Book 3 Module 5 Great People and Great Inventions of China
二、Reading
1.
三 語法 定語從句
一.定語從句及相關(guān)術(shù)語
1.定語從句：修飾一個名詞或代詞的從句稱為定語從句，一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞后面。
2.關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞成為關(guān)系詞
關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；關(guān)系副詞有where, when, why等。
關(guān)系詞常有3個作用：1，引導(dǎo)定語從句。2，代替先行詞。3，在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個成分。
二.關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
1.who指人，在從句中做主語
(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.
2. whom指人，在定語從句中充當(dāng)賓語，�？墒÷浴�
(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.
(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.
注意：關(guān)系代詞whom在口語和非正式語體中常用who代替，可省略。
(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.
3. which指物，在定語從句中做主語或者賓語，做賓語時可省略
(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.
4. that指人時，相當(dāng)于who或者whom；指物時，相當(dāng)于which。在賓語從句中做主語或者賓語，做賓語時可省略。
(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.
(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?
5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定語從句中做定語
(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.
whose指物時，常用以下結(jié)構(gòu)來代替
(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
(5) Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?
(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?
三.介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中做介詞賓語時，從句常由介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)
(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.
(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.
(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.
(4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.
(5) We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.
(6) We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.
注意：1. 含有介詞的動詞短語一般不拆開使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等
(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T)
(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)
2. 若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞指人時用whom，不可用who或者that；指物時用which，不能用that；關(guān)系代詞是所有格時用whose
(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)
(2) The man who/that you talked with is my friend. (F)
(3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)
(4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)
3. “介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代詞或者數(shù)詞
(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.
(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.
四．關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
1. when指時間，在定語從句中做時間狀語
(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
(2) The time when we got together finally came.
2. where指地點，在定語從句中做地點狀語
(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.
(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
3. why指原因，在定語從句中做原因狀語
(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
(2) I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
注意：關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句可以由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的從句替換
(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,
(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.
(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born.
五．限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句
限制性定語從句 非限制性定語從句
形式上不用逗號和主句隔開用逗號和主句隔開
意義上是先行詞不可缺少的定語，不能刪除是對先行詞的補充說明，刪除后意思仍完整
譯法上翻譯成先行詞的定語，“…的…”通常翻譯成主句的并列句
關(guān)系詞的使用上A．做賓語時可省略 B�？捎胻hat
C．可用who代替whom A．不可省 B。不用that
C。不用who代替whom
限制性定語從句舉例：
(1) The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on.
(2) China is a country which has a long history.
非限制性定語從句舉例：
(1) His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.
(2) China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.
要注意區(qū)分以下幾個句子的不同
(1) His brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college.
他那當(dāng)醫(yī)生的哥哥常鼓勵他要考上大學(xué)。（他還有其他的哥哥）
(2) His brother, who is now a doctor, always encourages him to go to college.
他的哥哥是當(dāng)醫(yī)生的，常鼓勵他要考上大學(xué)。（他只有一個哥哥）
難點分析
（一）限制性定語從句只能用that的幾種情況
1．當(dāng)先行詞是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代詞時，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修飾時
(1) Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said?
(2) There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.
(3) All that can be done has been done.
(4) There is little that I can do for you.
注意：當(dāng)先行詞指人時，偶爾也可以用who
(4) Any man that/.who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing.
2. 當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾
(1) The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
3. 當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級修飾時 (1) This is the best film that I have seen.
4. 當(dāng)形容詞被the very, the only 修飾時
(1) This is the very dictionary that I want to buy,
(2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.
當(dāng)先行詞指人時，偶爾也可以用who
(3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting/
5. 當(dāng)先行詞前面有who, which等疑問代詞時
(1) Who is the man that is standing there?
(2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?
6. 當(dāng)先行詞既有人，也有動物或者物體時
(1) Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?
（二）關(guān)系代詞as和which引導(dǎo)的定語從句
as和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，有相同之處也有不同之處。具體情況是：
1．As和which都可以在定語從句中做主語或者賓語，代表前面整個句子。
(1) He married her, as/which was natural.
(2) He was honest, as/which we can see. 新課標(biāo)第一網(wǎng)
2. as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一個主句；which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如……，正像……”的意思
(1) As is known to all, China is a developing country.
(2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent.
(3) John, as you know, is a famous writer.
(4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I don’t believe.
注意：當(dāng)主句和從句存在邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時，常用which
(5) Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.
3. 當(dāng)先行次受such, the same修飾時，常用as
(1) I have never heard such a story as he tells.
(2) He is not such a fool as he looks.
(3) This is the same book as I lost last week.
注意：當(dāng)先行次由the same修飾時，偶爾也用that引導(dǎo)定語從句，但是和由as所引導(dǎo)的定語從句意思不同
(4) She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding. 她穿著她在MARY婚禮上穿過的一條裙子。
(5) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿著和她妹妹所穿的一樣的裙子。
（三）以the way為先行詞的定語從句通常由in which, that引導(dǎo)，而且通常可以省略。
(1) The way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising.
