高中英語知識點:關系代詞

編輯: 逍遙路 關鍵詞: 高中英語 來源: 高中學習網(wǎng)

關系代詞的概念:


英語中的關系代詞有who, whom, whose, that, which, 它們是用來引導定語從句的。關系代詞既代表定語從句所修飾的詞,又在其所引導的從句中承擔一個成分,如主語、賓語、表語、或定語。
如:This is the man who saved your son. (who在從句中作主語,先行詞是man)
The man whom I met yesterday is Jim.
A child whose parents are dead is an orphan.
He wants a room whose window looks out over the sea.



關系代詞用法:


1、that與which的用法區(qū)別:
兩者都可指物,?苫Q。其區(qū)別主要在于:
(1)引導非限制性定語從句時,通常要用which:
如:She received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise. 她收到了老板的邀請,這是她意想不到的。
(2)直接放在介詞后作賓語時,通常要用which:
如:The tool with which he is working is called a hammer. 他干活用的那個工具叫做錘子。
(3)當先行詞是下列不定代詞或被它們修飾時much, little, none, all, few, every(thing), any(thing), no(thing)等時,通常用that:
如:There was little that the enemy could do but surrender. 敵人無法,只有投降了。
All[Everything] that can be done must be done. 凡能做的事都必須做。
(4)當先行詞有the very, the only, the same等修飾時,通常用that:
如:This is the only example that I know. 我知道的例子只有這一個。
Those are the very words that he used. 那是他的原話。
(5)當先行詞有形容詞最高級或序數(shù)詞(包括last, next等)等修飾時,通常用that:
如:This is the best dictionary that I've ever used. 這是我用過的最好的詞典。
The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan. 你應該做的第一件事是訂個計劃。
(6)當關系代詞在定語從句中用作表語時,通常用that:
如:China is not the country(that) it was. 中國已不是過去的中國了。
(7)當先行詞是一個既指人又指物的并列詞組時,通常用that:
如:They talked about the persons and things that most impressed them. 他們談論了使他們印象最深的人和事。
(8)當要避免重復時:
如:Which is the course that we are to take? 我們選哪門課程?

2、that與who的用法區(qū)別:

(1)兩者均可指人,有時可互換:
如:All that[who] heard him were delighted. 所有聽了他講話的人都很高興。
Have you met anybody that[who] has been to Paris? 你遇見過到過巴黎的人嗎?
He is the only one among us that[who] knows Russian. 他是我們中間唯一懂俄語的人。
(2)但是在下列情況,通常要用that:
①當先行詞是一個既指人又指物的并列詞組時:
如:I made a speech on the men and things that I had seen abroad. 我就我在國外所見到的人和事作了報告。
②當先行詞是who時(為避免重復):
如:Who was it that won the World Cup in1982? 誰贏得了1982年的世界杯?
③當關系代詞在定語從句中作表語時(可省略):
如:Tom is not the boy(that) he was. 湯姆這孩子已不是以前那個樣子了。



關系代詞知識體系:




關系代詞用法拓展:


1、as與which的用法區(qū)別
(1)引導限制性定語從句時,在such,as,thesame后只能用as,其他情況用which:
如:I never heard such stories as he tells. 我從未聽過他講那樣的故事。
It's the same story as I heard yesterday. 這故事跟我昨天聽到的一樣。
This is the photo which shows my house. 這張照片拍的是我的住宅。
(2)引導非限制性定語從句時,有時兩者可互換:
如:I live a long way from work, as [which] you know. 我住得離工作單位很遠,這你是知道的。
(3)但在,在以下情況引導非限制性定語從句時,兩者不可換用:
①當從句位于主句前面時,只用as:
如:As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. 月球每月繞地球轉(zhuǎn)一周,這是每個人都清楚的。
②as引導的非限制性定語從句應與主句在意義上和諧一致,which無此限制:
如:He went abroad, as[which] was expected. 他出國了,這是大家預料到的。
He went abroad, which was unexpected. 他出國了,這讓大家感到很意外。(不用as)
③as引導非限制性定語從句時,先行詞通常不能是主句中某個具體的詞,而應是整個句子、整個短語或某個短語推斷出來的概念,而which則無此限制:
如:The river, which flows through London, is called the Thames. 這條流經(jīng)倫敦的河叫泰晤士河。(不用as)
④當as引導非限制性定語從句作主語時,其謂語通常應是連系動詞,而不宜是其他動詞,而which則無此限制:
如:She has married again, as[which] seemed natural. 她又結(jié)婚了,這似乎很自常。
She has married again, which delighted us.她又結(jié)婚了,這使我們很高興。(不用as)

2、who與whom的用法區(qū)別:
兩者均只用于人,從理論上說,who為主格,whom為賓格:
如:Where's the girl who sells the tickets? 賣票的女孩在哪里?
The author whom you criticized in your view has written a letter in reply. 你在評論中批評的那個作者已寫了一封回信。
但實際上,除非在正式文體中,賓格關系代詞whom往往省略不用,或用who或that代之:
如:The man(that, who, whom) you met just now is called Jim. 你剛遇見的那個人叫吉姆。
不過,在以下幾種情況值得注意:
(1)直接跟在介詞后面作賓語時,只能用whom,而且不能省略:
如:She brought with her three friends, none of whom I had ever met before. 她帶了3個朋友來,我以前都沒見過。
(2)引導非限制性定語從句且作賓語時,who和whom均可用,但以用whom為佳,此時也不能省略:
如:This is Jack, who[whom] you haven't met before. 這是杰克,你以前沒見過。




相關高中英語知識點:限制性定語從句

限制性定語從句的概念:


