Grammar: 動(dòng)詞不定式

一．不定式的五種基本形式

主動(dòng)

被動(dòng)

一般式

to do

to be done

完成式

to have done

to have been done

進(jìn)行式

to be doing

不定式的否定形式：not to do/ not to have done / not to be doing/ not to be done/ not to have been done

不定式的進(jìn)行式、完成式和被動(dòng)式

①不定式的進(jìn)行式由to be + V-ing構(gòu)成，用表示謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)，不定式的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。

eg. Some students pretended ____________ (read) English when the teacher came in.

②不定式完成式由to have + V-ed構(gòu)成，用表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前。

eg. --- Is Bob still performing?

--- I’m afraid not. He is said __________ (leave) the stage already as he has become an official.

③不定式的被動(dòng)式分為一般式被動(dòng)to be V-ed和完成式被動(dòng)to have been V-ed。當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語是不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

eg. It is an honour for me_____________ (invite) to the party.

The book is said _______________________ (translate) into many languages.

All these gifts must be mailed immediately _____ in time for Christmas.

A. in order to have received B. in order to receive

C. so as to be received D. so as to be receiving

二. 不定式句法功能

1. 作主語：

To find a true friend is difficult.

不定式短語作主語時(shí)，可以直接放在句首，但在很多情況下，尤其是在疑問句和感嘆句中，往往放在謂語之后，而用先行代詞it作形式主語

It is difficult to find a true friend.

Is it difficult to find a true friend?

How difficult it is to find a true friend!

不定式作主語常見句型：

a) It is + adj. (easy, important, difficult…) + to do sth.

b) It is + n. (a pity, a pleasure, one’s duty, a shame) + to do sth.

eg. It’s a pleasure to go shopping at weekends.

c) It takes/needs/requires + some time (hours, months, days, patience…) + to do sth.

eg. It requires patience to be a good teacher.

2. 作表語：

當(dāng)句子的主語是aim, idea, policy, question, suggestion, wish, task, duty, job, purpose等或者主語是what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句時(shí)，后面可以用不定式做表語，用以說明主語所包含內(nèi)容。

eg. Our most important task now is to make a plan.

注：作表語的不定式都帶to，但當(dāng)主語部分有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，to可以省略。

eg. The only thing we can do now is wait and see.

3.作賓語

The teacher said “Remember to bring the book tomorrow!”

a) 可以直接用不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞很多，常見的有：agree, afford, tend, ask, decide, determine, expect, fail, hope, learn, intend, manage, offer, plan, promise, refuse, want, wish等

當(dāng)復(fù)合賓語中的賓語是不定式時(shí)，先用形式賓語it代替不定式，把不定式置于補(bǔ)語之后，即：主語＋動(dòng) 詞＋it＋補(bǔ)語＋to do句式,常用動(dòng)詞有feel, think, find, believe, consider, make等。

如: He feels it his duty to help the poor.

I think it difficult to find a true friend.

b) 不定式一般不作介詞的賓語，只有少數(shù)介詞如but, except等后面可以跟不定式作賓語。一般情況下作介詞賓語的不定式都帶to，如果but或except前面有do, does, did, to do時(shí)，通常省略to。

eg. The bus hadn’t come. We had no choice but to wait.

= We could do nothing but wait.

4. 賓語補(bǔ)足語

在主語+謂語+賓語+賓補(bǔ)句型中，許多動(dòng)詞都可以接不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。

a) 通常作賓語補(bǔ)語的不定式要帶to，常用于以下動(dòng)詞之后：ask, tell, advise, allow, permit, enable, expect, force, get, like, order, teach, want, invite, wish, beg等

You should get them to help you.

在謂語動(dòng)詞believe, find, think, feel, consider, suppose, imagine, prove等后面跟to be…作賓補(bǔ)，不跟to do, 有時(shí)to be可省略

①We all believe John (to be) honest.
②I consider him (to be) one of the best teachers of No. 1 iddle School.
但當(dāng)不定式是完成式時(shí)，to不能省略，如：We consider him to have been foolish.

b) 以下兩類動(dòng)詞后跟不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)不能帶to

①使役動(dòng)詞，如：let, have, make等

②感官動(dòng)詞，如： see, watch, notice, look at ,listen to ,hear, feel,等

Don’t let the children trouble you.