(四) but有時也可以做關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)定語從句
(1) There are very few but understand his idea. ( but= who don’t )
(五) 區(qū)分定語從句和同位語從句
1．定語從句修飾先行詞，它和先行詞是修飾關(guān)系；同位語從句說明先行詞的具體內(nèi)容，是補充說明的關(guān)系xkb1.com
(1) The plane that has just taken off is for London. 定語從句
(2) The fact that he has been dead is clear. 同位于從句
2．定語從句由關(guān)系代詞或者關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系詞在句中充當(dāng)成分，有時可以省略；同位語從句主要由that引導(dǎo)，在句中一般不做成分；句子也可以由when, where, how, why, whether, what等詞引導(dǎo)，充當(dāng)成分
(1) The news he told me is true.
(2) The news that he has just died is true.
(3) The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. 定語
(4) The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve.
3. 同位語從句和先行詞一般可以用be動詞發(fā)展成一個完整的句子，而定語從句不可以
(1) The idea that we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. 同位語
(2) The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.
(3) The fact that the earth moves around the earth is known to all.
(4) The fact is that the earth moves around the earth.
語法練習(xí)；新 課 標(biāo)第 一網(wǎng)
高考定語從句考試題及答案
1. I don’t like ___ you speak to her. (1996上海)
A. the way B. the way in that C. the way which D. the way of which
2. All of the flowers now raised here have developed from those ___in the forest. (1997上海)
A. once they grew B. they grew once C. they once grew D. that once grew
3. Carol said the work would be done by October, _____ personally I doubt very much. (99)
A. it B. that C. when D. which
4. _______ is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior schools is increasing.
A. Which B. As C. That D. It
5. He was very rude to the Customs officer, ______ of course made things even worse.
A. who B. whom C. what D. which
6. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, __,of course , made the others unhappy.
A. who B. which C. this D. what
7. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _______ was very reasonable.
A. which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price of whose
8. The result of the experiment was very good, ______ we hadn’t expected.
A. when B. that C. which D. what
9. Have you seen the film “Titanic”, ______ leading actor is world-famous?
A. its B. it’s C. whose D. which
10. John said he’d been working in the office for an hour, ______ was true.
A. he B. this C. which D. who
11. The film brought the hours to me ______ I was taken good care of in that far away village.
A. until B. that C. when D. where (2001NMET)
12. _______ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
A. It B. As C. That D. What (2001NMET)
13. He is the only one of the students who ______ a winner of scholarship for three years.
A. is B. are C. have been D. has been (2002上海春季)
14. He’s got himself into a dangerous situation _________ he is likely to lose control over the plane.
A. where B. which C. while D. why (2001上海)
15. Is this the reason ______ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?
A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he explained (2002)
16. The famous basketball star, ______ tried to make a comeback, attracted a lot of attention.
A. where B. when C. which D. who (2002北京春季)
17. Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, _____ I will always treasure.
A. that B. one C. it D. what (2002NMET)
18. We will be shown around the city: schools, museums and some other places, ______ other visitors seldom go.
A. what B. which C. where D. when (2002北京)
19. We are living in an age ______ many things are done on computer.
A. which B. that C. whose D. when (2003北京春)
20. _______ has been announced, we shall have our final exams next month.
A. That B. As C. It D. What (2003上海春)
21. .George Orwell, ______ was Eric Arthur, wrote many political novels and essays. （2004北京）
A. the real name B. what his real name C. his real name D. whose real name
22. ______ is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress.
A. It B. As C. That D. What
23. Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, ______, of course, made the others envy him. （2004天津）
A. who B. that C. what D. which
24. It is easy to do the repair. ______ you need is a hammer and some nails. （2004天津）
A .Something B. All C. Both D. Everything
25. ________ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan. （2004江蘇）
A. Which B. When C. What D. As
26. Anyway, that evening, ____ I’ll tell you more about later, I ended up staying at Rachel’s place. （2004浙江）
A. when B. where C. what D. which
27. The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, _____ the sailing time was 226 days. （2004廣西）xkb1.com
A. of which B. during which C. from which D. for which
28. I work in a business _________ almost everyone is waiting for a great chance. （2004湖南）
A. how B. which C. where D. that
29. There was ________ time __________ I hated to go to school. （2004湖北）
A．a(chǎn); that B．a(chǎn); when C．the; that D．the; when
30. There are two buildings, __________ stands nearly a hundred feet high . （2004湖北）
A．the larger B．the larger of them C．the larger one that D．the larger of which
31. What surprised me was not what he said but _________ he said it. （2004湖北）
A．the way B．in the way that C．in the way D．the way which
32. The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% __________are sold abroad . （2004遼寧）
A．of which B．which of C．of them D．of that
33. American women usually identify their best friend as someone _____ they can talk frequently. （2004上海）
A. who B. as C. about which D. with whom
34. The English play ______ my students acted at the New Year’s party was a great success. （2004全國I）
A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which
35. There were dirty marks on her trousers ______ she had wiped her hands. （2004全國II）
A. where B. which C. when D. that
36. The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, ______ the sailing time was 226 days. （2004全國III）
A. of which B. during which C. from which D. for which
37. There are altogether eleven books on the shelf, ______ five are mine. （2004全國IV）
A. on which B. in which C. of which D. from which
38. Luckily, we’d brought a road map without _______ we would have lost our way. （2004北京春）
A．it B．that C．this D．which
39. A fast food restaurant is the place __________, just as the name suggests, eating is performed quickly. （2004上海春）
A. which B. where C. there D. what
40. ______ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress. （2004北京）
A. It B. As C. That D. What
41. I have many friends, _______ some are businessmen. （2005全國卷一二）
A．of them B．from which C．who of D．of whom
42. ? Why does she always ask you for help?
