在英語(yǔ)高考中，對(duì)時(shí)態(tài)的考查主要涉及四種，它們是一般過(guò)去時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)。去年全國(guó)18套高考英語(yǔ)試卷共涉及時(shí)態(tài)考點(diǎn)21道題，但其中有19題考的是上面提到的四種時(shí)態(tài)，約占整個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)考點(diǎn)的90%。由此可見(jiàn)這四種時(shí)態(tài)不僅重要，而且很“熱”。
一、一般過(guò)去時(shí)考點(diǎn)的命題特點(diǎn)
1. 利用插入成分考查一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法
As the years passed, many occasions—birthdays, awards, graduations — ______ with Dad’s flowers. (湖南卷)
A. are marked B. were marked C. have marked D. had marked
【解析】B。由于句中增加了插入成分birthdays, awards, graduations，使得句子的主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)were marked分離，從而增加了考生對(duì)句子理解的難度。根據(jù)句意，空格處應(yīng)填被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);再根據(jù)句中的passed的時(shí)態(tài)特點(diǎn)可知，空格處也應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，故選B。
2. 利用標(biāo)志性時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)考查一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法
I know a little bit about Italy as my wife and I ______ there several years ago. (全國(guó)I)
A. are going B. had been C. went D. have been
【解析】C。根據(jù)句末的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)several years ago可知，此處應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
3. 利用語(yǔ)境背景考查一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法
(1)When I called you this morning, nobody answered the phone. Where ______? (重慶卷)
A. did you go B. have you gone C. were you D. had you been
【解析】C。句子的前半部分說(shuō)上午打電話時(shí)沒(méi)有人接電話，而后半部分問(wèn)對(duì)方當(dāng)時(shí)在什么地方，顯然，句子前后兩部分的時(shí)間應(yīng)一致，即用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
(2)—Ouch! You hurt me!
—I am sorry. But I ______ any harm. I ______ to drive a rat out. (江西卷)
A. didn’t mean; tried B. don’t mean; am trying
C. haven’t meant; tried D. didn’t mean; was trying
【解析】D。第一空填一般過(guò)去時(shí)，指對(duì)前面發(fā)生的情況作出解釋;第二空填過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，指過(guò)去正進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。答語(yǔ)的意思是：對(duì)不起。但我不是有意要弄傷你，我是在把一只老鼠趕出去。
4. 利用主句過(guò)去時(shí)謂語(yǔ)考查從句過(guò)去時(shí)的用法
(1)The flowers were so lovely that they ______ in no time. (全國(guó)I)
A. sold B. had been sold C. were sold D. would sell
【解析】C。根據(jù)前面的過(guò)去式謂語(yǔ)were可知，后面也要用一般過(guò)去時(shí);再根據(jù)“花”與“賣”的關(guān)系可知，此處要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，故選C。
(2)The play had already been on for quite some time when we ______ at the New Theatre. (浙江卷)
A. have arrived B. arrived C. had arrived D. arrive
【解析】B。由于句中的had already been用的是過(guò)去完成時(shí)，而根據(jù)句意，arrive顯然應(yīng)發(fā)生在其后，故要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。全句意為：當(dāng)我們到達(dá)新劇院時(shí)，戲已經(jīng)演了好一會(huì)兒了。
二、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的命題特點(diǎn)
綜觀所有的過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)考題，它們無(wú)一例外地有個(gè)共同特點(diǎn)，就是考查在特定語(yǔ)境背景下某一動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行的情形。請(qǐng)看實(shí)例：
(1)—It was really very kind of you to give me a lift home.
—Oh, don’t mention it. I ______ past your house anyway. (北京卷)
A. was coming B. will come C. had come D. have come
【解析】A。根據(jù)前面一句中的was可知，搭車的事發(fā)生在過(guò)去，所以“我開車要經(jīng)過(guò)你的家門口”也發(fā)生在過(guò)去，因此可排除B和D。而在剩下的A和C中，不能選C，是因?yàn)镃為過(guò)去完成時(shí)，表示“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，與句意不符。
(2)—I saw Jane and her boyfriend in the park at eight yesterday evening.
