　現(xiàn)在完成式常和since、for、already、never、ever等字一起使用，以下都是這類的例子：
（1）I have already had dinner.
（2）Since this summer began, we have already had two storms.
（3）It has not rained for a long time.
（4）I have never talked to this man before.
（5）I have never met your father.
（6）Have you ever been to America?
（7）He has already won three awards.
（8）I have stayed here since June.
　Never 和 ever 也常是我們弄不清楚如何使用的字，一般說(shuō)來(lái)， never 有否定的意思，ever則只有在問(wèn)句中才會(huì)出現(xiàn)。
【練習(xí)十一】
將以下句子譯成英文，全部用現(xiàn)在完成式：
1.自從1980年，我就每天早上游泳。
2.我已收到了你的信。
3.我從未去過(guò)美國(guó)。
4.從他是一個(gè)小孩開(kāi)始，他就是一個(gè)基督徒（Christian）。
5.我見(jiàn)過(guò)你的祖父。
6.你的弟弟一直住在這里。
7.他學(xué)鋼琴已經(jīng)很久了。
8.我已寫(xiě)了三封信給他，他都沒(méi)有回。
9.過(guò)去三年我都在開(kāi)這部車。
10.自從1975年以來(lái)，他一直是一位老師。
11.他教英文很久了。
12.我曾經(jīng)看過(guò)亂世佳人（Gone with the Wind）。
13.我已吃過(guò)飯了。
14.今年我去過(guò)海灘三次。
15.我終其一生都愛(ài)你的。
【練習(xí)十二】
將以下句子譯成英文，有的用過(guò)去式，有的用現(xiàn)在完成式
1.昨天我去看?亂世佳人?（Gone with the Wind）。
2.我從未看過(guò)?亂世佳人?。
3.去年，我住在美國(guó)。
4.自從1985年，我就一直住在美國(guó)。
5.他從未去過(guò)英國(guó)。
6.他已經(jīng)完成了報(bào)告。
7.我昨天晚上完成了報(bào)告。
8.昨夜，我見(jiàn)到了你的父親。
9.我已經(jīng)見(jiàn)過(guò)你的父親好幾次了。
10.我終生都住在臺(tái)中。
【練習(xí)十三】
填充
1. I          （become） a Christian when I was a child.
2. I          （be） a Christian all my life.
3. He          （live） here since 1939.
4. Stop eating now. You          （eat） too much.
5. It          （rain） last night.
6. John is a writer. He          （written） thirteen novels.
7. Last night, I         （see） your father for the first time in my life.
8. I          （talk） to my father last night.
9. Since 1961, I          （be） a teacher. Before that, I          （be） a student.
10. I          （read） many novels written by Charles Dickens.  
4§2現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式（Present Perfect Progressive Tense）
在上一節(jié)，我們知道，如果有一個(gè)行動(dòng)，從過(guò)去發(fā)生后，就一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，我們可以用現(xiàn)在完成式。舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，以下的例子都應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成式：
自從1974年，我就在學(xué)校學(xué)英文。
Since 1974, I have studied English at school.
自從我大學(xué)畢業(yè)以后，我就在這里工作。
Since I graduated from college, I hav worked here.
以第一句話為例，假如我們要強(qiáng)調(diào)我一直在練習(xí)游泳，而且沒(méi)有間斷，我們可以用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式（present perfect progressive tense）。所謂現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式，形式如下：
verb to have + been + present participle
verb to have  是為了完成式，been 和 present participle 都是為了進(jìn)行式。
以下是現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式的例子：
I have been studying English since 1974.
I have been working here since I graduated from college.
I have been living here since I was a child.
He has been acting like a fool lately.（他最近一直在做傻事）
They have been dancing since seven o'clock.
It has been snowing since yesterday.
I have been taking music lessons since last year.
He has been drinking heavily since last year.（他去年起，就一直在酗酒）
【練習(xí)十四】
將以下的句子譯成英文，全部用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式：
1. 自從我們是小孩子起，我們就一直努力工作。
2. 從去年起，他就在念英文。
3. 從昨天起，就一直在下雨。
4. 從五時(shí)起，他就在做功課（do homework）。
5. 從三歲起，我就一直住在臺(tái)中。
4§3 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行式（Past Perfect Progressive Tense）
過(guò)去完成式的形式如下：
had + past participle
過(guò)去完成式是不能單獨(dú)用的。我們用的時(shí)候，必須有另一個(gè)事件。也就是說(shuō)，假如我們有兩件事 A 和 B，兩件事都發(fā)生在過(guò)去，但 A 發(fā)生在 B 以前，A 應(yīng)該用過(guò)去完成式，B 則用過(guò)去式。以下是幾個(gè)例子：
他到臺(tái)灣以前，曾學(xué)過(guò)中文。
He had studied Chinese before he came to Taiwan.
他念大學(xué)以前，曾前工作過(guò)。
He had worked before he decided to go to college.
我寫(xiě)這篇有關(guān)愛(ài)爾蘭的小說(shuō)以前，曾去過(guò)愛(ài)爾蘭。
I had been to Ireland before I wrote this book about Ireland's people.
我在上大學(xué)以前，已經(jīng)學(xué)過(guò)微積分。
I had studied calculus before I got into college.
周一以前，已經(jīng)下過(guò)雪了。
It had already snowed before Monday.
如果我們要強(qiáng)調(diào)較早發(fā)生事件的連續(xù)性，我們可以用過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行式。占去完成進(jìn)行式和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式惟一不同的地方是 verb to have 的地方一定要用had 。以下是一些過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行式的例子：
I had been watching TV before you called me.
I had been working hard in a company for many years before I went to college.
He had been studying before he went to class.
He had been driving all day before he went to sleep.
【練習(xí)十五】
將以下中文句子譯成英文，每一句都要用過(guò)去式和過(guò)去完成式：
1.我十四歲以前，就曾見(jiàn)過(guò)你的母親。
2.我1974年以前，曾去過(guò)美國(guó)。
3.六年前，他曾念過(guò)圣經(jīng)（the Bible）。
4.我念大學(xué)以前，曾經(jīng)是個(gè)工程師（engineer）。
5.你來(lái)以前，我曾打電話給你。
6.在我昨天晚上吃飯以前，曾和李先生見(jiàn)過(guò)面。
7.在他辭職（resign）以前，他是個(gè)好校長(zhǎng)（president）。
8.在他去世（die），他是個(gè)好醫(yī)生。
9.在他到教堂以前，他一直在練習(xí)唱歌。
10.在今天早上八時(shí)以前，天一直在下雨。
【練習(xí)十六】
將以下的中文句子譯成英文，選適宜的時(shí)態(tài)。
1.他昨天去看你的時(shí)候，你在唱歌。
2.他從前是個(gè)好孩子。
3.他們都喜歡打籃球。
4.我們正在看電視。
5.你在臺(tái)灣住了很久了。
6.我已經(jīng)看完了這本書(shū)。
7.他們一直都住在這里。
8.我來(lái)以前，曾去過(guò)教堂。
9.他喜歡看日出。
10.他喜歡游泳。
11.他自從六歲起，就一直在學(xué)鋼琴（piano）。
12.他過(guò)去是個(gè)強(qiáng)壯的孩子。
13.在他生病以前，他曾是個(gè)非常健康（healthy）的人。
14.當(dāng)火車進(jìn)站時(shí)，人們?cè)谔�舞�?br /> 15.在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)（break out）以前，他曾是個(gè)音樂(lè)家（musician）。
16.我曾見(jiàn)過(guò)你。
17.我去年見(jiàn)過(guò)你。
18.我已經(jīng)將信寫(xiě)好了。
19.自從1974年以來(lái)，我就是一個(gè)軍人（soldier）。
20.我讀了很多英文書(shū)。
【練習(xí)十七】
將正確的動(dòng)詞填入以下各句的空白：（有的地方可能有多種答案）
1. He          (love) his country.
2. He          (love) his country, but now he does not.
3. I          (be) a teacher since 1975.
4. I          (be) a teacher before I went to college.
5. I          (read) Shakespeare ever since I was a little girl.
6. When I went to see her yesterday, she          (watch) TV.
7. I          (see) your father before I saw you.
8. He          (read) many detective stories.
9. He          (go) to church every Sunday.
10. It          (be) a cold day yesterday.
11. It          (rain) for the last two days.
12. I          (eat) too much.  I am full now.
13. You          (be) a nurse before the war broke out.
14. I          (have) never          (see) you in my life.
15. He          (be) a teacher since 1980.
16. It          (be) good to eat vegetables every day.
17. It          (be) so nice to meet you last night.
18. She          (be) sucha nice girl before she died.
19. Peter          (go) to America many times.
20. He          (work) hard since last year. He          (hope) to succeed in the college entrance examination this time.

第五章 將來(lái)時(shí)
5§1 將來(lái)時(shí)的基本規(guī)則
　　如果我們?cè)诰渥又校�有需要提到未�?lái)的事情，就可以使用未來(lái)式，舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，以下的句子都用未來(lái)式。
I will go to America tomorrow.
He will dance tonight.
Peter will finish his work next month.
如果不用?will?，我們可以用?verb to be +going to+ verb?，如果我們?nèi)绱俗�，以上的三個(gè)句子就變成了以下的句子
I am going to go to America tomorrow.
He is going to dance tonight.
Peter is going to finish his work next month.
以下是一些將來(lái)時(shí)的例子：
1. I will call you tonight.
I am going to call you tonight.
2. He will graduate next June.
He is going to graduate next June.
3. Mr. Lee will teach us English soon.
Mr. Lee is going to teach us English soon.
4. He will help you.
He is going to help you.
5. The war will break out soon.
The war is going to break out soon.
6. It will rain tonight.
It is going to rain tonight.
有一個(gè)規(guī)則必須注意，就是will是一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞，現(xiàn)在式第三人稱單數(shù)的主詞，仍不用在will后面加s。
不僅如此，will后面的動(dòng)詞必須用成原式，如果用verb to be +going to+ verb這里面的verb也必須用原式。
因?yàn)檫@里面的to式infinitive，infinitive里面永遠(yuǎn)要用原型動(dòng)詞。
以下例子都是錯(cuò)的
1.＊He wills go to school.
2.＊He will goes to school.
3.＊They will went to work tomorrow.
4.＊Tom is going to saw me tonight.
5.＊Peter is going to working next month.
將來(lái)時(shí)常和別的句子用在一起，以下是典型的例子
1. When you come tomorrow, I will already be in Taipei.
2. After I graduate, I am going to be a good doctor in Africa.
3. Before I leave tomorrow, I will finish my work.
4. After the war is over, every one will be happy.
5. I will go to a concert after my classes are over.
6. I will eat lunch as soon as I have time.
但千萬(wàn)不可寫(xiě)出以下錯(cuò)誤的句子：
＊When you will come tomorrow, I will already be in Taipei.
＊After the war will be over, every one will be happy.
＊I will eat lunch as soon as I will have time.
【練習(xí)十八】
將以下的中文句子翻成英文句子，用will或to be going to：
1. 我明天要上教堂（go to church）。
2. 他下周一要和我見(jiàn)面。
3. 他明天要整理這個(gè)房間（clean this room）。
4. 我明天吃晚飯后要去臺(tái)北。
5. 我明天晚上回家以后，就打電話給你。
6. 我畢業(yè)以后會(huì)去念法律。
7. 明天你走以后，我要看電視.。
8. 明天我會(huì)去臺(tái)南。
9. 今天晚上我要寫(xiě)一封信給你。
10. 今晚，我要等我的哥哥。
【練習(xí)十九】
填充：
I          (be) in America next year, after I          (graduate).
I          (explain) this to you tonight after I          (read) the report.
I          (see) you tonight.
As soon as you          (come) to see me, I          (give) you my book.
When you          (arrive) in New York tomorrow, Tom          (be) in the airport to meet you.
I          (go) to church after the rain stops.
I          (watch) the new TV program after you          (leave).
When you          (get) here tomorrow, everyone          (wait) for you.
I          (get) a job as soon as I get out of college.
He________ (have) dinner very late tomorrow.
I________ (quit) my present job, after I________ (find) a better one.
5§2 將來(lái)時(shí)的變形
將來(lái)時(shí)可以和進(jìn)行式合起來(lái)用，以下是將來(lái)進(jìn)行式的例子
I will be watching TV tomorrow at eight.
He will be eating a big dinner after he gets out of the hospital.
I will be studying mathematics at home when you come.
Two days later, I will be driving a new car.
將來(lái)時(shí)可以和完成式合在一起用，而成為未來(lái)完成式，這種句子都是在于強(qiáng)調(diào)未來(lái)要完成的事。舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，"我明天六點(diǎn)以前，我會(huì)完成這工作了"，就可以用未來(lái)完成式：
I will have finished this work by six o'clock tomorrow.
以下是一些未來(lái)完成式的例子
By the time he arrives at the station, the train will have left.
We will have had three meetings before six o'clock tonight.
He will have written six novels next summer.
【練習(xí)二十】
填充：（用未來(lái)進(jìn)行式或未來(lái)完成式）
I          (watch) the baseball game tomorrow night.
He          (finish) the report when you arrive at his home.
I          (wash) my car tonight when my mother comes.
They          (play) their violins when the clck strikes twelve.
He          (complete) writing this program before ten o'clock tonight.
He          (be) the president for three years next May.
I          (wash) my car when you come tonight.
I          (read) this report before six o'clock tomorrow evening.
Peter          (dance) in the streets if Mr. Robertson is elected president.
I          (drive) four hundred miles tomorrow.
【練習(xí)二十一】
將以下中文句子譯成英文
1. 彼得生于1965年，他從小就喜歡音樂(lè)，自從1975年起，他就一直在練習(xí)小提琴。現(xiàn)在他是一個(gè)很好的小提琴家。
2. 我的哥哥明天會(huì)來(lái)看我，他來(lái)的時(shí)候，我會(huì)在家里看電視。我喜歡看有關(guān)醫(yī)院的節(jié)目。
3. 在我小的時(shí)候我常常喜歡打籃球，現(xiàn)在我不打籃球了，因?yàn)槲以�有一次車禍（car accident）。
4. 我現(xiàn)在在打電話給我的母親，我的母親現(xiàn)在88歲，他在臺(tái)北已經(jīng)住了60年。
5. 在我去美國(guó)以前，我曾經(jīng)去過(guò)英國(guó)，當(dāng)我在英國(guó)的時(shí)候，我碰見(jiàn)了一個(gè)美麗的女孩子，他后來(lái)成為我的太太。
【練習(xí)二十二】
填充
I          (watching) TV now. I          (watch) TV every day.
He          (have) a big dinner before we arrived last night. It          (be) a good meal. He seldom          (eat) so much.
He          (work) on this novel for a very long time. By the time he          (finish) it, he          (written) six novels.
I         (be) to America several times. I         (go) to America again next year.
I          (live) in Taipei when I was a child. When I was six years old, I          (move) to Taiwan and          (live) there ever since.
He          (be) an honest person all his life. That is why so many people          (like) him.
It          (be) my birthday tomorrow. Yet I          (have) a test the day after tomorrow. So I          (study) in the library tomorrow night.
He          (be) a strong kid when he was young. Now although he          (be) seventy years old, he          (be) still quite healthy.
I          (have) this car for nine years. I          (sell) it and          (buy) a new one next year.
He          (take) a bath every morning. Today, since he          (get) up very late, he          (go) to school directly without taking a bath.