I heard someone open the door.

但當(dāng)這兩類動(dòng)詞為被動(dòng)態(tài)時(shí)，不定式就成了主補(bǔ)。作主補(bǔ)的不定式必須加上to

His father made him go to bed early.

→He was made to go to bed early by his father.

動(dòng)詞不定式省略to的情況還有：

a) would rather, had better, why not do

I would rather go swimming.

You had better tidy your bedroom.

Why not visit your cousin in Japan?

b)當(dāng)兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式由and, or, except, but, than, rather than相連接時(shí)，通常情況下第二個(gè)to要省略

Do you want to go shopping or watch a film?

I decided to write rather than phone.

We had nothing to do but watch TV.

=we had no choice but to watch TV.

(注：一般情況下作介詞but, except后接to do，但是如果but或except前面有do, does, did, to do時(shí)，通常省略to。)

5. 作定語

不定式可以在句子充當(dāng)后置定語，修飾名詞。

以下幾類情況常用不定式作定語：

①能帶不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞，其同名詞可以帶不定式作定語。常見的有attempt, decision, promise, plan等

eg. He hasn’t kept his promise to write to his parents regularly.

②常與不定式搭配的形容詞，其同名詞一般可以用不定式作定語。常見的有ability, determination, anxiety, eagerness等

eg. His eagerness to finish his homework was quite clear.

③序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或被only, last, next等修飾的名詞可以用不定式作定語：

She was the only person to survive after the earthquake.

（Tips: 不定式在作定語時(shí)，有時(shí)與被修飾的名詞有意義上的主謂關(guān)系、同位關(guān)系、動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，如果該不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞，它后面需要加上適當(dāng)介詞。）

Eg. He’s always the first to come and the last to leave. 主謂關(guān)系

I’ve no time to listen to your excuse. 同位關(guān)系

She has a meeting to attend. （動(dòng)賓關(guān)系=attend a meeting）

There’s nothing to worry about. (動(dòng)賓關(guān)系=worry about nothing)

6. 作狀語

⒈作目的狀語
(1) ①I stayed there to see what would happen.
②Henry has decided to go to the hospital to be examined by the doctor.
(2)有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，不定式前可加in order或so as。如：
Bob took down my telephone number so as (in order) not to forget it.
有時(shí)為強(qiáng)調(diào)目的狀語可把in order to或不定式置于句首，但so as to不能這樣用。在這種句式中不定式部分可轉(zhuǎn)換為so that, in order that,成為目的狀語從句，如：

I stayed there in order (so as) to see what would happen.

=I stayed there so that (in order that) I could see what would happen.
⒉作原因狀語

在部分表示感情色彩的形容詞、過去分詞或動(dòng)詞之后可接不定式，如：astonished, glad, happy, laugh, pleased, sad, smile, sorry, surprised等。
①We are glad to hear the news.
②I was surprised to see that a three-year-old baby could write so well.
在部分形容詞后接不定式，用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，這種句型中的主語是不定式的邏輯賓語

如：The question raised by the student is difficult to answer.
The room is really comfortable to live in.
常這樣用的形容詞有: easy, difficult, heavy, light, comfortable, fit, impossible等。
⒊ 作結(jié)果狀語

We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy.
不定式作結(jié)果狀語還常用在下列句式中。如：
①so…as to; such…as to
I'm not so stupid (a fool) as to put it in writing.我不至于愚蠢到會把它寫下。
I'm not such a stupid fool as to put it in writing.
②enough…to
The boy isn’t old enough to go to school.

= The boy is too young to go to school.
③only to 用于表示意想不到的結(jié)果
Jane hurried back only to find her mother dying in the hospital.
④too…to
I'm too tired to stay up longer.
但在下列結(jié)構(gòu)中，too…to并非是“太……而不能……”之意。如：
①I'm only too glad to have passed the exam.考試及格我太高興了。（too修飾glad to have…，相當(dāng) 于very）
②We have too much to learn.我們要學(xué)的太多了（不定式作定語）。
4. 不定式短語還可作獨(dú)立成分，用于句首、句中或句末。如：
To tell the truth, the play was a great disappointment tome.
常見的短語有to be exact（確切地說），to begin with（首先），to do him justice（說句對他公道的話），to be sure（真的）等等。

Eg. To tell you the truth, I dislike you.

