高中英語知識點(diǎn):限制性定語從句

編輯: 逍遙路 關(guān)鍵詞: 高中英語 來源: 高中學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng)

限制性定語從句的概念:


限制性定語是指對被修飾名詞或代詞的必需修飾,是被修飾名詞或代詞不可缺少的修飾語,如果去掉它句子意思往往會不明確或會發(fā)生變化。
如:The travellers knowing about the floods took another road. 知道發(fā)大水的那些游客改道走了。
The boys wanting to play football were disappointed when it rained. 想踢足球的那些男孩子因?yàn)橄掠甓械绞?/P>

關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句:


關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,并在句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時(shí),從句謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。
1)who, whom, that 這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中所起作用如下:
例:Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想見的人嗎?(who/that在從句中作主語)
He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天見的那個(gè)人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語)
2)Whose用來指人或物,(只用作定語,若指物,它還可以同ofwhich互換)
例:They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人車壞了,大家都跑過去幫忙。
Please pass me the book whose(of which) coverisgreen. 請遞給我那本綠皮的書。
3)which, that 它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語、賓語等。
例如:A prosperity which/that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。(which/that在句中作賓語)
The package(which/that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。(which/that在句中作賓語)


關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句:

關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語。
1)when, where, why 關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含義相當(dāng)于“介詞+which”結(jié)構(gòu),因此常常和“介詞+which”結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用。
例如:There are occasions when(on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的時(shí)候。
Beijing is the place where(inwhich) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why(for which) he refused our offer? 這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?
2)that代替關(guān)系副詞 that可以用于表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和“介詞+which”引導(dǎo)的定語從句,在口語中that常被省略,
例如:His father died the year(that/when/in which) he was born. 他父親在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place(that/where/in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方。



限定性定語與非限定性定語的區(qū)別:


1、形式不同:
限定性定語從句主句和從句之間不用逗號隔開,口語中使用時(shí)也不停頓;而非限定性定語從句與主句之間通常有逗號隔開,口語中使用時(shí)有停頓。
2、功能不同:
限定性定語從句用于對先行詞的意義進(jìn)行修飾、限制和識別,如果去掉,就會造成句意不完整或概念不清;而非限定性定語從句用于對先行詞起補(bǔ)充說明作用,如果省略,句意仍然清楚、完整:
如:People who take physical exercise live longer. 進(jìn)行體育鍛煉的人活得長些。(若把從句去掉句子就失去意義)
His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 他女兒現(xiàn)在在波士頓,下星期回來。(若把從句去句子意義仍然完整)
3、翻譯不同:
在翻譯定語從句時(shí),一般把限定性定語從句翻譯在它所修飾的先行詞之前,而把非限定性定語從句與主句分開:
如:He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽車被竊的那個(gè)人。
I've invited Jim, who lives in the next flat. 我邀請了吉姆,他就住在隔壁。
4、含義不同:
如:I have a sister who is a doctor. 我有一個(gè)醫(yī)生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一個(gè))
I have a sister, who is a doctor. 我有一個(gè)姐姐,她是當(dāng)醫(yī)生的。(只有一個(gè)姐姐)
5、先行詞不同限定性定語從句的先行詞只能是名詞或代詞,而非限定性定語從句的先行詞則可以是名詞或代詞,也可以是短語或句子;
另外,當(dāng)先行詞為專有名詞或其他具有獨(dú)一無二性的普通名詞時(shí),通常要用非限制性定語從句,而不用限制性定語從句:
如:Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼得開車很快,這是很危險(xiǎn)的。(which指drive too fast)
He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改變了主意,這使我很生氣。(which指整個(gè)主句)
Mr.Smith, who is our boss, will leave for Japan next week. 我們的老板史密斯先生下周要去日本。(先行詞為專有名詞,要用非限制性定語從句修飾)
Her father, who has a lot of money, wishes her to study abroad. 她父親很有錢,希望她出國學(xué)習(xí)。(先行詞為表獨(dú)一無二意義的普通名詞,要用非限制性定語從句修飾)
6、關(guān)系詞不同:
關(guān)系詞that和why可用于限制性定語從句中,通常不用于非限制性定語從句;另外,在限制性定語從句中,關(guān)系詞有時(shí)可以省略,而在非限制性定語從句中關(guān)系詞一律不省略。