第六章　否定句子(Negative Sentences)
6§1 否定句的基本規(guī)則
在任何語(yǔ)言，我們都有必要造出?否定?的句子，在中文，寫(xiě)出否定句子并非難事，在英文，無(wú)論任何否定句子，都必須遵行一些規(guī)定，以下是否定句子的例子
肯定句子
否定句子
I like music.
I don't like music.
He loves swimming.
He does not love swimming.
They have come to work.
They have not come to work.
Mary went to see a movie yesterday.
Mary did not go to see a movie yesterday.
John is a good boy.
John is not a good boy.
I will go to New York tomorrow.
I will not go to New York tomorrow.
He can sing.
He can not sing.
You may go now.
You may not go now.
He should sleep early.
He should not sleep early.
It is raining now.
It is not raining now.
It rains very often here.
It does not rain very often here.
He has a lot of money.
He does not have a lot of money.
It is exciting to see this game.
It is not exciting to see this game.
He asked me three questions.
He did not ask me three questions.
從以上的例子來(lái)看，我們可以歸納出以下的規(guī)則：
1.Verb to be 后面可以直接加not。例如：
He is not a good teacher.
Mary was not very happy when she was young.
They are not strong boys.
Peter is not coming.
John is not going to work.
2.助動(dòng)詞后面可以直接加not。例如：
He has not written any letter.
They will not come.
He cannot swim.
They should not cry very often.
Tom had not eaten any thing before you came.
He may never eat cakes in the future.
John has not lived here.
3.一般句子的動(dòng)詞必須加入do或他的變形。
He does not smoke.
He did not go.
I do not love sports.
You do not like to eat fish.
They do not swim very well.
We did not see that movie.
在英文中，我們可以用have to來(lái)代替must，以下是have to的例子：
He has to go to Chicago tomorrow.（他明天應(yīng)該去芝加哥）
They had to buy three tickets to go to the concert.（他們必須買三張票去聽(tīng)音樂(lè)會(huì)）
I have to work very hard.（我必須努力工作）
含有have to的句子，如要改成否定句子，必須在have to前面加do或它的變形，請(qǐng)看以下的例子：
肯定句子
否定句子
He has to eat a lot of food.
He does not have to eat a lot of food.
He had to leave
He did not have to leave.
I have to write that letter.
I do not have to write that letter.
【練習(xí)二十三】
將以下的肯定句子改成否定句子：
I saw your brother last night.
I like apples.
She is a beautiful girl.
They can play violin very well.
Mr. Chang must answer the following questions.
He went to see his brother last night.
He could sing many songs.
He will buy this car.
It rained heavily last night.
I have lived here for three years.
He has to see his mother.
He had to stay here yesterday.
6§2 No, Never和Any的用法
要達(dá)成否定的意思,有時(shí)我們也可以用no和never這些字，no必須跟一個(gè)名詞，請(qǐng)看下面的例子：
1.I saw no students here.
2.There are no lakes in this country.
3.I have no money.
4.I had no choice.
5.He has no friends.
以上這些例子也可以用not來(lái)表示否定的意思，如果用not，則以上的句子應(yīng)該照下面的方式寫(xiě)；
1.I did not see any student here.
2.We can not find any lake in this country.
3.I do not have any money.
4.I did not have any choice.
5.He does not have any friends.
除以上not之外，never也可以表達(dá)否定的意思，以下都是never的例子，請(qǐng)注意never常用在完成式的句子里：
I have never gone there.
He has never written any song.
They have never washed their clothes.
【練習(xí)二十四】
用no，not和never填空在以下的句子里:
I have          money.
A selfish person does          have any friends.
The person whom I saw did          come.
I did          go to work yesterday.
I had          work to do yesterday.
I can          find any one in this hall.
I have          gone to America.
He has          written to me.

第七章 問(wèn)句(Questions)
7§1　答案只是?Yes?或?No?的問(wèn)題
有些問(wèn)題，答案只有?Yes?或?No?，以下是一些例子。
原來(lái)句子
問(wèn)句
I am a boy.
Am I a boy?
He has a car.
Does he have a car?
I gave him three books.
Did I give him three books?
He cannot work.
Can he work?
He has not seen me.
Has he seen me?
They like your novel.
Do They like your novel?
The sun sets in the west.
Does the sunset in the west?
They are good teachers.
Are they good teachers?
He will not go to a concert tonight.
Will he go to a concert tonight?
He is going to swim.
Is he going to swim?
They must eat vegetables.
Must they eat vegetables?
They have to go.
Do they have to go?
I walked two kilometers yesterday.
Did I walk two kilometers yesterday?
It is raining now.
Is it raining now?
根據(jù)以上的例子，我們可以歸納乘以下的規(guī)則：
凡動(dòng)詞是verb to be的，變成問(wèn)句時(shí)，動(dòng)詞移到主詞前面去。
例子：
原來(lái)句子
問(wèn)句
You are a girl.
Are you a girl?
He was a teacher.
Was he a teacher?
They were all old.
Were they all old?
This song is beautiful.
Is this song beautiful?
Peter is a good student.
Is Peter a good student?
動(dòng)詞不是verb to be，也沒(méi)有助動(dòng)詞，改成問(wèn)句時(shí)，必須加助動(dòng)詞do或他的變形，這個(gè)助動(dòng)詞必須在主詞的前面。
例子：
原來(lái)句子
問(wèn)句
I like music.
Do I like music?
He likes sports.
Does he like sports?
Peter went to America.
Did Peter go to America?
He ate three apples last night.
Did he eat three apples last night?
Her mother calls her every week.
Does her mother call her every week?
句子中間如已有助動(dòng)詞，改成問(wèn)句時(shí)，只要將助動(dòng)詞移到主動(dòng)詞前面即可。
例子：
原來(lái)句子
問(wèn)句
He did not eat.
Did he eat?
He has gone to America.
Has he gone to America?
She can dance.
Can she dance?
I will see you tonight.
Will I see you tonight?
They are going to Washington.
Are they going to Washington?
我們的問(wèn)句中，當(dāng)然也可已有否定的意義，比方說(shuō)，我們可以問(wèn)：
你不喜歡音樂(lè)嗎？
他不是你的弟弟嗎？
你從未見(jiàn)過(guò)他？
英文句子也可以如此，例如：
Don't you like music?
Doesn't he play piano?
Aren't you his brother?
Isn't he a good student?
Didn't he go to school?
Hasn't he lived here?
Won't he leave tomorrow?
注意，這時(shí)not通常和動(dòng)詞連在一起了。
有一件事，是我們中國(guó)人必須注意的，假如有人問(wèn)你：
你不喜歡音樂(lè)嗎？
而你本人的確也不喜歡音樂(lè)，你會(huì)回答說(shuō)：
是，我不喜歡音樂(lè)。
也就是說(shuō)，我們中國(guó)人的回答是順著問(wèn)句的。問(wèn)句說(shuō)你不喜歡，我們同意他的說(shuō)法，所以前面加一個(gè)?是?。假設(shè)我喜歡音樂(lè)，我會(huì)回答說(shuō)：
不，我喜歡音樂(lè)。
可是，英文正好相反，英文的yes和no，與問(wèn)句的問(wèn)法無(wú)關(guān)，而對(duì)應(yīng)了回答的事實(shí)。舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，我們的問(wèn)句也許是：
Don't you like music?
你如不喜歡音樂(lè)就回答說(shuō)：
No, I don't like music.
你如喜歡音樂(lè)，就回答說(shuō)：
Yes, I like music.
再舉一例，有人問(wèn)：
Isn't he Chinese?
他是中國(guó)人就回答：
Yes, he is.
他如不是，就回答：
No, he isn't.
反正，英文的yes和no，都和答案的事實(shí)對(duì)應(yīng)，而與如何問(wèn)無(wú)關(guān)。
【練習(xí)二十五】
將以下句子翻譯成英文問(wèn)句：
你喜歡他嗎？
他是美國(guó)人嗎？
你昨天有沒(méi)有去教堂？
他曾經(jīng)到過(guò)日本嗎？
你要去臺(tái)北嗎？
他不喜歡體育嗎？
你從未去過(guò)日本嗎？
他有一個(gè)妹妹嗎？
他們都是學(xué)生嗎？
你的哥哥昨天見(jiàn)過(guò)我爸爸嗎？
7§2 回答不只是?yes?和?no?的問(wèn)句
問(wèn)句的答案當(dāng)然不一定只是yes或no，以下的問(wèn)句都是例子：
Where did you buy this book?
Where did you see him?
How do you like America?
Whom do you like?
Which cake do you want?
Whose book is this?
What kind of method is this?
Which country were you born in?
Which do you want, an apple or an orange?
Whom do you like most, your brother or your sister?
Where did you go last night?
When did you meet your father?
When did you read this book?
Whom did you give this book to?
以上的問(wèn)句中都有助動(dòng)詞，但以下的問(wèn)句中，助動(dòng)詞是不存在的：
Who gave you this car?
Who wrote this letter?
Who took my pen away?
Who wants to go with me?
Who can sing this song?
【練習(xí)二十六】
將以下的中文問(wèn)句翻譯成英文問(wèn)句：
你在哪里買這本書(shū)的？
他什么時(shí)候到美國(guó)去的？
他爸爸的名字是什么？
這是誰(shuí)的書(shū)？
你從哪里來(lái)的？
你要哪一本書(shū)？
這個(gè)孩子是誰(shuí)？
他最喜歡誰(shuí)？
他叫什么名字？
你昨天到哪里去了？
這是誰(shuí)的狗？
【練習(xí)二十七】
填空
           did you go last night?
           book do you like?
           is your brother?
           is his name?
           wrote this letter?
           did you give this book to?
           gave you this book?
           car is this?
           dog is this?
           movie did you see?
           can speak English?
           did you speak to?
           kind of car is this?
           fruit do you like most?
           does not swim?

