高三英語知識點:短文改錯口訣

編輯: 逍遙路 關(guān)鍵詞: 高三學(xué)習(xí)指導(dǎo) 來源: 高中學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng)

  為了提高做短文改錯題的能力,除了要加強基礎(chǔ)知識的積累、提高語篇的整體理解能力之外,還應(yīng)該對其錯項設(shè)置的基本情況有所了解,以便做到目標(biāo)明確,有的放矢,從而提高解題的正確率。本文擬從語法和邏輯的角度,用口訣的形式,向同學(xué)們介紹高考英語短文改錯中最常見的幾類錯誤。
  短文改錯口訣:
  動詞形,名詞數(shù);
  注意形和副;
  非謂動詞細(xì)辨別;
  習(xí)慣用法要記住;
  句子成分多分析;
  邏輯錯誤須關(guān)注。
  一、動詞形
  主要包括兩類錯誤:動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)錯誤,以及主、謂不一致的錯誤。例如:
  My favourite sport is football. I was member of our school football team. (is)
  Now my picture and prize is hanging in the library. (are)
  上述兩例分別屬于時態(tài)錯誤和主、謂不一致錯誤。找出此類錯誤的關(guān)鍵是樹立牢固的時態(tài)概念,注意短文內(nèi)容發(fā)生或存在的時間,保持時間概念的一致性。
  二、名詞數(shù)
  指名詞單、復(fù)數(shù)形式的用法錯誤。常表現(xiàn)為將名詞復(fù)數(shù)寫成單數(shù)。例如:
  …so that I’ll get good marks in all my subject. (subjects)
  三、區(qū)分形和副
  及區(qū)分形容詞和副詞在句子中的作用和具體用法。這也是高考短文改錯的常考點。例如:
  I’m sure we’ll have a wonderfully time together. (wonderful)
  Unfortunate, there are too many people in my family. (Unfortunately)
  需要注意的是,形容詞多用來做定、表、補語等,而副詞只能在句子中作狀語,修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子。第一例中的wonderful作定語修飾time,第二句的Unfortunately作狀語修飾整個句子。
  四、非謂動詞細(xì)辨別
  這是考查最多的錯誤形式之一。主要有分詞和動名詞類錯誤,也包括不定式類錯誤。例如:
  …in my spare time, but now I am interesting in football. (interested)
  Play football not only makes us grow up tall and strong but also … (playing)
  My parents love me… and will do all they can ∧ make sure… (to)
  上述二、三例分別是動名詞作主語,和不定式作目的狀語。一般的,現(xiàn)在分詞有主動態(tài)和進(jìn)行時的含義,而過去分詞具有被動態(tài)和完成時的含義,不定式有將來時態(tài)的含義。
    五、習(xí)慣用法要記住
  主要考查習(xí)慣搭配方面的基礎(chǔ)知識。這也是歷年高考的?键c,其錯誤表現(xiàn)形式主要有三種:多詞、少詞和搭配錯誤。例如:
  It was very kind for them to meet me at the railway station and… (of)
  We must keep in mind that we play for the team instead ∧ ourselves. (of)
  六、句子成分多分析
  不同的句子成分要用不同的詞類;不同的語景要選擇不同的詞語。這些都有待我們對句子結(jié)構(gòu)和句子成分作細(xì)致的分析,才能找出用詞不當(dāng)?shù)腻e誤。例如:
  They ∧eager to know everything about China and… (were)
  I live in Beijing, where is the capital of China. (which)
  第一例漏掉了謂語動詞were,這是受寒于習(xí)慣的影響而導(dǎo)致的錯誤;第二例則是詞類與它在句子中的成分不相符,where是副詞,不能作主語。
  七、邏輯錯誤須關(guān)注
  與句子的上、下文不一致,甚至相矛盾,屬于邏輯性錯誤。如稱謂上的張冠李戴,人名、地名、時間、方位等方面的錯誤,常是這類錯誤的考查對象。例如:
  The Smiths did his best to make me feel at home. (their)
  First, let me tell you something more about myself. (去掉more)
  … no way of setting the matter except by selling the set.Now someone at home reads instead. (everyone)
  上述第一例中的主語是Smiths(史密斯夫婦倆),因此后面的his不合邏輯。第二例中的more在這兒表“再”的意思,才開始告訴別人,怎么能說“再告訴你一些事”?第三例講的是為了解決看電視時的爭端,“我們”把電視機賣了;晚上沒電視看了,所以與從前一樣,大家又都讀書了,所以該用 everyone。
  除了上述錯誤類型外,常考的錯誤形式還有:連詞but, and, or和so的用法錯誤(可以歸類為邏輯錯誤),以及冠詞的用法錯誤等。例如:
  She was smiling but nodding at me. (and)
  It looks as if my parents treat me as a visitor and a guest. (or)
  We may be one family and live under a same roof. (the)
  下面是2002年全國高考試題中的短文改錯題。這道題較全面地反映了本文的口訣,F(xiàn)在請你試著做一做,然后參閱題后的答案與簡析。
  Last week my parents and I took a two-day trip to Emei
  Mountain in Sichuan. As everyone knows,it’s famous 76. _____
  Mountain with all kinds of plants and animals. The weather 77. _____
  Was fine. It was about noon we arrived at the foot of 78. _____
  the mountain,the three of them were very excited. As we 79. _____
  climbed the mountain,we ed monkeys,visiting temples 80. _____
  and told stories. On the way up I was busy taking picture 81._____
  since the scenery was so beautiful. The time passes quickly. 82. _____
  Evening came down. We spent the night in a hotel at the top 83. _____
  of the mountain. The food was expensive and the service was 84. _____
  good. I was so tired that I fell asleep at the moment my 85. _____
  head touched the pillow.
  答案與簡析:
  76. famous前加上a.(名詞數(shù))
  77. 正確
  78. we前面加when,引導(dǎo)一個時間狀語從句。(句子成分多分析)
  79. them→us (邏輯錯誤須關(guān)注)
  80. visiting→visited(非謂動詞細(xì)辨別)
  81. picture→pictures(名詞數(shù))
  82. passes→passed(動詞形)
  83. 去掉down(習(xí)慣用法要記住)
  84. and→but(but,and,or和so)
  85. 去掉at(句子成分多分析 / 習(xí)慣用法要記住)
  改錯要想拿高分
  語法口訣要記牢
  (一)見到謂語找主語,主謂一致找狀語
  見到名詞想多數(shù),可不可數(shù)要記牢
  見到平行看結(jié)構(gòu),形式功能要對稱
  見到代詞找指代,指代通常不合理
  帶賓語必帶to,不帶賓語不帶 to
  小小of常抓的點,of前名詞adj最高級
  比較級不修飾比較級,最高級不修飾最高級
  (二)謂與非謂經(jīng);
  謂語句中就一個
  其余動詞非謂語
  常見形式有三種
  v-ing ,v-ed和to do
  主謂通常v-ing
  動賓通常v-ed
  現(xiàn)在分詞表主動
  過去分詞表被動
  目的要用不定式
  by前有過去分詞相擁
  by后有動名詞后抱
  介詞后跟動名詞
  時態(tài)基點要搞清
  現(xiàn)在還是過去時


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