初中英語知識(shí)點(diǎn):過去完成時(shí)

編輯: 逍遙路 關(guān)鍵詞: 初中英語 來源: 高中學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng)


過去完成時(shí):
是把時(shí)間推移到過去某一時(shí)間之前,與現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生聯(lián)系,由"had+-ed分詞"構(gòu)成。

基本結(jié)構(gòu):
主語+had+過去分詞vpp.(done)
①肯定句:主語+had+過去分詞+其他.
②否定句:主語+had+not+過去分詞+其他.
③一般疑問句:Had+主語+過去分詞+其他?
肯定回答:Yes,主語+had
否定回答:No,主語+hadn't
④特殊疑問句:特殊疑問詞或詞組+一般疑問句(Had+主語+過去分詞+其他)?
⑤被動(dòng)語態(tài):主語+had(hadn't)+been+過去分詞+其他


過去完成時(shí)基本用法:
(1)表示在過去某一時(shí)刻或動(dòng)作以前完成了的動(dòng)作,即“過去的過去”。
可以用by, before等介詞短語或一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句來表示,也可以用一個(gè)表示過去的動(dòng)作來表示,還可能通過上下文來表示。
By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨晚9點(diǎn)鐘,我們已經(jīng)收到200 張飛船發(fā)來的圖片。
(2)表示由過去的某一時(shí)刻開始,一直延續(xù)到過去另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),常和for, since構(gòu)成的時(shí)間狀語連用。
He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.他說自從1949年以來他就在那家工廠工作。
(3)敘述過去發(fā)生的事情,在已敘述了過去發(fā)生的事情后,反過來追述或補(bǔ)述以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作時(shí),常使用過去完成時(shí)。
I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.我對(duì)動(dòng)詞一無所知,因?yàn)槲覜]有好好學(xué)習(xí)功課。
(4)在含有定語從句的主從復(fù)合句中,如果敘述的是過去的事,先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作常用過去完成時(shí)
She found the key that she had lost.她丟失的鑰匙找到了。
(5)過去完成時(shí)常常用在賓語從句(或間接引語)中,這時(shí)從句中的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句表示的過去的動(dòng)作之前。
I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我認(rèn)為我一星期前就把信寄出去了。
(6)在包含有when, until等連詞的復(fù)合句中,如果主句謂語動(dòng)詞和從句謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的過去動(dòng)作不是同時(shí)發(fā)生的,
那么先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作通常用過去完成時(shí)表示。
She didn’t go to bed until she had finished he work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡覺。
注意:如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著發(fā)生,則常常不用過去完成時(shí),特別是在包含before和after的復(fù)合句中,因?yàn)檫@時(shí)從句的動(dòng)作和主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序已經(jīng)非常明確,這時(shí)可以用一般過去時(shí)代替過去完成時(shí)。
(7)動(dòng)詞think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用過去完成時(shí)來表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法,希望,打算或意圖等。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you .我們本來希望能來看看你。
(8)過去完成時(shí)還可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)…等固定句型中。
It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.這是他那一年第三次失業(yè)了。



過去完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別:
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去,但側(cè)重對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或造成的影響,與現(xiàn)在有關(guān),其結(jié)構(gòu)為“助動(dòng)詞 have (has) + 過去分詞”;
過去完成時(shí)則是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài),它所表示的動(dòng)作不僅發(fā)生在過去,更強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去的過去”,只有和過去某時(shí)或某動(dòng)作相比較時(shí),才用到它。
比較:I have learned 1000 English words so far.到目前為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了 1000 個(gè)英語單詞。
I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那時(shí)為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了 1000 個(gè)英語單詞。
— I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 對(duì)不起,讓你久等了。
— Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.沒什么,我只等了幾分鐘。(“等”的動(dòng)作從過去某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在)

過去完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別:
雖然這兩種時(shí)態(tài)都表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),但在使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn):
1. 時(shí)間狀語不同:過去完成時(shí)在時(shí)間上強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去的過去”;而一般過去時(shí)只強(qiáng)調(diào)過去某一特定的時(shí)間。
比較:They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.
They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.
2. 在沒有明確的過去時(shí)間狀語作標(biāo)志時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間先后須依據(jù)上下文來判斷:先發(fā)生的用過去完成時(shí),后發(fā)生的則用一般過去時(shí)。
She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.
3. 當(dāng)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上接連發(fā)生的動(dòng)作用 and 或 but 連接時(shí),按時(shí)間順序,只需用一般過去時(shí)來代替過去完成時(shí);另外,在 before , after , as soon as 引導(dǎo)的從句中,由于這些連詞本身已經(jīng)表示出時(shí)間的先后,因此也可以用過去時(shí)來代替過去完成時(shí)。
He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.

語法判定:
一、由時(shí)間狀語來判定
一般說來,各種時(shí)態(tài)都有特定的時(shí)間狀語。與過去完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語有:
(1) by + 過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如:
I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.
(2) by the end of + 過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如:
We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.
(3) before + 過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如:
They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.

二、由“過去的過去”來判定
過去完成時(shí)表示“過去的過去”,是指過去某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作,即動(dòng)作有先后關(guān)系,動(dòng)作在前的用過去完成時(shí),在后的用一般過去時(shí)。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在:
(1)賓語從句中
當(dāng)賓語從句的主句為一般過去時(shí),且從句的動(dòng)作先于主句的動(dòng)作時(shí),從句要用過去完成時(shí)。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句。如:
She said that she had seen the film before.
(2)狀語從句中
在時(shí)間、條件、原因、方式等狀語從句中,主、從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系,動(dòng)作在前的,要用過去完成時(shí),動(dòng)作在后的要用一般過去時(shí)。如:
After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.
注意: before, after 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中,由于 before 和 after 本身已表達(dá)了動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系,若主、從句表示的動(dòng)作緊密相連,則主、從句都用一般過去時(shí)。如:
After he closed the door, he left the classroom.
(3)表示意向的動(dòng)詞,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用過去完成時(shí)表示"原本…,未能…"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.



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