被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
8§1 及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞
任何一個(gè)英文句子必定有一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，請(qǐng)先注意以下例句的動(dòng)詞
He was a teacher before.
He went to school yesterday.
He hit a dog.
I saw you yesterday.
He walks to school every day.
He sent this book to me.
They are good students.
He wrote two novels.
They ate all of the apples.
10. He swims every morning.
在以上的例子中，第3、4、6、8及9句子中的動(dòng)詞都是及物動(dòng)詞（transitive verbs）。這些動(dòng)詞后面都跟著一個(gè)名詞，而這個(gè)名詞是動(dòng)詞的受詞（object），其它句子的動(dòng)詞，都是不及物動(dòng)詞，因?yàn)樗麄兌紱](méi)有任何受詞。
我們將以上句子中，主詞、及物動(dòng)詞和受詞的關(guān)系分析如下：
句子
主詞
及物動(dòng)詞
受詞
He hit a dog.
He
hit
dog
I saw you yesterday.
I
saw
you
He sent his book to me.
He
sent
his book
He wrote two novels.
He
wrote
two novels
They ate all of the apples.
They
ate
all of the apples
　一旦動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞，我們就可以將這個(gè)句子由原來(lái)的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣（active voice）改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣（passive voice）。但我們也要警告讀者，不要輕易用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣，因?yàn)橛袝r(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣的句子是不自然的。
8§2 沒(méi)有助動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣
在這以前，我們的句子都是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣，這種句子的基本形式如下：
主詞＋動(dòng)詞＋受詞
所謂的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣，乃是將原來(lái)的受詞變成主詞。舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣中，我們說(shuō)?我看到一些狗?，在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣中，我們說(shuō)?一些狗被我看到?。在英文中，將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣，必須做以下的動(dòng)作：
原有受詞變成名詞
動(dòng)詞變成verb to be＋過(guò)去分詞（past participle）
原有主詞變成在動(dòng)詞后面，但前面加by。
舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣的句子可以是
I saw a cat.
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣就成了
A cat was seen by me.
最重要的是，verb to be的時(shí)式必須和原句子的相同，以上的例子中，動(dòng)詞是過(guò)去式，所以verb to be也是過(guò)去式。除此以外，verb to be也要配合新的主詞。請(qǐng)看以下的例子：
I saw two cats.
改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣以后，句子是：
Two cats were seen by me.
以下是主動(dòng)改被動(dòng)的例子，最重要的是注意verb to be的形式：
主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣（active voice）
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣（passive voice）
Mr. Jones hit the dog.
The dog was hit by Mr. Jones.
My brother saw you yesterday.
You were seen by my brother yesterday.
He sent the book to me.
The book was sent to me by him.
Dickens wrote those two novels.
Those two novels were written by Dickens.
They ate all of the apples.
All of he apples were eaten by them.
Jane wrote that song.
That song was written by Jane.
My mother loves me.
I am loved by my mother.
【練習(xí)二十八】
將以下的句子由主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣改成被動(dòng)：
He saw that movie last night.
He wrote that letter to me.
He teaches those English classes.
God loves you.
They bought two houses.
I painted this room.
He grows those roses.
He helps his students.
I sold the house.
My uncle bought this car.
【練習(xí)二十九】
將以下的句子由被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣改成主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣：
The policeman was seen by me.
Those two books were written by me.
These sentences were corrected by my teacher.
He was hit by a car.
His door was locked by me.
His house was built by my father.
His boat was given to me by my father.
This bird is rarely seen by people here.
He is liked by every one.
They were given ten dollars by their friends.
This picture was taken by him.
Too much wine was drunk by the young men.
I was taught by Mr. Wang.
He was helped by his father.
They were served by that waiter.
His food was prepared by my mother.
His toy was made by my sister.
The book was returned to me by Jim.
That song was written by my brother.
I was invited by him to a party.
8§3 有助動(dòng)詞肯定句子的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣
在上一節(jié)，我們所有的例子都只是肯定句子，句子中沒(méi)有助動(dòng)詞，可是有些肯定句子還是有助動(dòng)詞的，以下是一些例子：
主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)形式
I am writing this letter.
The letter is being written by me.
現(xiàn)在完程序
I have written the letter.
The letter has been written by me.
過(guò)去進(jìn)形式
I was writing the letter when you came.
The letter was being written by me when you came.
過(guò)去完程序
I had written the letter before you came.
The letter had been written by me before you came.
將來(lái)時(shí)
I will write the letter.
The letter will be written by me.
未來(lái)完成式
I will have written this letter.
This letter will have been written by me.
將來(lái)時(shí)
I am going to see you.
You are going to be seen by me.
以下是更多的例子：
I have seen him.
He has been seen by me.
He is going to help you.
You are going to be helped by him.
He will teach English.
English will be taught by him.
He has helped me all my life.
I have been helped by him all my life.
He had called me before you came.
I had been called by him before you came.
He was calling his mother when we went there.
His mother was being called by him when we went there.
助動(dòng)詞不一定和時(shí)式有關(guān)，can、should、has to等等都是助動(dòng)詞，這些助動(dòng)詞在改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣的時(shí)后，都應(yīng)維持原狀，只需加入verb to be和過(guò)去分詞即可。以下是一些例子：
主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣
I can play the piano.
The piano can be played by me.
I may use this room.
This room may be used by me.
He must give the book to me.
The book must be given to me by him.
You should help him.
He should be helped by you.
You have to write this letter.
This letter has to be written by you.
He ought to write this report.
This report ought to be written by him.
【練習(xí)三十】
將以下的句子改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣：
He has written three novels.
He will write that letter.
They will sing these songs tomorrow.
He will give the speech.
They are painting the house.
I have given him three books.
I can do this job.
He had told me that story before we went there.
Teachers should help the students.
He is writing the report now.
The students must read this book.
I have to give this letter to my mother tonight.
All citizens ought to obey the law.
He has eaten all of the cakes.
The reporters were taking pictures when the storm started.
He had finished the work before five o'clock last night.
Peter will write that letter.
John has received my letter.
Millions of people saw the movie "Gone with the wind".
He has proved that theorem.
【練習(xí)三十一】
將以下句子改成主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣：
Two books have been written by Joseph.
Football is being played by John.
He should be given that lecture by his father.
That report will be written by him.
The letter has been received by the King.
This movie should be seen by every one.
This book ought to be read by every student.
They are being helped by me.
The movie is going to be seen by all of us.
This cake can be eaten by kids.
8§4 否定句子的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣
將一個(gè)否定句子或一個(gè)問(wèn)句改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣，其步驟如下：
將此句子改成肯定句子
將此肯定句子改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣
將此被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣的句子改成否定句子
現(xiàn)在舉一個(gè)否定的例子：
I did not take this picture.
對(duì)應(yīng)的肯定句子是：
I took this picture.
改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣：
This picture was taken by me.
再改成否定句子：
This picture was not taken by me.
下面的例子都是用來(lái)解釋如何將一個(gè)否定句子改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣：
They did not like the music.
(a). They liked the music.
(b). The music was liked by them.
(c). The music was not liked by them.
I have not written that letter.
(a). I have written that letter.
(b). That letter has been written by me.
(c). That letter has not been written by me.
You can not eat that cake.
(a). You can eat that cake.
(b). That cake can be eaten by you.
(c). That cake can not be eaten by you.
He does not play music.
(a). He plays that kind of music.
(b). That kind of music is played by him.
(c). That kind of music is not played by him.
I am not going to see you.
(a). I am going to see you.
(b). You are going to be seen by me.
(c). You are not going to be seen by me.
They will not see that movie.
(a). They will see that movie.
(b). That movie will be seen by them.
(c). That movie will not be seen by them.
They did not help me.
(a). They helped me.
(b). I was helped by them.
(c). I was not helped by them.
I did not tell that story.
(a). I told that story.
(b). That story was told by me.
(c). That story was not told by me.
在下面，我們將省略中間步驟，直接寫(xiě)出一個(gè)否定句子的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣，英文好的人應(yīng)該是不需要中間步驟的：
主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣
They do not enjoy such music.
Such music is not enjoyed by them.
He did not tell that story.
That story was not told by him.
They have not written that story.
That story has not been told by them.
Peter is going to see me.
I am not going to be seen by Peter.
He will not help me.
I will not be helped by him.
John will not eat that cake.
That cake will not be eaten by John.
I can not drink that wine.
That wine can not be drunk by me.
【練習(xí)三十二】
將以下的否定句子改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣：
The farmers here do not grow apples.
He did not meet me last night.
I have not written that letter.
John is not going to see that movie.
I did not watch that movie.
He does not speak English.
He will not speak English.
You should not eat that cake.
My mother does not eat that kind of fish.
John has not written that report.
【練習(xí)三十三】
將以下句子改成主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣：
The book was not written by him.
I am not going to be helped by you.
That book has not been received by John.
That song is not liked by college students.
John is not loved by Mary.
I will not be met by my student tomorrow.
Meat is not eaten by vegetarians.
The door was not opened by me.
That ten dollars were not paid by me.
The car was not bought by me.
8§5 問(wèn)句的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣
將問(wèn)句改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣，步驟類似上一節(jié)的步驟，我們先將問(wèn)句變成肯定句子，然后將這個(gè)定句子變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣，最后在將這個(gè)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣的句子變回，成為問(wèn)句。
例如：
Do young kids enjoy classical music?
先改成肯定句子
Young kids enjoy classical music.
再改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣
Music is enjoyed by young kids.
最后改成問(wèn)句
Is music enjoyed by young kids?
為了使讀者熟悉這些步驟，我們?cè)谙旅媾e了很多的例子：
1. Did you eat that cake?
You ate that cake.
That cake was eaten by you.
Was that cake eaten by you?
2. Do farmers in Taiwan grow apples?
Farmers in Taiwan grow apples.
Apples are grown by farmers in Taiwan.
Are apples grown by farmers in Taiwan?
3. Have you finished the report?
You have finished the report.
The report has been finished by you.
Has the report been finished by you?
4. When did you write that letter?
You wrote that letter.
That letter was written by you.
When was the letter written by you?
5. Have you seen that movie?
You have seen that movie.
That movie has been seen by you.
Has the movie been seen by you?
6. When did Stevenson write that novel?
Stevenson wrote that novel.
That novel was written by Stevenson.
When was that novel written by Stevenson?
8. Is he painting his room?
He is painting his room.
His room is being painted by him.
Is his room being painted by him?
在下面，我們將省略中間步驟，直接寫(xiě)出一個(gè)問(wèn)句的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣，英文好的人應(yīng)該是不需要中間步驟的：
主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣
Does he help his students?
Are his students helped by him?
Did he tell that story?
Was that story told by him?
Has she written that story?
Has that story been written by her?
Whom is Peter going to visit?
Who is going to be visited by Peter?
When did you read that book?
When was that book written by you?
Does he enjoy that song?
Is that song enjoyed him?
Why do his friends avoid him?
Why is he avoided by his friends?
Whom did you see?
Who was seen by you?
Has he read that report?
Has that report been read by him?
Is he writing that letter?
Is that letter being written by him?
【練習(xí)三十四】
將以下句子改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣：
Is he writing a book?
Did he write that book?
Did you sign that letter?
Where did you see that movie?
When did you see that movie?
Has he finished that job?
Did mother give you the gift?
Did your mother visit you last night?
Do they grow roses?
Do they speak English?
Did you play that game of tennis?
Will you teach English?
【練習(xí)三十五】
將以下句子改成主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣：
Was the cake eaten by you?
Is he liked by all of us?
Is that kind of music loved by every one in Japan?
Is fish eaten by old people?
Are roses loved by most women?
Was he called by you?
Is soccer played by John?
When was this music written by Mozart?
When was he seen by you?
Were they seen by you last night?
【練習(xí)三十六】
將適宜的動(dòng)詞填入
I          (send) two letters yesterday.           (do) you          (receive) them? Every letter           (write) by me. Please          (write) back to me soon.
I          (invite) to a dancing party last week. The music          (be) so noisy. I          (leave) the party as early as I          (can).
Did you          (write) that report? Yes, it          (write) by me.
He          (not like) music when he was a child. After he          (get) into college, he          (teach) by a good music professor. Now, he          (enjoy) music very much and          (listen) to classical music every morning.
I          (buy) a red car yesterday. It          (make) in Japan. It will __________ (deliver) to me tomorrow.
I          (not go) to school yesterday because my bicycle          (steal).
I          (buy) a new bike yesterday.
Where          (do) you go last night? I          (can) not          (find) you. You          (see) by no one.
A:           (do) he          (smoke)?
B: No, he          (do not). Smoking has never          (try) by him.
Was the book          (write) by him?
I          (buy) three books lately. One          (write) by Graham Greene.
I          (finish) reading it. There          (be) many interesting stories in it.
【練習(xí)三十七】
改錯(cuò)：
＊This is a book which wrote by Dickens.
＊Are the music enjoyed by those elderly people?
＊When are you visited by your father yesterday?
＊This book written by John.
＊He is invited to come to my home by my father yesterday.
＊This house is built in 1913.
＊This letter was wrote by him.
＊This letter has never finished.
＊Was you given a book?
＊I have never called by my father. I always call him first.