—Impossible. She ______ TV with me in my home then. (福建卷)
A. watched B. had watched C. would watch D. was watching
【解析】D。表示過(guò)去正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。第二句的意思是：不可能。她當(dāng)時(shí)與我一起在我家看電視。
(3)—Is there anything wrong, Bob? You look sad.
—Oh, nothing much. In fact, I ______ of my friends back home. (全國(guó)II)
A. have just thought B. was just thinking
C. would just think D. will just be thinking
【解析】B。指剛剛在想念老家的朋友，故用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。
(4)—Did you see a man in black pass by just now?
—No, sir. I ______ a newspaper. (四川卷)
A. read B. was reading C. would read D. am reading
【解析】B。由于我剛才“正在看報(bào)”(was reading a newspaper)，所以沒(méi)有看到有人經(jīng)過(guò)。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境，顯然只有B最佳。
三、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的命題特點(diǎn)
1. 根據(jù)特定語(yǔ)境和時(shí)態(tài)標(biāo)志考查現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的影響性用法
(1)— ______ you ______ him around the museum yet?
— Yes. We had a great time there. (江蘇卷)
A. Have; shown B. Do; show C. Had; shown D. Did; show
【解析】A。根據(jù)問(wèn)句中的yet可知，所談?wù)摰氖虑榘l(fā)生在最近的過(guò)去，且問(wèn)話者很關(guān)心這個(gè)過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響和結(jié)果，所以用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。注意：不要受答語(yǔ)中過(guò)去式謂語(yǔ)had的影響而誤選C。
(2)Professor James will give us a lecture on the Western culture, but when and where ______ yet. (浙江卷)
A. hasn’t been decided B. haven’t decided C. isn’t being decided D. aren’t decided
【解析】A。根據(jù)句意，此處應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，不用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);再根據(jù)句末的yet可知，最好用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。故選A最佳。
2. 根據(jù)特定語(yǔ)境考查現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的持續(xù)性用法
(1)Danny ______ hard for long to realize his dream and now he is popular. (福建卷)
A. works B. is working C. has worked D. worked
【解析】C。表示從過(guò)去一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的一段時(shí)間，要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
(2)Cathy is taking notes of the grammatical rules in class at Sunshine School, where she ______ English for a year. (湖南卷)
A. studies B. studied C. is studying D. has been studying
【解析】D。根據(jù)句中的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可排除B，再根據(jù)句中的for a year可知此題選現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)最佳，即選D。
注：有時(shí)高考還會(huì)考查現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法。如：
(3)—I have got a headache.
—No wonder. You ______ in front of that computer too long. (江西卷)
A. work B. are working C. have been working D. worked
【解析】C。由于在電腦前工作太久，所以導(dǎo)致了現(xiàn)在頭痛的結(jié)果，故空格處應(yīng)填現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，即答案選C。
四、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的命題特點(diǎn)
高考英語(yǔ)對(duì)過(guò)去完成時(shí)的考查百分之百是根據(jù)“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”這一語(yǔ)境來(lái)設(shè)題的。請(qǐng)看：
(1)They became friends again that day. Until then, they ______ to each other for nearly two years. (安徽卷)
A. didn’t speak B. hadn’t spoken C. haven’t spoken D. haven’t been speaking
【解析】B。由于他們?cè)俅纬蔀榕笥寻l(fā)生在過(guò)去(因?yàn)閎ecame用的是一般過(guò)去時(shí))，這就說(shuō)明他們差不多有兩年沒(méi)說(shuō)過(guò)話屬于“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，所以要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
(2)I ______ there little more than a week when I set to work with the scientist. (陜西卷)
A. would be B. have been C. had been D. will be
【解析】C。由于set to work with the scientist這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，而be there與set to work的先后關(guān)系是：be there在先，set to work在后。所以be there發(fā)生的時(shí)間屬于“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，故用過(guò)去完成時(shí)(from www.nmet168.com)。
(3)—Did Alan enjoy seeing his old friends yesterday?
—Yes, he did. He ______ his old friends for a long time. (重慶卷)
A. didn’t see B. wouldn’t see C. hasn’t seen D. hadn’t seen
【解析】D。由于見(jiàn)朋友發(fā)生在過(guò)去(即昨天)，而很久沒(méi)有見(jiàn)到朋友自然是昨天的見(jiàn)面之前，即屬于過(guò)去的過(guò)去，故用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
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