? There is no one else _______ , is there? （2005北京）
A. who to turn to B. she can turn to C. for whom to turn to D. for her to turn
43. If a shop has chairs _________ women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop. （2005上海）
A. that B. which C. when D. where
44. Last month, part of Southeast Asia was stuck by floods, from ________ effects the people are still suffering. （2005天津）
A. that B. whose C. those D. what
45. Mark was a student at this university from 1999to 2003, ______________he studied very hard and was made Chairman of the Students’ Union. （2005重慶）
A．during which time B．for which time C．during whose time D．by that time
46. Her sister has become a lawyer, ___________ she wanted to be. （2005湖北）
A. who B. that C. what D. which
47. Frank’s dream was to have his own shop_______ to produce the workings of his own hands. （2005湖南）
A．that B．in which C．by which D．how
48. The schools themselves admit that not all children will be successful in the jobs ______ they are being trained. （2005江西）
A．in that B．for that C．in which D．for which
49. The way he did it was different __________we were used to. （2005江西）
A．in which B．in what C．from what D．from which
50. I walked in our garden, _______ Tom and Jim were tying a big sign onto one of the trees. （2005）
A．which B．when C．where D．that
51. ? Did Jack come back early last night? （2005福建）
? Yes. It was not yet eight o’clock ________ he arrived home.
A．before B．when C．that D．until
52. ? Is that the small town you often refer to? （2005福建）
? Right, just the one_________ you know I used to work for years.
A．that B．which C．where D．what
53. He was educated at a local grammar school, __________ he went on to Cambridge. （2005山東）
A. from which B. after that C. after which D. from this
54. Jim passed the driving test, __________surprised everybody in the office. (2005浙江)
A. which B. that C. this D. it
55. _________ I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next morning. (2005)
A. When B. after C. As D. Since
56. The place ________ the bridge is supposed to be built should be _______ the cross-river traffic is the heaviest. （2005江蘇）
A. which; where B. at which; which C. at which; where D. which; in which
57. Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes ________ people were eaten by the tiger. （2005廣東）
A. in which B. by which C. which D. that
58. Do you still remember the chicken farm _______ we visited three months ago? (2005北京春)
A. where B. when C. that D. what
59. ? Did Jack come back early last night? （2005福建）
? Yes. It was not yet eight o’clock________ he arrived home.
A．before B．when C．that D．until
60.The doctor advised Vera strongly that she should take a holiday, but _______ didn’t help.（2005）
A．it B．she C．which D．he
61. The owner of the cinema needed to make a lot of improvements and employ more people to keep it running, ______ meant spending tens of thousands of pounds. ( 2006江蘇卷)
A. who B. that C. as D. which
62. Look out! Don’t get too close to the house ______ roof is under repair. （2006福建卷）
A. whose B. which C. of which D. what
63. We saw several natives advancing towards our party, and one of them came up to us, ________we gave some bells and glasses. （2006湖南）
A. to which B. to whom C. with whom D. with which
64. I saw a woman running to ward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was，she had run back in the direction ________ she had come. （2006重慶卷）
A. of which B. by which C. in which D. from which.
65. ??Do you have anything to say for yourselves? （2006江西卷）
??Yes，there’s one point ________ we must insist on.
A．why B．where C．how D．/
66. Women _______ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those ________ don’t. （2006北京卷）
A. who ; 不填 B. 不填 ; who C. who ; who D. 不填; 不填
67. We’re just trying to teach a point ____ both sides will sit down together and talk. （2006山東卷）
A. where B. that C. when D. which
68. She as educated at Beijing University, ________She went on to have her advanced study abroad. （2006陜西卷）
A. after which B. from which C. from that D. after that
69. I was given three books on cooking, the first _______ I really enjoyed. ( 2006浙江卷)
A. of that B. of which C. that D. which
70. I was told that there were about 50 foreign students ______ Chinese in the school, most _______ were from Germany. ( 2006遼寧卷)
A. study; of whom B. study; of them C. studying; of them D. studying; of whom
71. The Beatles, ______ many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool. ( 2006)
A. what B. that C. how D. as
72. You can find whatever you need at the shopping centre, ______ is always busy at the weekend. ( 2006上海春招)
A. that B. where C. what D. which
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