第九章 動(dòng)詞如何轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞     動(dòng)名詞（Gerund）和不定詞（Infinitive）
9§1 問(wèn)題的來(lái)源
　　對(duì)我們說(shuō)中文的人而言，一個(gè)字究竟是動(dòng)詞，還是名詞，其實(shí)是很少人知道的，對(duì)一般人而言，?唱歌?是動(dòng)詞，但是如果我們說(shuō)，?唱歌是有益的?，我們又發(fā)現(xiàn)?唱歌?其實(shí)也是名詞。?我愛(ài)唱歌?，這句話中，?唱歌?也是名詞。
英文就不同了，英文里很少有一個(gè)字，又是動(dòng)詞，又是名詞的，sing是動(dòng)詞，絕不能當(dāng)很名詞用。怪不得有很多中國(guó)人會(huì)說(shuō)
＊Sing is good for you.   或者是  ＊I like sing.
既然sing是動(dòng)詞，也沒(méi)有一個(gè)?sing?的名詞，怎么辦呢？英文解套的辦法很有趣，他們用動(dòng)名詞（gerund）和不定詞（infinitive）來(lái)將一個(gè)動(dòng)詞改成一個(gè)名詞。
9§2 動(dòng)名詞（Gerund）
所謂動(dòng)名詞，乃是將一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，字尾加上ing，一夜之間，這個(gè)動(dòng)詞就可以當(dāng)作名詞用了。請(qǐng)看以下的例子：
I like singing.
Playing basketball is good for you.
Do you enjoy listening to classical music?
Is traveling around the world meaningful to you?
Studying English is not difficult.
我們不妨將動(dòng)名詞的用法分一下類：
1.動(dòng)名詞可用作主詞，如
Playing tennis is enjoyed by many people.
Taking drugs is avoided by most people.
eing kind to others is important for every one.
Respecting your parents shows good character.
2.動(dòng)名詞可以用作動(dòng)詞的受詞，如
I enjoy studying English.
He does not mind walking long distances.
I have never enjoyed being alone in my life.
He loves swimming.
3.動(dòng)名詞可以用作介系詞（preposition）的受詞，英文里有很多介系詞，at, in, about, of, on等等都是介系詞，介系詞后面必定跟一個(gè)名詞，也是它的受詞，舉例來(lái)說(shuō)
on the table
in my home
about Hitler
of my life
on this island
各位一定注意到，每一個(gè)介系詞后面都有一個(gè)名詞，作為它的受詞。
動(dòng)名詞是可以作為介系詞的受詞的，如：
This book is about traveling.
He is responsible for cleaning the kitchen.
My brother is capable of writing programs.
You just keep on going straight.
在下面，我們要給各位更多有關(guān)gerund的例子，各位不妨看看每一個(gè)句子中，那個(gè)動(dòng)名詞是作什么用的。
Instead of swimming, he walks every morning.
He likes walking in the woods.
Are you interested in playing tennis?
Loving is to be kind to others.
Reading is important to students.
In addition to traveling, he also likes reading novels.
You will be happy by helping others.
He is worried about being late.
I finished writing the report yesterday.
They thanked me for lending them money.
He has never finished writing the novel.
She is in change of teaching English in our school.
My father objected to my going to the summer camp.
Please stop joking about my brother.
I look forward to seeing you.
He has never enjoyed traveling.
She was excited about going abroad.
I consider gambling a bad thing to do.
I have never dreamed of flying an airplane.
He suggested talking to our teacher.
I believe in doing some kind of exercise every day.
Playing the piano is no fun at all.
Nancy is accustomed to sleeping late.
Are you tired of driving for so long?
You should forgive others for doing wrong things.
He insists on getting up early every morning.
Thank you for participating in my concert.
He is used to studying alone.
They are not used to speaking English.
He is accustomed to being polite to others.
I object to seeing dirty movies.
You should take advantage of studying in such a good place.
【練習(xí)三十八】
改正以下的錯(cuò)誤
1.＊Play tennis is fun.
2.＊I hate swim.
3.＊Stop talk about me.
4.＊In addition to read interesting books, you should also watch TV from time to time.
5.＊I am not interested in swim.
6.＊He talks about go to America.
7.＊I believe in do exercise every day.
8.＊The cost of transfer a student to another school is very high.
9.＊Please forgive me for make this mistake.
10.＊Swim keeps me from getting cold.
【練習(xí)三十九】
填充，每一個(gè)句子填入一個(gè)介系詞和一個(gè)動(dòng)名詞，先舉一個(gè)例子。
1. I am interested            (listen)            to music.
2. Please forgive me            (be)            so late.
3. In addition            (study)            , you should also have some exercises every day.
4. We talked            (build)            a house next year.
5. Thank you            (help)            me.
6. He is excited            (travel)            to Japan.
7. I am looking forward            (meet)            you.
8. He insists            (talk)            to me personally.
9. I believe            (exercise)            every day.
10. Did you participate            that (swim)            match.
11. He was not used            (listen)            to classic music.
12. My mother objected            (visit)            my aunt tomorrow.
13. I am not accustomed            (go)            to bed so late.
14. I am interested            (swim)           .
15. Are you responsible            (write)            this report?
16. He is excited            (see) me tomorrow.
17. He is looking forward             (see) that movie.
18. I am not used            (hear)            that kind of noise.
19. You should take advantage            (have)            such a good family.
20.He is in charge            (send)            students to other schools.
【練習(xí)四十】
將以下中文句子譯成英文句子：
1.我不喜歡跳舞。
2.你對(duì)游泳有興趣嗎？
3.打藍(lán)球是有趣的。
4.我們昨天談到（talk about）教英文的事。
5.我不習(xí)慣（be not used to）抽煙。
6.我反對(duì)（object to）在公開(kāi)場(chǎng)合哭泣（cry in public）。
7.除了游泳以外，他還應(yīng)該打棒球（用in addition to）。
8.他可以（be capable of）每天跑一公里。
9.他負(fù)責(zé)（be in charge of）找尋一個(gè)好的地方。
10.我已習(xí)慣了（be accustomed to）早起。
9§3 不定詞（Infinitives）
不定詞＝to＋動(dòng)詞的原式。例如to go, to love, to eat等等，都是不定詞，不定詞和動(dòng)名詞的用法相似，以下全是用不定詞用作名詞的例子：
To love is to forgive.
To forgive your enemies will make you happy.
I like to eat chicken.
I asked my brother to come here.
He continued to read.
也許讀者發(fā)現(xiàn)了不定詞和動(dòng)名詞不同的地方：不定詞不能用在介系詞的后面，以下的句子都是錯(cuò)的：
＊I am interested in to play piano.
＊He is worried about to go abroad.
＊I am in charge of to prepare for the party.
如何將不定詞用成名詞呢？
1.不定詞可以用作主詞：如
To play tennis is great fun.
To play safe in the stock market is necessary.
To be kind to others is important for every one.
To respect your parents shows good character.
2.不家詞可以用成很多動(dòng)詞的受詞：
I like to swim.
He loves to listen to jokes.
My brother seems to be different.
I agree to lend him money.
Do you like to sing?
3.不定詞可以跟在代名詞的后面，形式如下：
動(dòng)詞（verb）＋代名詞（pronoun）＋不定詞（infinitive）
例如：
I told him to work hard.
I asked my brother to come back home.
He expects his friends to help him.
My teacher told me to wait for him.
I invited my sister to go to see a movie.
4.不定詞常用在上述句子的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣中，例如：
He was told to work hard.
My brother was asked to come back home.
His friend is expected to help me.
I was told by my teacher to wait.
My sister was invited to go to see a movie.
以下是更多的不定詞例子：
To give is more meaningful than to receive.
I love to swim in cold weather.
He agreed to listen to my story.
He decided to go anyway.
I told him to buy my book.
I invited him to come to my house.
I asked him to cook for me tonight.
Students are asked to work hard.
He needs to work hard.
I want you to send this letter to my father.
He requires every student to read one novel every week.
Every student is required to read one novel every week.
讀者一定會(huì)問(wèn)，是不是動(dòng)名詞可以和不定詞互調(diào)，答案是否定的，有些動(dòng)詞后面可以跟動(dòng)名詞和不定詞，但也有些動(dòng)詞，后面只能跟動(dòng)名詞，有些動(dòng)詞后面只能跟不定詞。
　　有些動(dòng)詞后面可以跟動(dòng)名詞或不定詞：love, like, hate, start, begin,以下的動(dòng)詞，后面只能跟動(dòng)名詞：
Enjoy
I enjoy eating good food.
Appreciate
I appreciate your being kind to others.
Avoid
You should avoid making mistakes.
keep on
Keep on working hard.
keep
Keep singing.
consider
He considered leaving home.
finish
He finished writing this book.
suggest
May I suggest drinking a cup of coffee?
discuss
We discussed traveling to New Zealand.
以下的動(dòng)詞正好相反，只能跟不定詞
agree
I agree to sign this letter.
plan
He plans to go away.
want
They want to rent a car.
decide
He decided to work hard.
seem
He seems to be very happy.
appear
He appears to be very sad.
一個(gè)字非常特殊，必須討論一下，那就是stop：
stop smoking  指不再抽煙了
stop to smoke  指停下來(lái)，開(kāi)始抽煙
9§4 動(dòng)名詞和不定詞的被動(dòng)和否定形式
將動(dòng)詞改成名詞的時(shí)候，也可以有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣和否定語(yǔ)氣，以下是一些例子：
Everyone likes to be loved.
This cup needs to be washed.
Being trusted is important.
I told him not to leave this house.
He asked me not to cry.
I was told not to fall asleep in class.
To be given a good gift on Christmas Eve makes me happy.
Being invited to that party is a great honor to me.
【練習(xí)四十一】
將下面的空格填入動(dòng)名詞或不定詞
1. I enjoy          (listen) to rock and roll music.
2. I asked him          (go) away.
3. He was asked          (leave).
4. I suggest          (have) some fun.
5. He seems          (be) a kind person.
6. You appear          (be) quite tired.
7. I told him          (have) a cup of wine.
8. I invited him          (come) over.
9. Every one of you is required          (work) hard.
10. Do you like          (swim)?
11. I ordered him          (read) my book.
12. I was expected          (write) a letter to you.
13. He asked me          (read) this letter to him.
14. Please keep          (talk) to me.
15. Stop          (drive) s fast. It is dangerous to drive too fast.
16. I hate          (smoke).
17.          (pass) the test is important.
18.          (work) hard is the key to success.
19. My wife asked me to          (bring) some flowers home.
20. He avoided          (tell) lies.
【練習(xí)四十二】
將以下中文句子譯成英文句子，用gerund或infinitive。
1.我請(qǐng)（invite）他到我家來(lái)。
2.我教（teach）他游泳。
3.被人愛(ài)令人快樂(lè)。
4.我討厭（hate）抽煙。
5.我們應(yīng)該避免（avoid）飲煙。
6.不要再（stop）抽煙了。
7.每個(gè)人都期待（expect）他寫(xiě)一本好書(shū)。
8.我要求（require）他每天念英文。
9§5 不定詞的簡(jiǎn)式
不定詞中一定要有to，但在有幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞的后面，to又要省掉，最著名的是let，我們絕不可以說(shuō)
＊I let him to leave.
而一定要說(shuō)
I let him leave.
我們也不能說(shuō)
＊I made him to work hard.（我使他努力工作）
而一定要說(shuō)
I made him work hard.
　　以下的動(dòng)詞后面，不定詞的后面都要省掉to。
動(dòng)詞
例句
let
My mother let me watch TV tonight.
make
He makes his students respect teachers.
have
He had his sons clean their rooms.
see
I saw him run away.
hear
I heard the birds sing.
watch
I watched the kids play.
notice
I noticed her cry.
因?yàn)樵谶@些動(dòng)詞的后面，本來(lái)應(yīng)該用不定詞，僅僅是to被省掉了，因此我們?cè)谶@些動(dòng)詞的后面仍然要用原式，以下的句子都是錯(cuò)的：
＊He made his son ran away from home.
＊I saw him walked away..
＊I have never heard him sang any song.
Help這一個(gè)動(dòng)詞非常特別，它后面的不定詞中的to可省略也可不省，以下的句子都是對(duì)的：
I helped him wash his car.
I helped him to wash his car.
【練習(xí)四十三】
以下的句子都有錯(cuò)，請(qǐng)改正：
1.＊He lets his son to drive his car.
2.＊He made me felt happy.
3.＊I made my friend to discuss his problem with me.
4.＊I had my son to get up early every morning.
5.＊I helped my father painted his house.
6.＊I had my brother to carry this heavy luggage for me.
7.＊I had Mary to marry me.
8.＊This song makes everyone to cry.
9.＊I helped Nancy worked hard.
10.＊He made us to believe him.
11.＊I saw him to play.
12.＊I heard Mary sang several songs.
13.＊I watched her to swim.
14.＊I saw the birds to fly away.

第十章 如何將動(dòng)詞改成形容詞

我們中文里，一個(gè)字有時(shí)是動(dòng)詞，有時(shí)卻又可以用作形容詞，最著名的例子是?微笑老蕭?（蕭萬(wàn)長(zhǎng)院長(zhǎng)的外號(hào)）?微笑?應(yīng)該是動(dòng)詞，可是在這里，顯然?微笑?是形容詞。?哭泣?通常是動(dòng)詞，可是我們也可以說(shuō)?哭泣的孩子?。也難怪我們常見(jiàn)到以下錯(cuò)誤的英文句子：
a smile face
a run boy
需知smile和cry都是動(dòng)詞，是不能當(dāng)作形容詞來(lái)用的。
可是，更糟糕的是以下句子：?住在臺(tái)灣的人很有錢(qián)?，我們很多人會(huì)說(shuō)
People live in Taiwan are rich.
以上的話為什么錯(cuò)呢？因?yàn)镻eople是主詞，are是動(dòng)詞，live in Taiwan形容people，可是live是一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，不能用作形容詞的。怎么辦呢？我們可以將一個(gè)動(dòng)詞用成一個(gè)形容詞，我們的做法是利用分詞（participle）和不定詞（infinitive），而分詞有兩種：現(xiàn)在分詞（present participle）和過(guò)去分詞（past participle），我們?cè)谙乱还?jié)，先談現(xiàn)在分詞的用法。
10§1 現(xiàn)在分詞（present participle）作為形容詞
任何一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，都有一個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞（present participle），現(xiàn)在分詞的形式是在動(dòng)詞后面加上ing，如：
laughing
crying
walking
swimming
running
以下的例子中，現(xiàn)在分詞都是形容詞
a crying baby
a smiling girl
an exciting story
running water
a running boy
a rising star
現(xiàn)在分詞不一定放在名詞的前面，在以下的句子中，現(xiàn)在分詞都在名詞的后面
a person walking in the woods
the young man running very fast
people living in Taiwan
the person driving that red car
the singer singing the national anthem（國(guó)歌）
the boys playing in the fields
the young boy swimming in the pool
以下句子中的現(xiàn)在分詞，都被用作形容詞。
We have a crying baby here.
Seeing is believing.（believing是形容詞，seeing是名詞）
Loving is forgiving.
He always wears a smiling face.
Running water is important for mankind.
Look at the rising sun.
The person swimming in that cold river is quite strong.
The young man driving the red car is rich.
Those boys playing basketball are happy.
This movie is exciting.
This news is very upsetting.
This story is troubling.
The young boy swimming in the pool is my brother.
People living in the United States consume more energy than other people.
The person painting the house there is from Mexico.
She has a loving husband.
He is a rising star.
【練習(xí)四十四】將以下的中文句子譯成英文，每句都要用現(xiàn)在分詞
1. 這是一本有趣的故事。
2. 這門(mén)課很無(wú)聊（boring）。
3. 看那只在唱歌的鳥(niǎo)。
4. 那位微笑的人是我的哥哥。
5. 住在鄉(xiāng)下的人通常很健康。
6. 我不認(rèn)識(shí)那位騎腳車的男孩子。
7. 那位正在吃冰淇淋的小孩子是我的兒子。
8. 那位在問(wèn)問(wèn)題的學(xué)生非常聰明。
9. 你見(jiàn)過(guò)那位打籃球的男孩子嗎？
10.那位垂死（dying）的病人是我的老師。
10§2 過(guò)去分詞（past participle）作為形容詞
在完成式中，我們要用過(guò)去分詞，過(guò)去分詞也可以作為形容詞，以下是一些例子：
a broken window （破碎的窗）
a fallen angel （墮落的天使）
a fallen star （已經(jīng)不走紅的明星）
a depressed person （一個(gè)沮喪的人）
a much appreciated action （為人很欣賞的動(dòng)作）
究竟過(guò)去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞何不同呢？過(guò)去分詞多半有動(dòng)被和已經(jīng)完成的意思。最好的例子是：開(kāi)發(fā)中家叫做a developing country，已開(kāi)發(fā)國(guó)家就叫做a developed country。
以下的例子可以解釋過(guò)去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞的不同：
1. (a)這本書(shū)很有趣。
  This book is interesting.
(b)我對(duì)這本書(shū)很有興趣。
  I am interested in this book.
2. (a)這是一部令人沮喪的電影。
  This is a depressing movie.
(b)我看了這部電影以后，感到非常沮喪。
  I felt very much depressed after seeing that movie.
3. (a)結(jié)果令人失望。
  The result is frustrating.
(b)他因這個(gè)結(jié)果而非常失望。
  He was frustrated because of the result.
4. (a)這個(gè)消息真令人難過(guò)。
  This news is really upsetting.
(b)他們都很難過(guò)。
  They are all upset.
5. (a)約翰的進(jìn)步令人鼓舞。
  John's progress is encouraging.
(b)我因約翰的進(jìn)步而感到鼓舞。
  I am encouraged by John's progress.
6. (a)水在燒。
  The water is boiling.
(b)這是燒開(kāi)的水。
  This is boiled water.
7.(a)這個(gè)消息出人意外。
  This news is surprising.
(b)我對(duì)這個(gè)消息感到意外。
  I was surprised by the news.
8. (a)他的談話令人困惑。
  His words are confusing.
(b)他是一個(gè)充滿困惑的人。
  He is a confused person.
　記住，以下的句子都是錯(cuò)的：
＊His statements are confused to me.
＊I am interesting in music.
＊He is an interested person.
＊This is indeed a surprised news.
＊This news is encouraged.
正確的句子應(yīng)該是：
His statements are confusing.
I am interested in music.
He is an interesting person.
This is indeed a surprising news.
This news is encouraging.
以下是含有過(guò)去分詞的句子，每一個(gè)過(guò)去分詞都用作形容詞：
America is a developed country.
I found that dog killed in a car accident.
The frustrated student needs help.
I want the report completed before midnight.
He is totally depressed.
They are all frustrated.
The car driven by that young man is a Cadillac.
This book, read by almost every one, was written by Charles Dickens.
This is still an unrealized dream.
Are you interested in music?
I am really surprised to meet you.
I was excited by his arrival.
The girl dressed in white is from Japan.
A depressed person needs love from others.
Millions got killed in the Second World War.
He is a troubled child who needs advice.
I have a broken leg.
Broken glass is all over the place.
千萬(wàn)注意，我們不可以輕易亂用過(guò)去分詞，以下的句子都是錯(cuò)的：
＊He is suffered.
＊This article will be appeared in the next issue of Science.
正確的說(shuō)法是：
He suffers.
This article will appear in the next issue of Science.
【練習(xí)四十五】
將以下的中文句子譯成英文：
我對(duì)音樂(lè)有興趣。
這部人人都看過(guò)的電影是在好萊塢制作的。
他來(lái)自一個(gè)破碎的家庭。
這個(gè)國(guó)家的法律已經(jīng)崩潰（break down）了。
我因這個(gè)消息而感到興奮。
我們應(yīng)該幫助那位沮喪的學(xué)生。
三個(gè)人死于（get killed）這場(chǎng)車禍。
這是一個(gè)充滿了困惑的學(xué)生。
他是一個(gè)很有趣的人。
【練習(xí)四十六】
填空，全部用現(xiàn)在分詞或過(guò)去分詞：
1. He is totally          (confuse).
2. I am          (interest) in seeing that movie.
3. This movie is really          (excite).
4. That is a          (break) promise.
5. He has a          (break) arm.
6. Their marriage was          (break) up.
7. Justice is still not a          (realize) dream.
8. He is a          (depress) person.
9. The bicycle          (ride) by the young kid is mine.
10. I do not like to see any person          (injure).
11. I was very much          (surprise) to hear that news.
12. His statements are          (encourage).
13. The man          (talk) about Hitler is a professor.
14. The man          (pilot) the airplane is quite young.
15. The company         (manage) by Mr. Lee is getting better and better.
16. Poor John now has a          (break) heart.
17. There are boys and girls          (dance) in the garden.
18. The          (steal) jacket has been found.
19. The boy          (laugh) there is not my son.
20. He has a          (smile) face.
21. This is indeed very          (excite).
22. This song,          (hear) by almost everyone, was written by me.
23. I don't like the song          (write) by the Beatles.
24. She is a          (care) woman.
10§3 不定詞（Infinitives）作為形容詞和副詞
不定詞可以用作名詞，也可以用作形容詞，以下都是不定詞用作形容詞的例子，要注意的是不定詞不會(huì)放在名詞的前面：
You don't have the right to talk so loudly.
He is to blame.
To see is to believe.（To see是名詞，to believe是形容詞）
My job is to teach poor kids to learn.
We all have the duty to serve our country.
He has a talent to sing.
I don't have time to play.
He is a person to be liked by us all.
This is a book to be read by all students.
He has no money to spend.
This is not a good place for kids to grow up in.
This law is to protect innocent citizens.
I am glad to see you.
He is ready to start a war.
He is rich enough to buy the entire building.
They are afraid to die.
He has no right to kill anyone.
John is too weak to do this job.
My mother is too old to drive a car.
It is easy to fall behind in school.
【練習(xí)四十七】
將以下句子改成英文：
我們都有納稅的義務(wù)。
我們都有保持緘默（remain silent）的權(quán)利。
他有游泳的天才。
我已無(wú)錢(qián)可花。
我無(wú)處可去。
他太累了，不能開(kāi)車了。（too.....to.....）
我很高興看到你。
他夠聰明，可以進(jìn)入大學(xué)。（enough.....to.....）
我的工作是教小孩英文。
我看到你，感到很意外。（surprised to......）
我們有很多可談的事。
他沒(méi)有可以交談的朋友。

