1)虛擬語(yǔ)氣用來(lái)表示說(shuō)話人的主觀愿望或假想，所說(shuō)的是一個(gè)條件，不一定是事實(shí)，或與事實(shí)相反。虛擬語(yǔ)氣在條件句中應(yīng)用比較多。
2)條件句可分為兩類，一類為真實(shí)條件句，一類為非真實(shí)條件句。非真實(shí)條件句表示的是假設(shè)的或?qū)嶋H可能性不大的情況，故采用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
16.1 真實(shí)條件句用于陳述語(yǔ)氣，假設(shè)的情況有可能發(fā)生。各種結(jié)構(gòu)參見(jiàn)下表：
句 型 條件從句 主句
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) shall/will + 動(dòng)詞原形
祈使句
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
例如：If he comes, he will bring his violin. 如果他來(lái)，會(huì)帶小提琴來(lái)的。
典型例題
The volleyball match will be put off if it ___.
A. will rain B. rains C. rained D. is rained
答案B。真實(shí)條件句主句為將來(lái)時(shí)，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
注意：
1)在真實(shí)條件句中，主句不能用be going to表示將來(lái)，該用shall, will.
(錯(cuò)) If you leave now, you are never going to regret it.
(對(duì)) If you leave now, you will never regret it.
2)表示真理時(shí)，主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不用shall (will) +動(dòng)詞原形，而直接用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的動(dòng)詞形式。
16.2 非真實(shí)條件句
1)虛擬語(yǔ)氣可以表示過(guò)去，現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)的情況，時(shí)態(tài)的基本特點(diǎn)是時(shí)態(tài)往后推移。
a. 與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)
條件從句 主句
一般過(guò)去時(shí)(be用were) should(would)等 +動(dòng)詞原形
例如：If they were here, they would help you. 如果他們?cè)谶@兒，會(huì)幫助你的。
含義：They are not here, they can’t help you.
b. 與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)
條件從句 主句
過(guò)去完成時(shí) should(would)等+ have+ 過(guò)去分詞
例如：If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it.如果他昨天來(lái)的話，我會(huì)把這件事告訴他的。
含義：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.
c. 表示對(duì)將來(lái)不大可能發(fā)生的事情的假想
條件從句 主句
一般過(guò)去時(shí) should/would等 + 動(dòng)詞原形
were+ 不定式
should+ 動(dòng)詞原形
例如：If you succeeded, everything would be all right. 如果你將來(lái)成功了，一切都會(huì)好的。
If you should succeed, everything would be all right.
If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.
含義：You are not likely to succeed, everything will be what it is now.
16.3 混合條件句
有時(shí)，主句與從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在不同的時(shí)間，主句從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的虛擬語(yǔ)氣形式因時(shí)間不同而不同，這種條件句叫做混合條件句。例如：
If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now. 如果你昨天問(wèn)過(guò)他，今天就知道做什么了。
(從句與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反，主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反。)
If it had rained last night(過(guò)去), it would be very cold today (現(xiàn)在).如果昨晚下過(guò)雨，今天就會(huì)很冷了。
16.4 虛擬條件句的倒裝
虛擬條件句的從句部分含有were, should, 或had時(shí), 可省略if，再把were, should或had 移到從句的句首，實(shí)行倒裝。例如：
Were they here now, they could help us. =If they were here now, they could help us.他們現(xiàn)在在的話，就會(huì)幫助我們了。
Had you come earlier, you would have met him. =If you had come earlier, you would have met him.你來(lái)得早一點(diǎn)，就碰到他了。
Should it rain, the crops would be saved. =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.假如下雨，莊稼就有救了。
注意：在虛擬語(yǔ)氣的從句中，動(dòng)詞\'be\'的過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)一律用\"were\"，不用was，即在從句中be用were代替。例如：
If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就會(huì)去找他。
If he were here, everything would be all right. 如果他在這兒，一切都會(huì)好的。
典型例題
_____ to do the work, I should do it some other day.
A. If were I B. I were C. Were I D. Was I
答案C. 在虛擬條件狀語(yǔ)中如果有were, should, had這三個(gè)詞，通常將if省略，主語(yǔ)提前, 變成 were, should, had +主語(yǔ)的形式。但要注意，在虛擬條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，省略連詞的倒裝形式的句首不能用動(dòng)詞的縮略形式。如我們可說(shuō) Were I not to do, 而不能說(shuō) Weren\'t I to do。
16.5 特殊的虛擬語(yǔ)氣詞should
1)在主語(yǔ)從句中的應(yīng)用
It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that…等結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)從句，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用should 加動(dòng)詞原形，should 可省略。
It is 可用的詞有三類 that (should)do
suggested, ordered, required, proposed, demanded, requested, insisted等
important, necessary, natural, imperative, strange等
a pity, a shame, no wonder等
2)在賓語(yǔ)從句中的應(yīng)用
在表示命令、建議、要求等一類動(dòng)詞后面的從句中，像order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist + (should) do等。例如：
I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week. 我建議下周召開(kāi)個(gè)會(huì)議。
He insisted that he (should ) be sent there.他要求被派到那兒去。
注意：如suggest, insist不表示\"建議\" 或\"堅(jiān)持要某人做某事時(shí)\"，即它們用于其本意\"暗示、表明\"、\"堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為\"時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句用陳述語(yǔ)氣。
判斷改錯(cuò)： (錯(cuò)) You pale face suggests that you(should)be ill.