7. 作同位語

eg. The order to start the general attack soon came.

不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，以it為形式主語或形式賓語引導(dǎo)的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，如果其前的形容詞是指行為的性質(zhì)就用：for sb. to do sth.這種復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語等。

It is necessary for me to learn English well.

如果該形容詞是指行為的性質(zhì)，同時(shí)又指行為的人，則用of sb. to do sth.。這種句式中的常用形容詞有：right, wrong, brave, careful, careless, clever, wise, stupid, cruel, foolish, good, honest, kind, nice, silly等。

eg. It’s very kind of you to come to see me.

連接代（副）詞+不定式（包括whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, 不包括why），在句中起名詞的作用，通常跟在諸如tell, know, show, decide, learn, wonder, explain等動(dòng)詞后作賓語,也可作主語或表語。

eg. No one can tell me where to find John.

When to start the exam is still unknown.

The problem is how to get enough money.

動(dòng)詞不定式鞏固練習(xí)

1. I've worked with children before, so I knohat ________in my new job.

A．expected B．to expect　　C．to be expecting D．expects

2. _______late in the morning, Bob turned off the alarm.

A．To sleep B．Sleeping C．Sleep D．Having slept

3. One learns a language by making mistakes and _______them.

A．correct B．correcting C．corrects D．to correct

4.The mother didn't know _________ to blame for the broken glass as it happened while she was out.　　

Ａ．who　　Ｂ．when　�。茫甴ow　　Ｄ．What

5. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _________ whether they will enjoy it.　　　

Ａ．to see　�。拢畉o be seen　?Ｃ．seeing　　Ｄ．Seen

6. It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows _______.

　 Ａ．it what to do with　?Ｂ．what to do it with

　 Ｃ．what to do with it　?Ｄ．to do what with it

7. ? How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?

? The key ____ the problem is to meet the demand ____ by the customers.

A. to solving; making B. to solving; made

C. to solve; making D. to solve; made

8. The teacher asked us __________ so much noise.

A. don’t make B. not make C. not making D. not to make

9. y advisor encouraged______ a summer course to improve my writing skills.

A for me taking B me taking C for me to take D me to take

10. The man insisted_______ a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby.

A. find B. to find C. on finding D. in finding

11. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only______ the film stars had left.

A．to tell B．to be told C．telling D．told

12. Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time_____ the exam.

A．pass B．to pass C．passed D．passing

13. If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week, better ______ it—you’ve got some big bills coming.

A. forget B. forgot C. forgetting D. to forget

14. Helen had to shout _____ above the sound of the music.

A. making herself hear B. to make herself hear

C. making herself heard D. to make herself heard

15. You were silly not ____ your car.

A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked

16. I don’t knohether you happen , but I’m going to study in the U.S.A. this September.

A．to be heard B．to be hearing C．to hear D．to have heard

17. According to a recent U.S. survey, children spent up to 25 hours a week _________ TV.

A. to watch B. to watching C. watching D. watch

18. The flu is believed _______ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.

A. causing B. being caused C. to be caused D. be have caused

19. I'm going to the supermarket this afternoon. Do you have anything ________ ?

A. to be buying B. to buy C. for buying D. bought

20. Victor apologized for __________ to inform me of the change in the plan.

A. his being not able B. him not to be able C. his not being able D. him to be not able

21. It’s necessary to be prepared for a job intervie________ the answers ready will be of great help.

A. To have had B. Having had C. Have D. Having

22. He glanced over at her, ______ that though she was tiny, she seemed very well put together.

A. noting B. noted C. to note D. having noted

23. I send you 100 dollars today, the rest ______ in a year.

A. follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followed

24. ---- Is Bob still performing?