限制性定語是指對被修飾名詞或代詞的必需修飾,是被修飾名詞或代詞不可缺少的修飾語,如果去掉它句子意思往往會不明確或會發(fā)生變化。
如:The travellers knowing about the floods took another road. 知道發(fā)大水的那些游客改道走了。
The boys wanting to play football were disappointed when it rained. 想踢足球的那些男孩子因為下雨而感到失望。



關系代詞引導的定語從句:


關系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,并在句中充當主語、賓語、定語等成分。關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時,從句謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。
1)who, whom, that 這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中所起作用如下:
例:Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想見的人嗎?(who/that在從句中作主語)
He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天見的那個人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語)
2)Whose用來指人或物,(只用作定語,若指物,它還可以同ofwhich互換)
例:They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人車壞了,大家都跑過去幫忙。
Please pass me the book whose(of which) coverisgreen. 請遞給我那本綠皮的書。
3)which, that 它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語、賓語等。
例如:A prosperity which/that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。(which/that在句中作賓語)
The package(which/that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。(which/that在句中作賓語)


關系副詞引導的定語從句:

關系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語。
1)when, where, why 關系副詞when, where, why的含義相當于“介詞+which”結(jié)構,因此常常和“介詞+which”結(jié)構交替使用。
例如:There are occasions when(on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的時候。
Beijing is the place where(inwhich) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why(for which) he refused our offer? 這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?
2)that代替關系副詞 that可以用于表示時間、地點、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和“介詞+which”引導的定語從句,在口語中that常被省略,
例如:His father died the year(that/when/in which) he was born. 他父親在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place(that/where/in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方。



限定性定語與非限定性定語的區(qū)別:


1、形式不同:
限定性定語從句主句和從句之間不用逗號隔開,口語中使用時也不停頓;而非限定性定語從句與主句之間通常有逗號隔開,口語中使用時有停頓。
2、功能不同:
限定性定語從句用于對先行詞的意義進行修飾、限制和識別,如果去掉,就會造成句意不完整或概念不清;而非限定性定語從句用于對先行詞起補充說明作用,如果省略,句意仍然清楚、完整:
如:People who take physical exercise live longer. 進行體育鍛煉的人活得長些。(若把從句去掉句子就失去意義)
His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 他女兒現(xiàn)在在波士頓,下星期回來。(若把從句去句子意義仍然完整)
3、翻譯不同:
在翻譯定語從句時,一般把限定性定語從句翻譯在它所修飾的先行詞之前,而把非限定性定語從句與主句分開:
如:He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽車被竊的那個人。
I've invited Jim, who lives in the next flat. 我邀請了吉姆,他就住在隔壁。
4、含義不同:
如:I have a sister who is a doctor. 我有一個醫(yī)生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一個)
I have a sister, who is a doctor. 我有一個姐姐,她是當醫(yī)生的。(只有一個姐姐)
5、先行詞不同限定性定語從句的先行詞只能是名詞或代詞,而非限定性定語從句的先行詞則可以是名詞或代詞,也可以是短語或句子;
另外,當先行詞為專有名詞或其他具有獨一無二性的普通名詞時,通常要用非限制性定語從句,而不用限制性定語從句:
如:Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼得開車很快,這是很危險的。(which指drive too fast)
He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改變了主意,這使我很生氣。(which指整個主句)
Mr.Smith, who is our boss, will leave for Japan next week. 我們的老板史密斯先生下周要去日本。(先行詞為專有名詞,要用非限制性定語從句修飾)
Her father, who has a lot of money, wishes her to study abroad. 她父親很有錢,希望她出國學習。(先行詞為表獨一無二意義的普通名詞,要用非限制性定語從句修飾)
6、關系詞不同:
關系詞that和why可用于限制性定語從句中,通常不用于非限制性定語從句;另外,在限制性定語從句中,關系詞有時可以省略,而在非限制性定語從句中關系詞一律不省略。



判斷關系代詞與關系副詞方法:


一:用關系代詞,還是關系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動詞。及物動詞后面無賓語,就必須要求用關系代詞;而不及物動詞則要求用關系副詞。
例如:This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判斷改錯
(錯)This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
(錯)I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
(對)This is the mountain village(which) I visited last year.
(對)I'll never forget the days(which) I spent in the countryside.
注:習慣上總把表地點或時間的名詞與關系副詞where, when聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題錯在關系詞的誤用上。
二:準確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀),也能正確選擇出關系代詞/關系副詞。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where
B. that
C. on which
D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where
B. that
C.on which
D. the one
答案:例1:D,例2:A
例1變?yōu)榭隙ň洌篢his museum is___ you visited a few days ago.
例2變?yōu)榭隙ň洌篢his is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
注:在句1中,所缺部分為賓語,而where, that, on which都不能起到賓語的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表語,又可做從句的賓語,可以省略關系代詞,所以應選D。
而句2中,主、謂、賓俱全,從句部分為句子的狀語表地點,既可用副詞where,又因in the museum詞組,可用介詞in+which引導地點狀語。
而此題中,介詞on用的不對,所以選A。關系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分,先行詞在從句中作主、定、賓語時,選擇關系代詞(who,whom,that,which,whose);
先行詞在從句中做狀語時,應選擇關系副詞(where地點狀語,when時間狀語,why原因狀語)。



定語從句知識體系:




關系代詞that的用法:


1)不用that的情況:
a)在引導非限定性定語從句時。
如:(錯)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b)介詞后不能用:
如:We depend on the land from which we get our food.
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
2)只能用that作為定語從句的關系代詞的情況
a)在there be句型中,只用that,不用which。
b)在不定代詞,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時,只用that,不用which。
c)先行詞有the only, the very修飾時,只用that。
d)先行詞為序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級時,只用that。.
e)先行詞既有人,又有物時。
例:All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油問題。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那賊最終把偷的全部東西交給了警察。



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