(對(duì)) Your pale face suggests that you are ill.
(錯(cuò)) I insisted that you(should)be wrong.
(對(duì)) I insisted that you were wrong.
3)在表語(yǔ)從句，同位語(yǔ)從句中的應(yīng)用
suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名詞后面的表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句中要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，即(should)+動(dòng)詞原形。例如：
My idea is that we(should)get more people to attend the conference.我的想法是讓更多的人來(lái)參加會(huì)議。
I make a proposal that we(should)hold a meeting next week.我提了個(gè)建議，下周我們開(kāi)個(gè)會(huì)。
16.6 wish的用法
1)wish后面的從句，表示與事實(shí)相反的情況，或表示將來(lái)不太可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。其賓語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞形式為：
主句 從句
從句動(dòng)作先于主句動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作(be的過(guò)去式為 were) 現(xiàn)在時(shí) 過(guò)去時(shí)
從句動(dòng)作與主句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生(had + 過(guò)去分詞) 過(guò)去時(shí) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)
將來(lái)不大可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望 將來(lái)時(shí) would/could +動(dòng)詞原形
例如：I wish I were as tall as you. 我希望和你一樣高。
He wished he hadn\'t said that. 他希望他沒(méi)講過(guò)那樣的話。
I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。
2)wish to do;wish sb / sth to do。例如：
I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager. 我希望見(jiàn)一見(jiàn)經(jīng)理。
I wish the manager to be informed at once. (= I want the manager to be informed at once.)我希望經(jīng)理能馬上得到消息。
16.7 比較if only與only if
only if表示\"只有\(zhòng)";if only則表示\"如果……就好了\"。If only也可用于陳述語(yǔ)氣。例如：
I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有鬧鐘響了，我才會(huì)醒。
If only the alarm clock had rung. 當(dāng)時(shí)鬧鐘響就好了。
If only he comes early. 但愿他早點(diǎn)回來(lái)。
16.8 It is (high) time that
It is (high) time that 后面的從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用過(guò)去式或用should加動(dòng)詞原形，但should不可省略。例如：
It is time that the children went to bed. 孩子們?cè)撍X(jué)了。
It is high time that the children should go to bed.
16.9 need \"不必做\"和\"本不必做\"
didn\'t need to do表示過(guò)去不必做某事, 事實(shí)上也沒(méi)做。
needn\'t have done表示過(guò)去不必做某事, 但事實(shí)上做了。例如：
John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn\'t need to walk back home.
約翰開(kāi)車去車站接瑪麗，所以她不必步行回家了。
John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn\'t have walked back home.
約翰開(kāi)車去車站接瑪麗，所以她本不必步行回家了。 (Mary步行回家了，沒(méi)有遇上John的車。)
典型例題
There was plenty of time. She ___.
A. mustn\'t have hurried B. couldn\'t have hurried C. must not hurry D. needn\'t have hurried
答案D。needn\'t have done. 意為\"本不必\"，即已經(jīng)做了某事，而時(shí)實(shí)際上不必要。
Mustn\'t have done 用法不正確，對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情進(jìn)行否定性推斷應(yīng)為couldn\'t have done, \"不可能已經(jīng)\"。 must not do 不可以(用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí))。
16.10 虛擬語(yǔ)氣練習(xí)
1.Everything ______ if Albert hadn’t called the fire brigade.
a.will be destroyed b. will have been destroyed
b.would be destroyed d. would have been destroyed
2.If you hadn’t gone with Tom to the party last night,______.
a.you would meet John already b. you won’t have missed John
c.you will have met John d. you would have met John
3.Supposing this ship ______ , do you think there would be enough life jackets for all the passengers?
a. was sinking b. has sunk c. were to sink d. sunk
4.The insects would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and heads, if ______ for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.
a. it is not b. it were not c. were it not d. they were not
5.The teacher suggested that each student ______ a plan for the vacation.
a. made b. make c. makes d. will make
6.Frankly, I’d rather you ______ anything about it for the time being.
a. do b. don’t do c. didn’t do d. will not do
7.After the way she treated you, if I ______ in your place.
a. be b. am c. was d. were
8.The idea is that the nation ______ an unmanned spacecraft to explore the planet first.
a. sent b. sends c. send d. must send
9.It’s high time you ______.
a. start to work b. would start to work c. started to work d. had started to work
10.“If I hadn’t practiced when I was younger,” the musician says,“I ______ able to play so well now.”
a. wouldn’t be b. won’t be c. wouldn’t have been d. couldn’t have been
11.It is imperative that you ______ there in person.
a. are b. were c. be d. will be
12.The atomic structure is, ______, a miniature solar system.
a. as it were b. as if they were c. as it were d. as if are
13.We required that the machine parts ______ cast iron.
a. is made of b. be made from c. be made of d. is made by
14.The management urged that the cost of production ______.
a.to be further reduced b. was further reduced
b.be further reduced d. should further reduced
15.The business is risky. But ______ we would be rich.
a. should we succeed b. we should succeed c. might we succeed d. would we succeed
16.I wish our teacher ______ to give another test. I haven’t got prepared yet.
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