第十一章 詞組（Phrases）和句子（Clauses）
請(qǐng)看以下的句子，特別注意劃線的字群：
Understanding English is easy.
I want you to work hard.
Peter, who has been to England, speaks good English.
I told him that I was going away.
Understanding English和to work hard有一共同特色，他們都沒(méi)有主詞，也沒(méi)有動(dòng)詞，這種字群，叫做詞組（phrase）。
Who has been to England和I was going away中，內(nèi)部都有主詞和動(dòng)詞，這種字群，叫子句（clause）。
由于我們已經(jīng)對(duì)詞組很熟悉，我們?cè)谶@里不再討論，而我們?cè)谶@一章將多多介紹子句的用法。
11§1 問(wèn)題型式的名詞子句
假如我們說(shuō)?我不知道他住在哪里?，或者?他究竟住在哪里仍是個(gè)謎?，我們就可以用這種問(wèn)題型式的名詞子句，每一個(gè)名詞子句都要用who, where, whether, which等來(lái)開(kāi)始。以下是典型的例子：
I don't know where he came from.（我不知道他來(lái)自何處。）
Whether or not he is an American is still a secret.（他是否是個(gè)美國(guó)人仍然是個(gè)秘密。）
I will find out where he is living.（我要找出他住在哪里。）
I can not remember whether he smokes or not.（我不記得他是否吸煙。）
Please let me know how old he is.（請(qǐng)讓我知道他多大年紀(jì)。）
Kindly tell me what you really need.（請(qǐng)讓我知道你需要什么。）
You have to decide which book you want to buy.（你應(yīng)該決定買哪一本書(shū)。）
Do you know where he is from?（你知道他是從哪里來(lái)的？）
Do you know who he is?（你知道他是誰(shuí)嗎？）
Please ask your brother whether he is coming or not.（請(qǐng)問(wèn)你的兄弟他會(huì)不會(huì)來(lái)。）
When she is coming remains a puzzle.（她何時(shí)來(lái)仍然是個(gè)謎。）
I don't know what he is interested in.（我不知道他的興趣何在。）
I don't understand what he is talking about.（我不知道他在談什么。）
Do you know whose bicycle this is?（你知道這輛腳踏車是誰(shuí)的嗎？）
Do you know which country Hawaii belongs to?（你知道夏威夷屬于哪一個(gè)國(guó)家嗎？）
You should ask your mother where you were born.
（你應(yīng)該問(wèn)你的母親你在哪里生的。）
雖然每一個(gè)名詞都有問(wèn)題的意義，我們卻不能在名詞子句中用問(wèn)句的型式，因?yàn)楫吘惯@個(gè)名詞子句僅僅是一個(gè)子句而已，它的結(jié)尾并不是?？?。
因此以下的句子都是錯(cuò)的：
＊I don't know where did he come from.
＊I will find out how old is he.
＊Kindly tell me what do you need.
＊You have to decide which book do you want to buy.
＊When is he coming remains a puzzle.
【練習(xí)四十八】
將以下的中文句子譯成英文：
我不知道你是誰(shuí)。
請(qǐng)告訴我你是否是美國(guó)人。
我不記得你是否喝咖啡。
請(qǐng)問(wèn)你的姊姊她去年是否去過(guò)日本。
你知道他是誰(shuí)嗎？
他從哪里來(lái)的是一個(gè)謎（puzzle）。
我要找出他哥哥會(huì)不會(huì)游泳。
我知道他為何如此悲傷。
你知道瑪麗什么時(shí)候來(lái)嗎？
你知道發(fā)生了什么事嗎？
我知道天空為什么是藍(lán)的。
請(qǐng)告訴我你去年去哪里工作的。
你知道他在談什么嗎？
我不懂他的問(wèn)題是什么。
【練習(xí)四十九】
改錯(cuò)：
Please tell me why is he so sad.
I do not know where is she from.
Please tell me how many people are there in this house.
Let me know how old are you.
Is he a Japanese is a mystery.
Do you know who is the president of the United States?
May I ask you which kind of coffee do you like?
I can not remember how old am I?
What is he talking about is unclear to me.
Do you know why is he coming?
【練習(xí)五十】
選擇適當(dāng)?shù)拇�名詞，如whether, which, what, who, how, when, why等填入下面句子的空格（有時(shí)會(huì)有多種正確的填法）：
1. I don't know           book you bought.
2. Do you know           he is from?
3. Please ask him           he drinks tea or not.
4.           he is thinking about is well known to all of us.
5. Let me guess           old you are.
6. May I ask           you are so sad?
7. I don't know           he is.
8. Do you know           house this is?
9. This is not           I want.
10. I don't care           you want to say.
11§2 以that開(kāi)始的名詞子句
現(xiàn)在我們先試著翻譯以下的句子：
地球是圓的是眾所周知的事。
一種直接了當(dāng)?shù)姆�譯是：
＊The earth is round is known to everyone.
遺憾的是，以上的句子是不對(duì)，我們必須加一個(gè)that到名詞子句里去，以下的翻譯是正確的：
That the earth is round is known to everyone.
我們?cè)賮?lái)翻譯一個(gè)中文句子：
我要求他一定要用功念書(shū)。
直接了當(dāng)?shù)姆�譯可能像下面的：
＊I demand he must work hard.
這是錯(cuò)的，我們應(yīng)該加一個(gè)that在這個(gè)名詞子句的前面。以下的翻譯才是正確的：
I demand that he must work hard.
雖然我們�？吹竭@種that被省略的情形，我們?nèi)韵Ｍ�大家知道，為保險(xiǎn)起見(jiàn)，最好不要省掉that。以下是一些例子：
That the sun rises from the west is wrong.（太陽(yáng)從西方升起是錯(cuò)的）
That a lot of Jews were killed during the Second World War is now a historical fact.
（大批猶太人在第二次大戰(zhàn)中被殺是歷史上的事實(shí)）
I didn't know that he is such a diligent student.（我不知道他是如此勤快的學(xué)生）
I demand that you go away.（我要求你離開(kāi)）
I suggest that you go swimming every morning.（我建議你每天早上游泳）
That we should all respect our parents should be taught to our kids.
（我們?cè)摻毯⒆觽冏鹁锤改福?br /> I don't think that he is a good athlete.（我不認(rèn)為他是一個(gè)好運(yùn)動(dòng)員）
Do you think that she is a good actress?（你認(rèn)為她是一個(gè)好的演員嗎？）
That he can speak good English helps him.（他能說(shuō)很好的文，這點(diǎn)對(duì)他很有幫助）
I propose that we get married.（我建議我們結(jié)婚）
Let us always remember that there are a lot of poor people in the world.
（我們永遠(yuǎn)記住世界上有很多窮人）
Never forget that we should always love one another.（不要忘記我們應(yīng)該互相友愛(ài)）
I am surprised to find out that he is a Catholic.（我很驚訝地發(fā)現(xiàn)他是個(gè)天主教徒）
That we lost the game made all of us frustrated.（我們輸了，這件事令我們大感沮喪）
I can hardly believe that his English is so good.（我不能相信他的英文如此之好）
【練習(xí)五十一】
請(qǐng)將that加到以下句子去：
1.＊I told you you must leave.
2.＊I am glad you are here now.
3.＊He is an American is unknown to us.
4.＊Can you imagine he is Chinese?
5.＊Do you think he is a Chinese?
6.＊Hitler was defeated in the Second World War is an important event in the history of mankind.
7.＊I do not think he is a bad student.
8.＊I am surprised to know she is from Japan.
9.＊It is hard to imagine he does not have a high school diploma.
10.＊Do you believe he is innocent?
11.＊I demand my students they work hard.
12.＊The sun rises in the east is a fact.
【練習(xí)五十二】
將以下句子翻譯成英文：（用that）
1. 我不相信他是我的哥哥。
2. 我勸（advice）他到美國(guó)去。
3. 你相信地球是圓的嗎？
4. 我告訴他他一定要讀這本書(shū)。
5. 我忘記了你是個(gè)小孩。
6. 你能相信我會(huì)講英文（speak English）嗎？
7. 他沒(méi)有來(lái)令我生氣（make me angry）。
8. 我認(rèn)為他是個(gè)好人。
9. 不要忘記世界上有很多窮人。
10. 我知道他教英文。
11. 我從不知道他如此聰明。
12. 我知道他不能來(lái)。
13. 我希望他能來(lái)。
14. 你相不相信他在臺(tái)灣長(zhǎng)大的？
15. 我無(wú)法決定他該不該念大學(xué)。
16. 你告訴我他去年到美國(guó)了。
17. 這位老師不知道我的爸爸也是老師。
18. 我要問(wèn)他明天會(huì)不會(huì)來(lái)我家。
19. 你知道這火車到臺(tái)北嗎？
20. 請(qǐng)告訴我你會(huì)不會(huì)說(shuō)英文。
11§3 形容詞從句（Adjective Clauses）
在上二節(jié)，從句都是用作名詞的。在這一節(jié)，我們要介紹一種新的子句，那就是形容詞子句。請(qǐng)看以下的中文句子：
　　住在那房子里的人是我的哥哥。
我們不能直接了當(dāng)?shù)貙⒁陨系木渥幼g成：
＊The person live in that house is my brother
　第一種辦法是將live in the house改成living in the house，也就是說(shuō)，我們可以將那個(gè)中文句子譯成下列的形式：
The person living in the house is my brother.
　以上的句子中，living in the house是一個(gè)詞組，我們可以將這個(gè)詞組改成子句。因此，以下的翻譯是正確的：
The person who lives in the house is my brother.
在以上的句子中，who lives in the house是一個(gè)子句，因?yàn)樗�有主詞，也有動(dòng)詞。他的作用是形容The person，所以是一個(gè)形容詞子句。
由于形容詞子句永遠(yuǎn)都是在形容一個(gè)名詞，因此我們?cè)谶@個(gè)子句中必需有一個(gè)代名詞（pronoun），像who, when, where, whom等。
以下是一些形容詞子句的例子，讀者應(yīng)該弄清楚每一個(gè)形容詞子句所形容的名詞。
The people who live in the country are often very healthy.
（住在鄉(xiāng)下的人常常很健康）
Do you like people who always talk about themselves.
（你喜歡那些永遠(yuǎn)講他自己的人嗎？）
The house which we bought last year is located beside a lake.
（我們?nèi)ツ曩I的房子座落在湖邊）
I met your uncle who has a red car.（我遇見(jiàn)了你的有紅色汽車的叔叔）
Do you know the author who wrote this novel?（你知道寫(xiě)這本書(shū)的作者嗎？）
I have been to the house where Charles Dickens lived.
（我曾去過(guò)狄更司住過(guò)的房子）
I don't remember the year when the Second World War broke out.
（我不記得二次世界大戰(zhàn)哪一年爆發(fā)的）
Let me know the date when you got married.（讓我知道你是哪一天結(jié)婚的）
I bought the car which Michael Johnson drove.（我下了麥克強(qiáng)森開(kāi)的車子）
The storm which hit India last week is very strong.
（上周襲擊印度的暴風(fēng)雨是很強(qiáng)烈的）
I thank all of you who helped me.（我要謝謝所有幫助過(guò)我的人）
The girl whom you met last night works in a library.
（你昨晚碰到的女孩子在一個(gè)圖書(shū)館里工作）
The students whom you taught like you very much.（那些你教過(guò)的學(xué)生很喜歡你）
I like the professor who taught me English.（我喜歡那位教我英文的老師）
In this country, there are a lot of students who go to school by bus.
（這個(gè)國(guó)家有很多學(xué)生搭乘公交車上學(xué)）
Have you heard about the murder case that occurred last night?
（你有沒(méi)有聽(tīng)到有關(guān)昨天晚上發(fā)生的謀殺案？）
Those who love others will be loved by others.（愛(ài)人者人恒愛(ài)之）
He is a person whom everyone is talking about these days.（他是大家最近在討論的人）
The party which I went to is interesting.（我去參加的宴會(huì)很有趣）
The professor whom I spoke to is very friendly.（這位我和他談話的教授很和善）
Russia, which this island belongs to, is a big country.
（這個(gè)島嶼屬于俄國(guó)，俄國(guó)是一個(gè)大的國(guó)家）
　　請(qǐng)注意以上最后的四個(gè)句子，它們有一個(gè)共同的特性，那就是子句的最后一個(gè)字是一個(gè)介系詞（preposition），我們先看第一個(gè)句子：
He is a person whom everyone is talking about these days.
這一句話可以分成兩個(gè)句子來(lái)講
He is a person.
Everyone is talking about him these days.
因此我們將這兩句話合并而成為
He is a person whom everyone is talking about these days.
在正式的英文中，我們必須說(shuō)：
He is a person about whom everyone is talking these days.
再看下一句：
The party Which I went to is interesting.
這句話也可以分成兩句來(lái)講：
The party is interesting.
I went to the party.
因此我們將兩個(gè)句子合并為一個(gè)句子：
The party which I went to is interesting.
正式的講法應(yīng)該是
The party to which I went is interesting.
同理，在正式英文中，其它二個(gè)名詞子句中的介系詞，也應(yīng)該放到前面去：
The professor to whom I spoke is very friendly.
Russia, to which this island belongs, is a big country.
我們還有一點(diǎn)必須在此指出，請(qǐng)看以下錯(cuò)誤的句子：
＊I like the book which you gave it to me.
　以上句子中的it是多余的，因?yàn)間ave的受詞是which，不需要加it。
　以下的句子都是錯(cuò)的：
＊He is the person whom everyone loves him.
＊He is not the person whom you saw him.
【練習(xí)五十三】
將以下句子譯成英文：（用形容詞子句）
1. 我見(jiàn)到那位開(kāi)快車的孩子。
2. 我們?cè)谟懻撃切┯袉?wèn)題的學(xué)生。
3. 每天游泳的人一定很強(qiáng)壯。
4. 開(kāi)車送我去火車站的人是我的學(xué)生。
5. 你所看到的女孩子是我的妹妹。
6. 我喜歡你所寫(xiě)的詩(shī)。
7. 你們談到的那位教授是我的哥哥。
8. 你們所聽(tīng)到的音樂(lè)是藍(lán)調(diào)韻律（R & B）。
9. 我喜歡那些有圖畫(huà)的書(shū)。
10. 我不知道林肯在哪一個(gè)城市出生的。
11. 我很喜歡你送我的CD。
12. 我昨晚看的電影很無(wú)聊（boring）。
【練習(xí)五十四】
改錯(cuò)：
1.＊I saw the man who you talked about.
2.＊He is not the man who we met.
3.＊Those cry very often are usually not liked.
4.＊I like to talk to people which are friendly.
5.＊I enjoy reading the book which you gave it to me.
6.＊Do you know the person which every one knows?
7.＊Peter is a good singer practices singing everyday.
8.＊Do you know Peter who we talked about?
9.＊Did you see the person who I spoke to?
10.＊I have seen the person whom we talked about him.
【練習(xí)五十五】
將代名詞如when, where, which等填入空格：
1. He is the man            is very good in English.
2. I don't know the person            you talked to.
3. This is not the house            the president lives.
4. I do not like any one            cries frequently.
5. Did you read the book            you bought last month?
6. Do you know the year            the Second World War ended?
7. Do you know that student            I taught?
8. I have no idea about the person            you are talking about.
9. Do you know            he is talking about?
10. Do you know            dress it is?