---- I'm afraid not. He is said________ the stage already as he has become an official

A. to have left B. to leave C. to have been left D. to be left

25. I think you’ll grow ________ him when you know him better.

A．liking B．to be like C．to like D．to be liking

26. While watching television, __________.

A．the doorbell rang B．the doorbell rings

C．we heard the doorbell ring D．we heard the doorbell rings

27. It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just _______ a look at the sports stars.

A. had B. having C. to have D. have

28. _________ more about university courses, call (920) 746-3789.

A．To find out B．Finding out C．Find out D．Having found out

29. I don't want _______like I' m speaking ill of anybody, but the manager’s plan is unfair.

A. to sound B. to be sounded C. sounding D. to have sounded

30. Soon they saw the boy _________ in the crowd.

A. disappear B. to disappear C. disappears D. disappeared

31. Did you notice the little boy __________ away?

A. took the candy and run B. take the candy and run

C. taking the candy and run D. who taking the candy running

32. I heard him __________ so.

A. says B. saying C. say D. said

33. Professor Black had us __________ compositions every Friday.

A. to write B. written C. write D. writing

34. rs Smith made her pupils __________ the text three times a week.

A. recite B. recited C. reciting D. to recite

35. She was seen __________ model ships in the room.

A. made B. to make C. makes D. make

36. Birds are seldom heard __________ at night.

A. sing B. singing C. to sing D. to be singing

37. The areoplane was noticed __________ at six.

A. take off B. to take off C. get off D. to get off

38. r Crossett was make __________ his teaching because of his poor health and old age.

A. give up B. give in C. to give up D. to give in

39. The book is said __________ into many foreign languages.

A. to have been translated B. to have translated

C. to be translating D. having been translated

40. The arquis was thought _________ some terrible wrongs to his tenants.

A. of doing B. that he had done C. to have done D. to have been done

41. Do you think it difficult __________ a horse __________?

A. to train, jumping B. training, for jumping

C. to train, jump D. to train, to jump

42. y car has broken down. Would you help me__________?

A. to get the car to start B. get the car start

C. to get the car started D. get to start the car

43. He ordered the room __________.

A. to sweep B. to be swept C. should sweep D. swept

44. Tell Tom and Jack _________ each other.

A. not quarrel B. not to quarrel with

C. to not quarrel with D. they not quarrel

45. He would like them __________ every day.

A. to practice B. to practise C. practicing D. practicing

46. ---“Are you going to leaving now?”

---“Unless you would prefer me __________ here.”

A. to stay B. will stay C. that I’ll stay D. staying

47. What a pity! One cannot help __________ sorry for the injured.

A. to feel B. oneself to feel C. feeling D. oneself from feeling

48. Nothing could __________ the boy from __________ the tall building.

A. prevent, risking climbing B. prevent, risking to climb

C. stop, risk climbing D. keep, risking climb

49. On Sundays I prefer __________ at home to __________ out.

A. to stay, go B. staying, go C. staying, going D. to stay, going

50. Though it sounds a bit too dear, it is worth __________.

A. being bought B. buying C. to buy D. buying it

51. The novel is well __________.

A. worth to read B. worth being read

C. worthy to read D. worthy of being read

52. I didn’t feel __________ going out for a walk.

A. so B. as C. rather D. like

53. You’d better _________ her the sad news no

A. not to tell B. won’t tell C. not tell D. don’t tell

54. I’d rather lose the game __________.

A. not to hurt him B. not hurt him C. than to hurt him D. than hurt him

55. Alice says _________ tonight, because there will be an exam tomorrow morning.

A. she’d rather not go B. she’d not rather go

C. she’ll rather not go D. she won’t rather go

56. Tom did nothing but _________ back what he had said.

A. taken B. took C. taking D. take

57. There seemed nothing else to do but __________ a doctor.

A. to send for B. send for C. call for D. to call in

58. ---“I usually go there by train.”

---“Why not __________ by boat for a change?”

A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going

59. Have I any choice but __________as you tell me?

A. to do B. do C. doing D. I’ll do

60. ---“Would you like to go with us for a picnic tomorrow?”

---“Yes, __________.”

A. I would like B. I’d like to go C. I’d love D. I’d like to

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