判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞方法:


一:用關(guān)系代詞,還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動詞。及物動詞后面無賓語,就必須要求用關(guān)系代詞;而不及物動詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞。
例如:This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判斷改錯(cuò)
(錯(cuò))This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
(錯(cuò))I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
(對)This is the mountain village(which) I visited last year.
(對)I'll never forget the days(which) I spent in the countryside.
注:習(xí)慣上總把表地點(diǎn)或時(shí)間的名詞與關(guān)系副詞where, when聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題錯(cuò)在關(guān)系詞的誤用上。
二:準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀),也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where
B. that
C. on which
D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where
B. that
C.on which
D. the one
答案:例1:D,例2:A
例1變?yōu)榭隙ň洌篢his museum is___ you visited a few days ago.
例2變?yōu)榭隙ň洌篢his is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
注:在句1中,所缺部分為賓語,而where, that, on which都不能起到賓語的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表語,又可做從句的賓語,可以省略關(guān)系代詞,所以應(yīng)選D。
而句2中,主、謂、賓俱全,從句部分為句子的狀語表地點(diǎn),既可用副詞where,又因in the museum詞組,可用介詞in+which引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語。
而此題中,介詞on用的不對,所以選A。關(guān)系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分,先行詞在從句中作主、定、賓語時(shí),選擇關(guān)系代詞(who,whom,that,which,whose);
先行詞在從句中做狀語時(shí),應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系副詞(where地點(diǎn)狀語,when時(shí)間狀語,why原因狀語)。



定語從句知識體系:




關(guān)系代詞that的用法:


1)不用that的情況:
a)在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時(shí)。
如:(錯(cuò))The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b)介詞后不能用:
如:We depend on the land from which we get our food.
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
2)只能用that作為定語從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況
a)在there be句型中,只用that,不用which。
b)在不定代詞,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時(shí),只用that,不用which。
c)先行詞有the only, the very修飾時(shí),只用that。
d)先行詞為序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級時(shí),只用that。.
e)先行詞既有人,又有物時(shí)。
例:All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油問題。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那賊最終把偷的全部東西交給了警察。




相關(guān)高中英語知識點(diǎn):非限制性定語從句

非限制性定語從句的概念:


非限制性定語是對被修飾名詞或代詞的附加說明,它不是必需的,如果去掉,也不會影響句子的意思,它與被修飾名詞之間通常用逗號分開。
如:The travellers, knowing about the floods, took another road. 游客們知道發(fā)了大水,都改道走了。
The boys, wanting to play football, were disappointed when it rained. 那些男孩子想踢足球,因?yàn)橄掠旮械绞?/P>

非限制性定語從句用法:


1、引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時(shí),只能用which(不用that)。
例如:Heat is another form of energy, which is as important as other kinds of energy.
熱是另一種形式的能量,與其他形式的能量一樣重要。(從句表補(bǔ)充說明,而且關(guān)系代詞which不能換成that。)   
2、引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句的which可以指代前面的先行詞,也可以指前面整個(gè)句子的含義。
例如:That Peter will marry Alice, which has not been announced yet, has spread around.
彼特要娶愛麗斯這件事還沒宣布,卻已傳得沸沸揚(yáng)揚(yáng)。(句子中的which指“彼特要娶愛麗斯”這整個(gè)句子的意思。)   
3、除which外,還可用when,where,who等關(guān)系代、副詞引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句。
例如:After graduation, I decided to stay in Chongqing, where I spent my childhood and four years of college life.
畢業(yè)后,我決定留在重慶,在那里我曾度過了我的童年和四年大學(xué)生活。   
Albert Einstein left Germany for the United States during World WarII, when Jews were badly treated in Germany.
第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間,愛因斯坦離開德國去了美國,那時(shí)猶太人在德國受到不好的對待。   
4、在限定性定語從句中作賓語時(shí),引導(dǎo)詞可以省略,但引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞不能省。
如:He was eager to go to the hospital to see his stepmother, whom he loved and respected as his own mother.
他急于想去醫(yī)院看望他的繼母,他把他的繼母當(dāng)作親生母親一樣熱愛和尊敬。   
The American journalist(whom/who) the announcer mentioned in the news broadcast is said to have been killed by the gangsters.
播音員在新聞廣播中提到的那位美國記者據(jù)說已經(jīng)被匪徒殺害了。   
兩例中的關(guān)系代詞都在從句中作賓語。由于第二例是限定性定語從句,可以省略關(guān)系代詞;第一例中的引導(dǎo)詞不能省略,因?yàn)樗龑?dǎo)的是非限定性定語從句。   
5、表示“正如”的含義時(shí),通常用as引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句,也可用which引導(dǎo);但置于句首時(shí),只能用as引導(dǎo)。   
如:China has basically succeeded in defeating SARS, which/as we have expected.
正如我們所預(yù)料的那樣,中國已基本上戰(zhàn)勝了“非典”。   
As is well known to everybody, Tai wan is an inseparable part of China.
眾所周知,臺灣是中國不可分割的一部分。   
但是當(dāng)非限定性定語從句是否定含義時(shí),就只能用which(而不用as)引導(dǎo)。
如:He didn't win the championship, which I hadn't expected.
他沒獲得冠軍,這一點(diǎn)是我沒預(yù)料到的。



非限制性定語叢句中as, which的區(qū)別:


1、which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語叢句代表前面的整個(gè)句子的時(shí)候,一般是對主句的結(jié)果的說明。
如: He grows too fast, which makes him taller than his classmates.
2、as引導(dǎo)非限制性叢句代表前面整個(gè)句子時(shí)一般來講叢句的謂語動詞有三種:
A. 含有be動詞:
如:He failed the exam, as is natural.
B. 實(shí)意動詞的被動形式:
如:As is reported, the fire caused a great loss.
C.感官動詞和意識類動詞如:
如:see, hear, notice, know, learn, realize 等。
As you know, I am a teacher.
3、as可翻譯為正如,它引導(dǎo)的叢句可位于主句之前,也可位于主句之后;which引導(dǎo)的該叢句只能位于主句之后。
例1:__A___he realized, I was very useful to him.
例2:This elephant is like a snake, ___A__anybody can see.
例3:The sun gives us light and heat, __B___makes the plan tgrow well.
A. As(as)
B. which
C. that
D. who



限定性定語從句與非限定性定語從句的區(qū)別:


























從句

限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句
1、不能省略,如果省略整個(gè)句子意思不完整。可以省略,如果省略整個(gè)句子意思仍然完整。
2、可以用that引導(dǎo)。不可以用that引導(dǎo)。
3、關(guān)聯(lián)詞有時(shí)可以省略。關(guān)聯(lián)詞不可以省略。
4、不用逗號把它和句子的其他部分隔開。用逗號把它和句子的其他部分隔開。
5、只能修飾先行詞。可以修飾先行詞,也可以修飾整個(gè)句子或句子的一部分。



非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系詞:























關(guān)系代詞指代對象指代人指代物
主格whowhich, as
賓格whomwhich, as
所有格of, whom, whosewhich, of which, whose
關(guān)系副詞:when, where


非限定性定語從句的使用規(guī)則及注意事項(xiàng):


1、which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句是用來說明前面整個(gè)句子的情況或主句的某一部分。
2、在引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句時(shí),that有時(shí)相當(dāng)于in which, at which, for which或at which。其中,介詞的選用,依據(jù)從句中的動詞所需搭配的介詞來選用。例句:
① Attitudes towards day dreaming are changing in much the same way that(inwhich)attitudes towards night dreaming have changed.
人們對白日做夢的態(tài)度正在改變,這與人們對夜間做夢的看法的變化有非常相似之處。
② I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it.
我出于某種原因喜歡這種音樂,而他恰恰與我相反。
③ We arrived the day that(on which) they left.
剛好我們到的那天他們走了。
3、as有時(shí)也可用作關(guān)系代詞。
4、在非限定性定語從句中,關(guān)系詞不能用that。



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