第十二章 冠詞（Articles）
假設(shè)我們要翻譯以下的中文句子：
他是聰明的孩子
也許我們會(huì)將以上的句子翻譯成以下的句子：
He is clever baby.
　　這種翻譯是錯(cuò)的，boy的前面，必須有一個(gè)冠詞，英文冠詞只有兩個(gè)：a和the，在這個(gè)例子，我們應(yīng)該加a，因此正確的翻譯是：
He is a clever boy.
我們現(xiàn)在再看以下的中文句子：
他是昨天來(lái)看我的孩子。
以下的翻譯是錯(cuò)的：
He is boy who came to see me yesterday.
為什么錯(cuò)呢？仍然是在于boy前面沒(méi)有冠詞，這次我們必須加the，正確的翻譯是：
He is the boy who came to see me yesterday.
一般來(lái)說(shuō)，英文句子的單數(shù)名詞前面都會(huì)有冠詞，沒(méi)有冠詞是例外，以下的句子都是錯(cuò)的：
He saw cat.
Swimming is good exercise.
Java is computer language.
King of England died last night.
He is professor who taught me English.
正確的句子是：
He saw a cat.
Swimming is a good exercise.
Java is a computer language.
The King of England died last night.
He is the professor who taught me English.
我們知道大多數(shù)的名詞前面要加冠詞，但究竟要加a，還是the呢？我們?cè)谙乱还?jié)討論。
12§1 a和the之不同用法
a和the最大的不同，在于a后面的名詞不是指定的，而the后面的名詞是有所指的。我們不妨看以下的兩個(gè)句子，他們都是正確的，但意義卻不同。
John is a boy.
John is the boy.
?John is a boy.?的意思是?約翰是一個(gè)男孩?，而?John is the boy.?的意思就完不同了，我們一定曾經(jīng)提到過(guò)某一個(gè)男孩子，而約翰就是那個(gè)男孩子�？赡艿那樾问牵篢here is a boy who is very good in mathematics. John is the boy.
我們就以?國(guó)王?為例，如果我們泛指一般的國(guó)王，我們可以用復(fù)數(shù)，也可以用單數(shù)，但必須用a，以下是一些例子：
Kings are also human beings.
Even a king will die sooner or later.
Have you ever met a king ?
I do not like to be a king.
He is an ordinary person, not a king.
如果我們的國(guó)王是指某一個(gè)特定的國(guó)王，就必須用the，舉一個(gè)例子；如果我們說(shuō)?國(guó)王萬(wàn)歲?，我們當(dāng)然是指我們的國(guó)王，因此?國(guó)王萬(wàn)歲?的翻譯就是
Long live the King.
以下的例子都是正確
Here comes the King.
The King is a popular person in our country.
Even the King of England can not come in.
讀者應(yīng)該了解，同類型的句子，可以用a，也可以用the，但意義是完全不同的，請(qǐng)看以下的句子：
He is not a boy who would cheat others.
意思是：
他不是那種會(huì)欺騙別人的男孩子。
再看以下的句子：
He is not the boy who cheated in an examination yesterday.
他不是昨天在考試中舞弊的男孩。
再看以下的句子：
He is a King.
意思是?他是一個(gè)國(guó)王?。
如果說(shuō)
He is the King.
意思就完全不同了，這句話的意思是?他是我們國(guó)家的國(guó)王?。
請(qǐng)注意，世界上國(guó)王有好多個(gè)，如果我們僅僅說(shuō)他是一個(gè)國(guó)王，當(dāng)然沒(méi)有指定哪一個(gè)國(guó)家的國(guó)王，就用a king，如果我們用the King意思當(dāng)然指我們共識(shí)中的國(guó)王。這時(shí)的King中的K必須大寫(xiě)，以示尊敬。
我們?cè)倥e一個(gè)例子：
Please open a window.
是指請(qǐng)開(kāi)一扇窗子，隨便哪一扇都可以。
Please open the window.
就不同了，說(shuō)這句話的人和聽(tīng)這句話的人一定有一個(gè)共識(shí)，?the window?一定是指某一扇特定的窗子，也許這間房子里只有一扇窗，也可能他們談話中曾經(jīng)提到某一扇窗，?the window?就是指那一扇窗。
　我們可以再舉一個(gè)例，假如我們說(shuō)，?我們需要一場(chǎng)大雨?，我們說(shuō)
We need a heavy rain
如果我們說(shuō)，?這場(chǎng)雨好大?，我們說(shuō)
The rain is really heavy.
有了這個(gè)基本觀念以后，我們就很容易了解以下句子中，為什么要用the：
I am going to the train station.
The post office is quite near.
Where is the library?
根據(jù)這種原則，當(dāng)我們提到地球，月亮這種獨(dú)一無(wú)二的東西，就必須用the。
the earth
the sun
the moon
the universe
　除此以外，the還有一個(gè)特殊的用途，我們可以在the的后面加一個(gè)形容詞，使這兩個(gè)字變成了一個(gè)名詞，舉例來(lái)說(shuō)：
the rich＝富人
the poor＝窮人
the weak＝弱者
the deaf＝聾人
the blind＝盲人
請(qǐng)注意，以上的名詞是復(fù)數(shù)：
The rich always get richer.
The poor are getting poorer.
The blind are often very sensitive to sounds.
以下是一些用a和the的例子，讀者應(yīng)設(shè)法了解句子中為何有時(shí)用a，有時(shí)用the。
He is a student.
He is the student who can swim very well.
I like to be a teacher.
He is the teacher who taught me English.
The president of the United States in an important person in the world.
I have a son and a daughter.
I have two sons. This is the son who will be a doctor.
I want to be a teacher who is loved by students.
He is not the person whom we talked about.
There is a boat in the river.
This is the boat which we can use.
The rain is going to stop tomorrow.
We need a good rain.
The weather is really bad.
Is there a train station near us?
Where is the station?
Do you know where the post office is?
There is a post office inside that building.
The library looks so good.
The rich should pay more taxes.
We should pay more attentions to the poor.
The blind can also study computer science now.
The earth is round.
The sun never sets in the British Empire.
Do you think we can reach the moon?
How large is the universe?
練習(xí)【練習(xí)五十六】
將下列中文句子譯成英文：
他是一個(gè)好學(xué)生。
他是那位老師都喜歡的學(xué)生。
我要做總統(tǒng)。
這是總統(tǒng)。
請(qǐng)打開(kāi)一扇窗。
中華民國(guó)的總統(tǒng)將于明年訪問(wèn)美國(guó)。
我要做一個(gè)好的工程師。
他是那位我們常常談到的老師。
Java是一個(gè)新的計(jì)算器語(yǔ)言。
我有一只狗。
他是獲大獎(jiǎng)的教授。
火車站在哪里？
請(qǐng)告訴我郵局的地址。
這里有郵局嗎？
富人常住在城里。
盲人可以用計(jì)算機(jī)。
太陽(yáng)在東邊升起。
宇宙是非常大的。
為什么我們白天不能看到月亮？
總統(tǒng)幾歲？
【練習(xí)五十七】
將適當(dāng)?shù)墓谠~填入下列的空白：
1. He is          student who went to see you.
2. There is          river in this area.
3. I don't want to be          teacher.
4. He wants to become          doctor.
5. No one wants to be          beggar.
6. Please open          door which opens to the hall.
7. UNIX is          computer operating system.
8. WINDOW is          only operating system invested by Microsoft.
9. I have          dog and two cats.
10. She is          teacher who got many prizes.
11.          earth is not flat.
12. Is there          hotel around here?
13. Where is          train station.
14. I really like          library.
15. Please give me          glass of water.
16.          wind is getting stronger and stronger.
17. He is          friend of mine.
18. It is hard for          poor to go to colleges.
19. He is          swimmer who swam across the English Channel.
20.          weather is getting colder and colder.
21. This is          book which I bought yesterday.
22. I don't like to be          professor.
23. I am going to take          vacation next month.
24. John will become          basketball player.
25. I ride          bicycle to work every morning.
12§2 a和an的用法
在英文里，a有時(shí)必須用an代替，凡是一個(gè)字一開(kāi)始的發(fā)音是元音的話，那么前面就不能用a，而必須用an。例子：
an apple
an answer
an egg
an eye
an island
an idea
an old lady
an odd case
an umbrella
請(qǐng)注意，用an與否并不是完全和字母有關(guān)，而是和發(fā)音有關(guān)。舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，u雖然是一個(gè)元音字母，但是我們卻說(shuō)a unit，而不能用＊an unit，因?yàn)閡nit的一開(kāi)始發(fā)音并非元音。
其它類似的例子有：
a useful car
a university
a uniform
a one-sided opinion
反過(guò)來(lái)說(shuō)，有些字并不以元音開(kāi)始，但是卻必須用an，因?yàn)檫@些字的第一音節(jié)是元音發(fā)音，例子：
an honest person
an hour
【練習(xí)五十八】
填入a或an
1. He is          English Professor.
2. This is          easy job.
3. He is just          ordinary person.
4.          friend in need is           friend indeed.
5. Give me          hint.
6. I have          American friend.
7. I will become         engineer.
8. Is he          honest boy?
9.          hour later, he went away.
10. Is this          university library?
12§3 冠詞使用時(shí)的例外
在以上的兩節(jié)，我們好像說(shuō)冠詞的使用是有一定規(guī)則的，其實(shí)不然，例外也不少。在很多情形之下，冠詞是要省略的，更麻煩的是，連省略冠詞的規(guī)則都有例外，應(yīng)該省的卻又不省了。
　第一個(gè)有關(guān)冠詞的特殊用法是這樣的，假設(shè)我們要說(shuō)?男生通常不喜歡彈鋼琴?，我們不能說(shuō)
Boy does not like to play the piano.
而要說(shuō)
Boys do not like to play the piano.
這時(shí)，Boys的前面，是沒(méi)有冠詞的，理由很簡(jiǎn)單，我們不能加a，因?yàn)閎oys是復(fù)數(shù)，我們也不能加the，因?yàn)閎oys并沒(méi)有指定哪一個(gè)男孩，也沒(méi)有指定哪一種男孩。類似的例子有：
Girls are more diligent than boys.
When spring comes, flowers start to bloom.
Dogs are often close to their masters.
Cats are often quite lazy.
Men eat more than women.
Professors are all very smart.
第二個(gè)規(guī)則有關(guān)所謂不可數(shù)名詞，很多名詞是可以數(shù)的如：
a cup, two cups
a boy, three boys
a teacher
a student
a boat
an airplane
a glass of water
a cup of tea
可是很多名詞是不可數(shù)的，以下這些名詞都是抽象的，因此不可數(shù)
time
love
hatred
pain
joy
sadness
kindness
wisdom
hope
patience
這些抽象名詞的前面是不要加冠詞的，例子如下：
Time flies.（時(shí)間過(guò)得很快）
We can not live without love.
Let there be no hatred.
We must be able to endure pain.
Loving others creates joy.
There is sadness in his voice.
Can you feel his kindness?
He has wisdom.
There is hope among us.
I am losing patience.
以上的例子，乃是泛指的事物，如果特定的抽象名詞，仍要加冠詞。例如：
This is the time to cry.
Do you feel the pain?
There is a hatred towards was in our society.
Everyone can feel the joy of being loved.
We just can not avoid the sadness of losing some loved ones.
He does have the patience to listen to long talks.
It is a virtue not to steal.
還有一些不可數(shù)的名詞，是所謂的物質(zhì)名詞，像
water
fire
air
metal
tea
coffee
bread
butter
如果這些物質(zhì)名詞泛指一般的東西，前面是不要加冠詞的，例如
Drinking water is important.
Don't play with fire.
We need air to breath.
There is metal in this device.
I don't drink tea.
I like coffee.
Father brings bread and butter home every day.
一旦物質(zhì)名詞指特定的東西，前面就要加冠詞，例如：
The water in this city is polluted.
There was a fire near our home last night.
The air in this town is getting worse and worse.
Copper is a metal.
The tea from India is very popular in England.
專有名詞，一般說(shuō)來(lái)都不要加冠詞的：
Mary is from Canada.
John got married last month.
Taiwan is an island.
England is in Europe.
France is a nice country to visit.
Russia is a large country.
Park Street is the main street in this city.
Go to Taipei first.
Sun Moon Lake is a beautiful lake.
January is often very cold here.
Sunday is a day for resting.
Spring is the best season.
Mt. Everest is in Europe.
President Kennedy died when he was young.
King George was considered a mad king.
Queen Elizabeth visited Australia recently.
可惜的是，英文中專有名詞仍有要加the的，我們將試著將這些例外寫(xiě)成規(guī)則，但這種規(guī)則一定掛一漏萬(wàn)，讀者如要知道何種情況要加冠詞，何種情況不加冠詞，惟一的辦法是多讀英文的文章，慢慢地就會(huì)了解什么情形該用冠詞，什么情形不用冠詞。
哪些專門(mén)名詞前面仍要加冠詞the呢？
(1) 河流，海洋，沙漠，海峽，海灣等等專有名詞的前面都要加the。
the Hudson River （赫德森河）
the Rhine River （萊茵河）
the Yellow River （黃河）
the River Thames （泰唔士河）
the Amazon River （亞馬孫河）
the Pacific Ocean （太平洋）
the Red Sea （紅海）
the Mediterranean Sea （地中海）
the Baltic Sea （波羅的海）
the Atlantic Ocean （大西洋）
the Sahara Desert （撒哈拉大沙漠）
the Gobi Desert （戈壁大沙漠）
the Taiwan Straits （臺(tái)灣海峽）
the English Channel （英吉利海峽）
the Manila Bay （馬尼拉海灣）
the Bay of Tokyo （東京灣）
the Persian Gulf （波斯灣）
(2) 國(guó)家的名詞中如有of時(shí)，要加the
the United States of America
the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
the Republic of China
(3) 非常言式的名稱，也要加the
the World Bank （世界銀行）
the United Nations （聯(lián)合國(guó)）
the Red Cross （紅十字會(huì)）
the Catholic Church （天主教會(huì)）
(4) 帝國(guó)，朝代，時(shí)代等等專有名詞的前面，要加the
the British Empire （大英帝國(guó)）
the Ｏttoman Empire （奧圖門(mén)帝國(guó)）
the United Kingdom （聯(lián)合王國(guó)）
the Byzantine Era （拜占庭時(shí)代）
the Chin Dynasty （秦朝）
the Victoria Era （維多利亞時(shí)代）
the Hanover Dynasty （漢諾威王朝）
The Renaissance Era （文藝復(fù)興時(shí)代）
the Dark Ages （黑暗時(shí)代）
(5) 如果提到?全體?，就要加the
the Wangs （王家）
the Kennedys （肯尼迪家族）
請(qǐng)注意，Wang和Kennedy都是姓，如果要指全家人，必須在姓氏的后面加s，前面加the。
the Chinese （中國(guó)人）
the Americans （美國(guó)人）
the Africans （非洲人）
我們說(shuō)過(guò)，一般的專有名詞是不要加冠詞的，但是有很多其它的名詞前面也不要加冠詞，以下是一些規(guī)則：
學(xué)科一概不加冠詞
I do not like mathematics.
He hates geometry.
She teaches us history.
三餐一概不加冠詞
Did you have lunch.
Missing breakfast is bad for your health.
We have had dinner already.
千萬(wàn)記住，如果我們的名詞指定某一個(gè)特定的時(shí)候，就仍要加冠詞，以下是一些例子：
I had a happy Christmas lunch with my family.
The dinner you treated me last night was really good.
Did you have a big breakfast?
假如我們說(shuō)?上學(xué)?，?去教堂?等等，都不要加冠詞，例如
I went to church yesterday.
He goes to church every Sunday.
She is going to college this summer.
Did you go to school last week?
但是如果我們說(shuō)的是指定的教堂，學(xué)校等等，仍要加冠詞，例如：
I went to the church at the corner of Park Street yesterday.
The church which I went to when I was young is still there.
I did not go to the college which my father went to.
語(yǔ)言不要加冠詞
English is easy to learn.
There are also grammatical rules in Chinese.
Can you speech Japanese?
　但是，我們必須注意語(yǔ)言有另一種表示的方法，例如：
The English language is easy to learn.
There are grammatical rules in the Chinese language.
運(yùn)動(dòng)一概前面不加冠詞
Do you play tennis?
I can not play basketball.
I really love soccer.
動(dòng)名詞前面不加冠詞，例如
Swimming is good for you.
I like playing tennis.
Do you enjoy playing piano?
【練習(xí)五十九】
以下的句子都有冠詞用法的錯(cuò)誤，請(qǐng)改正這些錯(cuò)誤：
The Girls are often good in learning languages.
The dogs always chase the cats.
Do you have the time?
I have not had a water for two hours.
There is no life without the pain.
The love is the most important thing in one's life.
He has the wisdom.
I am losing the patience.
This is not time to cry.
Pain due to losing a loved one is hard to endure.
Joy being a father is really great.
Being honest is virtue.
Speaking the truth is good policy.
Can you feel sadness of his?
We need the air to live.
I do not drink the coffee. I drink the tea.
We Chinese eat the rice every day.
Water in this area is very clean.
There was fire in the next street last night.
Fire last night killed three kids.
Coffee which you are drinking is from South America.
Mary is from the Canada.
The China is a large country.
Republic of China was Founded in 1911.
Where is the England?
Is the Russian in Europe.
The President Lincoln is a great person.
The King George was a mad king.
Yellow River is a long river.
Have you been to Gobi Desert?
Manila Bay is very beautiful.
It is hard to cross Atlantic Ocean by a small boat.
Can you swim across English Channel?
United States of America is a large country.
United Nations and Red Cross often work together.
When did Ottoman Empire end?
British Empire was large before.
Catholic Church is one of the oldest organizations in the world.
This cup was made in Ming Dynasty.
Renaissance is a very important era for mankind.
We should not go back to Dark Ages.
Wangs did not invite me to their house.
I do not like Kennedys.
Chinese pay great attention to education.
I do not like the physics.
Are you interested in the chemistry?
Did you have the lunch?
Let us have the dinner together.
I always have a breakfast with my family.
I had big dinner last night.
Dinner my mother cooked for me was delicious.
I go to the church every Sunday.
He does not like to go to the school.
Did you see beautiful church in the next street?
The English is so hard for me.
Do you speak the English?
Do you play the tennis?
The swimming is good for you.
I like the walking in the woods.
I practice the baseball every week.
【練習(xí)六十】
在以下的空白處加入冠詞，如不需要冠詞，就讓它空白：
1.          boys usually do not like to sit still for long.
2. I love to have          cup of coffee.
3. There is          love between us.
4. Can you feel          love from you mother?
5.          joy for having a new baby is really great.
6. Do you have          time for a walk?
7. We can not live without          love.
8. I have not drunk          wine for a long time.
9. Do you have          wisdom to distinguish bad persons from good persons?
10. This is          good dinner.
11. I did not have          dinner.
12.          joy being          mother is great.
13.          Running is          good practice.
14.          sadness due to the death of his mother really hurts him.
15. We need          water to live.
16. We can not live without          air.
17. I do not drink          coffee.
18.          fire with occurred last night destroyed my house.
19.          coffee which you are drinking is very light.
20.          Republic of China is in Asia.
21. Where is          Russia?
22. Is          France in Africa?
23.          President Kennedy was liked by most American before be died.
24.          Amazon River is a long one.
25. Have you ever been to          Tokyo?
26. Have you ever been to          Tokyo Bay?
27. There are more than one hundred countries in          United Nations.
28. This is          Ming Dynasty porcalain.
29.          Wangs invited us to a dinner party.
30. I do not like          mathematics.
31.          spring is a pleasant season.
32. I had          pleasant evening with my friends.
33.          breakfast which I had this morning was too light for me.
34. It is not easy to study          English.
35. I did play          basketball yesterday.
36.          swimming is a good exercise.
37. There should be          chicken in every pot.
38. It is          good idea to eat lightly.
【練習(xí)六十一】
將以下的句子譯成成英文：
狗會(huì)叫（bark）。
貓會(huì)抓老鼠。
有時(shí)候（sometimes），痛苦是好的。
我不喝茶。
感覺(jué)到被愛(ài)是很重要的。
說(shuō)實(shí)話令人快樂(lè)。
我們需要愛(ài)。
他是一個(gè)中國(guó)人。
中國(guó)人喜歡喝茶。
昨夜，城里有一場(chǎng)火。
約翰來(lái)自美國(guó)。
法國(guó)在哪里？
我喜歡林肯總統(tǒng)。
黃河不是黃的。
紅十字會(huì)已經(jīng)有一百年了（one hundred years old）。
明朝是一個(gè)重要的朝代。
你喜愛(ài)數(shù)學(xué)嗎？
我今天早上沒(méi)有吃早飯。
我已吃過(guò)午飯。
我昨天沒(méi)有去教堂。
我今年秋天要上大學(xué)。
游泳使我強(qiáng)壯。

第十三章 形容詞的比較級(jí)
如果我們要翻譯?他比較老?，我們不能說(shuō)
＊ He is more old.
而一定要說(shuō)
He is older.
為什么呢？這是因?yàn)橛⑽睦锩娴男稳菰~有所謂的比較級(jí)規(guī)則。在下一節(jié)，我們講一些最基本的規(guī)則。
13§1 最基本的規(guī)則
首先，我們要說(shuō)明英文形容詞有三個(gè)等級(jí)：原級(jí)、比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)，最基本的規(guī)則是根據(jù)音節(jié)的多少來(lái)分的。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，單音節(jié)的形容詞在字后面加er，就變成了比較級(jí)，加est就變成了最高級(jí)，而雙音節(jié)，或雙音節(jié)以上的形容詞，比較級(jí)是在字前面加more，最高級(jí)則是在字前面加most，舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，old, smart, strong, weak, high, low等等都是單音節(jié)的形容詞，他們的變化如下：
有一個(gè)規(guī)則必須注意，我們不能將more和er混在一齊用，以下的例子都是錯(cuò)的：
He is more older than I.
He is more taller than his brother.
正確的句子是：
He is older than I.
He is taller than his brother.
【練習(xí)六十二】
寫(xiě)出以下形容詞的比較級(jí)：
small
slow
intelligent
expensive
tall
short
important
cheap
famous
cold
fast
careful
colorful
long
dark
bright
13§2 特殊的比較級(jí)規(guī)則
在上一節(jié)，我們說(shuō)明了最基本的規(guī)則，那就是單音節(jié)形容詞加er或est，雙音節(jié)的形容詞前面加more或most。但以下就是這些基本規(guī)則的例外。
單音節(jié)形容詞的字是e，就直接加r或st：
原級(jí)
比較級(jí)
最高級(jí)
large
larger
largest
late
later
latest
nice
nicer
nicest
wise
wiser
wisest
形容詞的字尾是y，而前一個(gè)子母是一個(gè)子音，則除掉y，加上ier，或iest：
原級(jí)
比較級(jí)
最高級(jí)
lucky
luckier
luckiest
happ
happier
happiest
pretty
prettier
prettiest
dry
drier
driest
easy
easier
easiest
單音節(jié)形容詞的字尾是子音，前一音是一個(gè)元音，則字尾必須重復(fù)一次，再加er或est：
原級(jí)
比較級(jí)
最高級(jí)
fat
fatter
fattest
hot
hotter
hottest
wet
wetter
wettest
big
bigger
biggest
完全不規(guī)則的變化：
英文中，有幾個(gè)特殊的字，他們的比較級(jí)完全沒(méi)有規(guī)則，以下是一些例子，讀者必須記住：
原級(jí)
比較級(jí)
最高級(jí)
good
well
better
best
bad
worse
worst
many
much
more
most
【練習(xí)六十三】
寫(xiě)下以下形容詞的比較級(jí)：
cute
wide
early
happy
heavy
thin
easy
hot
wise
large
good
bad
many
13§3 比較形的用法
大多數(shù)比較級(jí)句子里會(huì)有than，以下是一些例子：
I am older than he.
His English is better than mine.
San Francisco is more beautiful than New York.
His car is cheaper than your car.
He is the most diligent student in his class.
I like apples more than oranges.
He has more money than his brother.
He is stronger than his brother.
必須注意的是以下的句子是錯(cuò)的：
I am older than him.
She is smarter than me.
為什么錯(cuò)了呢？因?yàn)樵瓉?lái)句子應(yīng)該是：
I am older than he (is).
She is more smart than I (am).
習(xí)慣上的is和am都省略掉的，由以上的解釋可以看出，than后面的句詞應(yīng)該是主詞，而非受詞。
以下的錯(cuò)誤，也請(qǐng)?zhí)貏e注意：
My head is larger than your.
正確的句子是：
My head is larger than your head.
或者       My head is larger than yours.
請(qǐng)看以下幾個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的句子：
My house is larger than your.
The temperature of this city is higher than San Francisco.
The height of Himalayas is greater than Mt. Fuji.
My bicycle is older than his.
正確的句子應(yīng)該是：
My house is larger than your house.或者        My house is larger than yours.
The temperature of this city is higher than the temperature of San Francisco.
或者        The Temperature of this city is higher than that of San Francisco.
The height of Himalayas is greater than the height of Mt. Fuji.
或者        The height of Himalayas is greater than that of Mt. Fuji.
請(qǐng)注意以下的例子，句子中沒(méi)有than，但仍有比較級(jí)：
Among all the teachers who have taught me, he is the best.
This is the best movie I have ever seen.
This food is the worst one which I have ever eaten.
John is the stronger one.
Do we have a better choice?
Mary is the more diligent one.
He is the older of the two.
He is one of the best movie actors.
This area is one of the hottest areas in the world.
He is one of the fastest swimmers of America.
This is a book which I like most.
【練習(xí)六十四】
改錯(cuò)：
＊He is more old than I.
＊She is younger than me.
＊This university is more larger than that university.
＊He is more older than my brother.
＊His house is older than my.
＊The size of this city is larger than San Francisco.
＊She is taller than him.
＊The height of this boy is greater than his brother.
＊He is the most good student in my class.
＊He is the more bad one.
【練習(xí)六十五】
將下列句子譯成英文句子：
你比他強(qiáng)壯。
他的英文比我的好。
他比他的弟弟更富有。
他是世界上最富有的人。
這支筆比你的貴得多。
喜馬拉雅山是世界上最高的山。
亞馬孫河是世界上最長(zhǎng)的河。
他比他的爸爸高。
他是班上最好的學(xué)生。
在我遇到的人中，他是最高的。
【練習(xí)六十六】
填充：
1. He is          （old）than John.
2. This problem is one of the          （difficult）problems that I have ever seen.
3. This is one of the          （good）movies that I have ever seen.
4. Do we have a          （good）choice?
5. This place is          （hot）than San Francisco.
6. He is          （famous）than his sister.
7. She is getting          （bad）now.
8. He is feeling          （well）now.
9. He has          （much）money than his father.
10. Mary is one of          （beautiful）student in her class.
11. He is          （happy）than before.
12. Peter is getting          （thin）.
13. This summer is          （hot）than last summer.
14. You have a          （bright）future now.
15. He has          （many）students than I.
16. I feel much          （well）now.
17. Ｈe is          （careful）than you.
18. Time is          （important）than money.

第十四章 總復(fù)習(xí)的例子
這一章，我們將給很多簡(jiǎn)短的文章，每一段文章的后面，我們都會(huì)有詳細(xì)的解釋，相信這些解釋將有助于讀者對(duì)于文法的了解。
（１）
Dear Mother:
I arrived at th Taipei Train Station around one o'clock in the afternoon yesterday. My friend, Mr. Chen, greeted me in the station. We took a taxi to go directly to the university and checked into the dormitory. The dormitory is a very old one. I will live with three other boys and I met two of them already. Both of them are from Taichung and they are both quite friendly.
We went to the dormitory cafeteria for dinner. The food is not that good. Dear Mother, I miss you and especially the food you cooked for me.
Your son
這封信很簡(jiǎn)單，所敘述的事情不是用簡(jiǎn)單的現(xiàn)在式，就是簡(jiǎn)單的過(guò)去式，當(dāng)然也有一次用了未來(lái)式。
絕大多數(shù)的句子都用了簡(jiǎn)單的過(guò)去式，因?yàn)檫@些句子都是敘述過(guò)去所發(fā)生的事，用現(xiàn)在式的有以下幾句：
The dormitory is a very old one.
Both of them are from Taichung.
The food is not that good.
I miss you and the food you cooked for me.
為什么這幾句話要用現(xiàn)在式呢？道理很簡(jiǎn)單，這幾句話描寫(xiě)的是一些狀態(tài)，而并非過(guò)去發(fā)生的事。
?The dormitory is a very old one.?
?Both of them are from Taichung.?
?The food is not that good.?
?I miss you and the food you cooked for me.?
等四個(gè)句子都是目前存在的事實(shí)，所以要用現(xiàn)在式。
現(xiàn)在我們不妨看一下冠詞的情形，我們可以看到很多地方都用了the，如：
the Taipei Train Station
the afternoon
the station
the university
the dormitory cafetervia
the dormitory
the food
the food you cooked for me
各位讀者一定可以注意到在the后面的名詞都有所指，舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，the university指那所作者要去念的大學(xué)，他的媽媽知道他所說(shuō)的是那一所大學(xué)。The dormitory指那間他已搬進(jìn)去住的宿舍。凡是有所指的名詞前面，原則上都應(yīng)該加the。
哪里用了?a?呢？注意，我們用了兩次
a taxi
a very old one
讀者應(yīng)該不難看出為什么這里我們不能用the，而一定要用a。
（２）
Mary: "Hello, this is Mary. Who is calling?"
John: "Hi, this is John. How are you?"
Mary: "I am doing fine. In fact, I am studying for the final examination now."
John: "Oh, I am sorry. When will the exam be over?"
Mary: "This Friday."
John: "Then, can we have dinner Friday evening?"
Mary: "OK, where are we going to eat?"
John: "How about the Chinese restaurant called Four Seasons?"
Mary: "That is all right with me. When do we meet?"
John: "How about six o'clock?"
Mary: "That's it. See you Friday evening at 6 o'clock at the Four Seasons."
這一篇短文主要的目的在于介紹所謂現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式。
Who is calling.
I am doing fine.
I am studying for the final examination now.
都是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式，事實(shí)上，也必須用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式。
（３）
     I have been interested in music ever since I was a small child. When I was seven years old, my mother gave me a violin as a birthday present. I have been taking violin lessons ever since.
   I am so much interested in music that I finally decided to go to music school. This was a hard decision for me. I consulted with my parents. Both of them encouraged me to go ahead.
  Yesterday, I was accepted by one of the best music schools in Taiwan. I am really happy about this.
這一段話中，我們開(kāi)始用現(xiàn)在完成式，比方說(shuō)第一句話就是
I have been interested in music ever since I was a small child.
為什么要用現(xiàn)在完成式呢？道理很簡(jiǎn)單，這句話里面有有?ever since?這個(gè)詞，凡是有了這個(gè)詞句，我們就一定要用現(xiàn)在完成式了。
另外一句用了現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式的句子是：
I have been taking violin lessons ever since.
讀者不妨去看看第四章，就知道為什么這里要用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式了。凡是?自從?某某日開(kāi)始，而就一直在做的事情，就應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成式，或者現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式。
這一段文章里面，我們還用了被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣。
I was accepted by one of the best music schools in Taiwan.
各位讀者不妨注意，這被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣的用法是很正當(dāng)而且適宜的，如用主動(dòng)這句話變成了
One of the best music schools accepted me.
這樣反而并不太能表達(dá)原意。
（４）
     Before I got into college, I had been to the United States and lived there for one year. This is why I could speak English better than average students.
     As I studied as a college student, Hitler was secretly preparing for the Second World War. The war erupted finally when I was a senior. I was forced to quit school and was drafted into the army. I luckily survived the war and came back to resume my studying after the war was over. Since I had gone to the war, I was more mature than most of the other students.     Even now, I can still remember my days as a college student as well as a soldier.
這篇文章介紹了如何使用過(guò)去完成式，第一句話就用了過(guò)去完成式，因?yàn)橛袃杉�事，一件�?進(jìn)大學(xué)?，另一件是?去過(guò)美國(guó)?，由于在進(jìn)大學(xué)以前去美國(guó)，所以?去美國(guó)?就用了過(guò)去完成式。
請(qǐng)注意第二段的第一句：
     As I studied as a college student, Hitler was secretly preparing for the Second World War.
這一次，我們用了過(guò)去進(jìn)行式，因?yàn)橛袃杉�事�?在學(xué)校念書(shū)?是一件事，?希特勒在準(zhǔn)備發(fā)動(dòng)第二次世界大戰(zhàn)?是另一件事，其中有一件可以用過(guò)去完成式。
同理，在第二段話的最后一句話中，?曾經(jīng)去打過(guò)仗?用了過(guò)去完成式。
這段文章中，有一句話用了被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣，讀者不妨看這句話?I was forced to quit school.?，其實(shí)我們?cè)谶@種情形之下，我們必須用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣，當(dāng)然也可以用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣，不過(guò)那并不太自然。
也請(qǐng)讀者注意這段文章的最后一句話仍一定要用現(xiàn)在式。
（５）
     I have been interested in reading novels for a long time. Among all of the novels that I have read, I like detective novels the most. Among all detective novels, I especially like those written by Agatha Christe.
     Last year, I started reading another kind of novels, namely science fictions. I found out that some science fiction writers are quite philosophical. Unfortunately, there are not too many of them.
     I always have a dream that one day I will be good in writing novels. Do you think that my dreams may come true?
這段文章中，我們介紹了動(dòng)名詞的用法，第一句話的reading就是動(dòng)名詞，除此以外，我們還有兩處用了動(dòng)名詞：started reading和good in writing。
讀者也應(yīng)該了解為什么第一句話要用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式，在第二句話里面，當(dāng)我們形容novels，我們也用了現(xiàn)在完成式。
請(qǐng)讀者注意第一段的最后一句話，those written by Agatha Christe。在這里，written是一個(gè)過(guò)去分詞用作了形容詞，形容novels，我們也可以說(shuō)those which were written by Agatha Christe.
順便講一下，Agatha Christe是一位非常著名的偵探小說(shuō)作者。
也請(qǐng)大家注意，我們只能說(shuō)interested in reading，而不能說(shuō)interesting in reading。
（６）
     Tomorrow, there will be a dancing party in our university. Since we are freshmen and most of us have never been to a large dancing party, we are naturally very much excited. I must say that I am not that excited. Although dancing is interesting, I often think that the music is too loud. Besides, as a bystander, I often find the way that the young people dance these days is so funny. When they dance, they often remind me of monkeys.
     Well, I must admit that playing basketball is more interesting to me. But, unfortunately, I cannot play basketball tomorrow because the courts will be used for the dancing party.
這一段話主要的目的是介紹現(xiàn)分詞和過(guò)去分詞用成形容詞的做法。第一個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞是dancing，dancing 在這里形容party。
我們?cè)谶@里看到有些時(shí)候，我們應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在分詞，有時(shí)要用過(guò)去分詞。請(qǐng)看以下的句子：
We are naturally very much excited.
在這里，我們一定要用excited，絕對(duì)不能用
＊We are naturally very exciting.
下一句
Although dancing is interesting,
在這里，我們必須用interesting，而不能用interested。也就是說(shuō)，我們不能說(shuō)
＊Although dancing is interested.
（７）
   We probably all believe that we should love others and forgive those who do bad things to us. Unfortunately it is often hard for us to practice what we believe in. For example, if someone really hurts us badly, we just do not know what we should do. Should we take some kind of action to hurt the person who hurt us, or should we forgive him?
     The truth is that we may still seek justice. It is right if we want a criminal to go to jail for his crime. Yet, we should never have hatred in our hearts.
這篇文章的目的在介紹?子句?的用法，請(qǐng)注意這篇文章內(nèi)的很多子句，舉例來(lái)說(shuō)
       that we should love others and forgive those who do bad things.
就是一個(gè)子句，這個(gè)子句是believe的受詞，有趣的是，這個(gè)子句內(nèi)部又有一個(gè)子句，那就是
who do bad things to do.
這個(gè)子句是形容those的。
以下是這一段文章的全部子句：
that we should love others and forgive those
who do bad things to us
what we believe in
what we should do
that we may still seek justice

 

 

 

 

本文來(lái)自：逍遙右腦記憶 http://yy-art.cn/gaozhong/309349.html

相關(guān)閱讀：下半年英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)考試時(shí)間及題型分值分配